Sci. 1101 Chapter 3 – Flashcards

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could not be caused by a population bottleneck.
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A increase population size
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It is more vulnerable to extinction due to lack of genetic variation. The amoebas might not have the variation necessary to adapt to future changes in the environment.
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What is true about the amoeba population?
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In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones. FALSE.
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True or False?
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A change in the allele frequency of a small population purely by chance.
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Genetic Drift
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A large reduction in the size of a population as a result of a catastrophe or other event. A population bottleneck often results in a change in the allele frequency of the population (genetic drift).
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Bottleneck Affect
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A drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown.
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Environmental Change
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Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles.
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Selective Pressure
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Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency.
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Change in Population
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A single, small population that only exists in one place on the planet is considered_______to that area.
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Endemic
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Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred with similar dogs over many generations. This is called ARTIFICIAL SELECTION and is one of Darwin's points of evidence for evolution by natural selection.
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In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produce such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog?
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The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by___________.
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human-induced events
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These organisms are members of the same species.
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Two organisms live in the same geographical area, are very similar genetically, and can breed with each other successfully. Which of the following statements is correct?
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a single fish living in the lake's shallow water near the shoreline.
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Organism
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a group of fish of the same species inhabiting the shallow water near the shoreline.
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Population
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fishes, invertebrates, plants, and microbes inhabiting the shallow water near the shoreline.
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Community
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the fishes, invertebrates, plants, microbes, rocks, sediments, and water in the lake, and the interactions between them.
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Ecosystem
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several interacting species living in the same area.
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Community
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____________typically have a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span.
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robins
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Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of ____________.
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adults
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Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?
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grasses
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Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?
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elephants
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-As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. -When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.
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Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?
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-The population growth rate equals zero. -The birth rate equals the death rate. -The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
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Which of the following are true of a population at carrying capacity?
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As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance__________.
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increases
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competition for food, environmental toxins, weather conditions, and competition for space. Birth rate does not contribute to environmental resistance.
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The factors that do contribute to environmental resistance are:
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An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with______________.
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exponential growth
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The maximum population a habitat can support is its ___________________.
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carrying capacity
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...Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.
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Logistic growth involves...
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...Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.
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In exponential growth...
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Increased birth rate
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Which of following would NOT cause population size to decrease?
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The innate reproductive capacity of a species is its __________________. If a parasitic worm makes a very large number of eggs, it has a high biotic potential. These animals are called r-strategists. Elephants have a low biotic potential by comparison, and are called K-strategists.
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biotic potential
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Food availability decreases as population increases.
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density-dependent factor
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An oil spill's effect on population does not depend on population size.
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density-independent factor
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Space limitations cause birth rate to decline as population size increases.
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density-dependent factor
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Predation becomes more intense as population size increases.
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density-dependent factor
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Which of the following is a typical K-selected species' adaptation?
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parental care of young
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an organism that produces huge numbers of offspring, most of which die quickly, with the few survivors not dying until old age. -Many amphibians produce hundreds or thousands of eggs, but only a few survive until adulthood. This a type III survivorship.
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Which of these best matches with a type III survivorship curve?
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individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space.
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When looking at the distribution of a population, we might find a uniform distribution when_____________
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The inspect species is r-selected.
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An insect species is an agricultural pest. It is small, extremely mobile, and reproduces rapidly.
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Island species evolved in isolation and lack defenses against introduced species.
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Why are island species particularly vulnerable to introduced species?
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People are protecting public and private land.
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Which of the following is a major reason that Hawaii has been able to prevent some species from going extinct?
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is the biggest factor in the declining pheasant population in Iowa?
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loss of habitat
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Conservation Reserve Program
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You are an Iowa farmer and you'd like to set aside some of your highly erodible land and plant it with native plant species. What should you enroll in?
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As ____ prices increase, land values increase.
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corn
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In ____, as pheasant numbers have decreased, the number of pheasant hunters has also decreased.
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Iowa
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There is very little public land in Iowa.
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You wish to go pheasant hunting in Iowa. Why will you likely have to find a private land owner willing to allow you to hunt?
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The future of the pheasant in Iowa is strongly tied to this piece of federal legislation.
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Farm bill
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is the migration of individuals or gametes.
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Gene flow
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change in the allele frequencies in a population is the definition of microevolution.
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Generation-to-generation
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may or may not have played a role, in flight, courtship, gliding, and extended hops.
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Feathers
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is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.
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Adaptive Radiation
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Mass extinctions create conditions that promote______________.
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Adaptive Radiation
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The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes________________.
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Adaptive Radiation
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The different finch species found on the Galapagos Islands probably arose as a result of ______________.
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Adaptive Radiation
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Which of these events occurred earliest in the history of Earth?
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formation of oxygen
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Which of these events occurred most recently in the history of the Earth?
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first humans
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Which of these events occurred during the Paleozoic?
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colonization of land by plants
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Where are the Solomon Islands located?
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in the South Pacific
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Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept?
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white-eye bird
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Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.
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Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species?
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Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?
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Its call was unique.
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When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of_____________, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.
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Genetics
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be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring.
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In order for two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species MUST____________.
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Individuals in one population mate during a different month than individual in another population.
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Which of the following is NOT a way that two populations of the same species can be geographically isolated?
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The diversity of dog breeds in the world today.
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An excellent example of selective or artificial breeding by human is____________.
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Extinction is a ____________ process; human activity can affect the __________ at which extinction occurs.
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natural, rate
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The only process that can change a gene's DNA and therefore give rise to new genetic variations in a species.
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a mutation
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A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram used to illustrate a scientist's hypothesis about how divergence took place among evolutionary lines.
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Which statement below most accurately describes a phylogenetic tree?
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Bats and birds are unrelated animals, yet they both evolved wings. By acquiring similar traits (i.e., wings) as they adapted to similar environments, these species exhibit____________?
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Convergent Evolution
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Which of the following populations would be MOST vulnerable to extinction?
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a small, endemic population
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Which of the following would explain the extinction of upwards of 90% of species in existence over a short period of time?
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mass extinction events
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Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.
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According to the figure, which of the following is true?
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According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to____________.
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Birds
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Each branch in the figure results from______________.
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A speciation event
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is a natural process.
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Extinction
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...encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area.
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An ecosystem...
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...on Earth today are but a fraction of all species that ever lived.
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species...
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...the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization.
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Biodiversity is...
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...a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area.
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A population is....
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are found only in one place on the planet.
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Endemic species_____________.
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What is the key mechanism maintaining genetic variation in most populations?
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sexual reproduction
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The groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur.
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Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If they remain isolated for a long period of time, ____________________.
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An orchid endemic to a forest where logging is occurring.
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Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction?
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the generation of broccoli and brussels sprouts from a single ancestral species.
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One example of artificial selection is__________________.
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Scientists often depict their understanding of an organism's evolutionary ancestry in diagrams called________________.
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phylogenetic trees
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There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.
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A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?
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Which of the following in the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization?
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the biosphere
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A_____________is defined as the living and nonliving elements around an organism.
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habitat
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What does an ecosystem ecologist study?
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The living and nonliving components of systems in operating in conjunction with each other.
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Starting with the smallest level of ecological organization and moving towards the highest, the order should go organism,_______________.
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population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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If a scientist spends his time studying communities and the nonliving materials that they interact with, he or she would be called an__________________.
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ecosystem ecologist
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Many interacting species that live in the same area
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Community
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Communities and the abiotic material which their members interact.
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Ecosystems
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specific environment in which an organism lives.
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habitat
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Number of individuals within a population per unit area.
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Population Density
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The process by which unrelated species acquire similar traits.
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Convergent Evolution
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Species occurring in only one area.
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Endemic
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The functional role of a species in its community is its___________________.
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Niche
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A coyote can alter its diet to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, and would therefore be considered___________________.
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a generalist, able to be flexible
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To get the population size N, multiply the number marked in the first catch, M1, by the total number caught in the second catch, C, and divide that by the number of marked recaptures in the second catch, M2: N = (M1 x C) / M2 Or: (130 x 90) / 20 = 585.
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You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard?
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Population density is calculated as population size divided by area: 200 MendAliens / 20 hectares = 10 MendAliens per hectare.
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Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare?
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The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of______________.
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Sharks
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What describes the number of individuals in a population per unti area?
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Population Density
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When a scientist looks at the ________________of a population, he or she is examining the proportion of males to females in the population.
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sex ratio
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(crude birth rate-crude death rate) + (immigration rate-emigration rate)
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What expression is used to determine the overall growth rate of a population?
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The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain.
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Carrying Capacity
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have a greater impact at higher population densities.
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Density-dependent factors
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If we are not concerned about the effect of migration on population growth, the measure we could calculate is the _________________.
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natural rate of population growth
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Consider a population of fish in the ocean. Which of the following would be a limiting factor for such a population?
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dissolved oxygen levels
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Assuming a population grows by a fixed percentage each year, which of the following starting populations would experience the biggest increase in its population from one year to the next?
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2,000 individuals
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Increase the incidence of disease transmission.
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High population density can________________.
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the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem.
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Population distribution describes_____________________.
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Unregulated populations tend to increase by ___________________________.
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exponential growth
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include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community.
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Density-dependent factors
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are K-selected.
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Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, _______________.
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Population in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify _______________.
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type II survivorship
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An S-shaped population growth curve best describes________________.
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logistic growth
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a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea
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Which of the following would best represent a clumped population distribution pattern?
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