Science 17, 18, 19 – Flashcards

New- steep, narrow base, jagged, rough tall, less/no plants of trees old- rounded on top, smooth, shorter, wide base, not steep, a lot of plant life, etc.

lava rocks, not a lot of plant life, ash

Most volcanoes occur near the edges of plates. When plates push together, one plate slides beneath the other. This is a subduction zone. When the plunging plate gets deep enough inside the mantle, some of the rock on the overlying plate melts and forms magma that can move upward and erupt at the Earth's surface.

Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.( plate boundries) The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates. The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest are continental plates.

A volcanic "hotspot" is an area in the mantle from which heat rises as a thermal plume from deep in the Earth. High heat and lower pressure at the base of the lithosphere (tectonic plate) facilitates melting of the rock. This melt, called magma, rises through cracks and erupts to form volcanoes.

Subduction zones are plate tectonic boundaries where two plates converge, and one plate is thrust beneath the other. This process results in geohazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

- mid-atlantic ridge -volcanoes -chain of mountains -earthquakes -seafloor spreading -plates push apart -old spreading centers located in the middle of the ocean - new spreading centers may begin anywhere -2 oceanic plates, volcanic underwater mountain range, both plates increase in size -seafloor spreading. - formation of new crust. -volcanic action. -shallow, low-energy earthquakes.

deep trench, 1 plate submerged -land becoming lava/mantle material, string of islands, (volcanic,) submerged plate shrinking -• Deep oceanic trench • Island arch (volcanoes) • (Not Hawaiian islands)

-High, jagged mountain chain (-not-volcanic)** -non-volcanic mountain range, both plates shrink as both have lower half is melted into mantle

deep trench, 1 plate (oceanic) submerged-land becoming lava/mantle, string of mountains (volcanic), submerged(oceanic) plate shrinking - Subduction zone • Deep oceanic trench • Coastal mountain range • Volcanic

-rigid moving sheet of rock -crust and upper mantle -continental -- 100 km thick --- lower density (granite) -oceanic ---8-10 km thick ---dense rock (basalt)

world was thought to once fit together like a puzzle -240 million years ago

• Northeastern Canada and Greenland o------ Several billion years old • Western US o------- Terranes • Added to continent over time • Appalachian Mountains o ------Formed 450-300 million years ago o--------- Continental-continental convergence zone

SEISMOLOGY: Exploring Earth's interior with earthquakes • Seismology o ----- Study of sound vibrations within earth o -----Used to determine earth's inner structure • Seismic waves o -----Compressional of longitudinal o -----Transverse or shear waves • Earthquake predictions

o Rocks break along fault o Energy transmitted as wave o Richter scale • Log scale where number = exponents of microns • 7 on scale= 10^7 microns of ground movement (10m!)

Mid Atlantic ocean ridge

near a subduction zone with active volcanic activity

tophographical profiles of the ocean floors, fossils from specific age ranges, data classiying rocks by age, sea floor spreading

extends from the middle of the atlantic ocean to the edge of the pacific plate

the Himalayan mountains in Nepal

seafloor spreading, formation of a new crust, volcanic action, shallow, low-energy earthquakes

active volcanoes, the disappearance/reabsorption of old plate material, deep underwater trenches, severe earthquakes

they cause earthquakes but no volcanic activity

glaciers and ice caps

groundwater

-carry warm water to the poles -carry cold water to the equator -can move water away from a coastline -are independent of the tides

the ocean level drops

energy of the sun

-temp -humidity -pressure -cloudiness -prevailing winds

CLIMATE

-rock cycle -water cycle -atmospheric gasses -Earth's heat

glacial ice

• Short-term transfer of water between ocean and land -------Stored in glaciers -------Ocean Currents • Redistribute heat across planet o------ Ice Ages • Ice Age ------Water locked in glaciers ------Glaciers advance from poles • Current ice age ------Interglacial period • Earth's total water is fixed ------Ice caps, glaciers grow ------Sea level drops

• Air masses: reservoirs of the atmosphere o ----Air mass • Uniform temperature and moisture o ----Weather • -----Five variables define state of atmosphere **Ground temperature **Air pressure • ---------Decreases with altitude **Humidity **Jet Stream • -------With small of large undulations **Clouds & Rain; windward side of mountains o General Circulation of the atmosphere • -----Circulation powered by Sun ------Air heated and rises -----Cools and sinks • Prevailing winds ------Caused by earth's rotation • --------If the earth did not rotate, cold and warm air would be weird and all over the place • Atmospheric convection due to earth's rotation o *Prevailing westerlies o *Northeast wind trades o *Southeast trade winds o *Prevailing westerlies ....Common Storms and Weather Patterns • **Hurricane • **Tornado • Climate Long term climate • ----Oceans • ----Mountains • ----Sunlight o ---Amount radiated back to space ---Prediction • ---------Global circulation models • ----------Technology -----------------Doppler Radar

-solidify from hot liquid -Types= extrusive ( solidify at surface) or Intrusive ( solidify below surface) ex: granite

-from grains of weathered rock -formed through compaction and cementation examples- sandstone, shale, limestone

formed by pressure and heat -not enough heat to melt -examples- slate, schists, gneisses, quartzite

- is a metamorphic rock -starts off as limestone subjected to heat and pressure - erosion exposes the rocks

-biotic and abiotic components - biotic= living organisms, ecological community, interacting individuals -abiotic- chemical and physical environment -• Consists of both living and nonliving parts • Energy flows through ecosystems • Matter is recycled by ecosystems Atoms continuously cycle • Every organism occupies an ecological niche • Stable ecosystems achieve a balance among their populations • Ecosystems are not permanent, but change overtime

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

It is virtually impossible to change one aspect of a complex system without affecting other parts of the systems, often in unpredictable ways. ex: mississippi levees, global climate change

The decay is very slow -there is a lot of paper, hard waste and plastic -in long-term is doesn't really matter -in short-term, we need to recycle paper because it takes a long time for trees to grow

• Ex: paper, collected, sorted and shredded, grinded to pulp and water added, add surfactant, surfactant collects ink in the paper, gas bubbles added to pull this out of pulp, clean pulp, ink skimmed off, recycled paper rolls are manufactured

- Burning introduces chemicals ( nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, hydrocarbons -effects- production of a bad ozone, acid rain - In order to reduce this, we have power plants and special environmental friendly vehicles

-molecule of 3 oxygen atoms, absorbs ultraviolet radiation -For dectection we use aircraft sampling and also measure spectral lines from molecules

Troposphere, stratosphers, mesosphere and ionosphere

The concentration of the ozone is reduced ( yearly occurance over Antarctica) - It is linked to chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) which break apart the O3 molecule -we are dealing with a threat to the ozone layer, and to reduce this threat we must reduce CFC's

-Traps heat on earth -global warming -climate change ** 3 main points - Co2 is a greenhouse gas -burning fossil fuels increases Co2 -average global temps has significantly increased

- Are increased CO2 levels responsible for the temperature increase? -Our world's oceans have a co2 exchange with the atmosphere. and increases Co2> acidification which is toxic to sea life - Our solar energy output varies over time - The Northern Hemisphere is becoming warmer, there are also ecological impacts and meterological impacts

• International treaty whereby countries agree to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit if their neighbors do likewise. Complex agreement that allows trading pollution credits.