SA: Chapter 10~Tobacco – Flashcards
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Tobacco use became popular in European culture because
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it was associated with wealth and status.
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The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is
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Nicotiana tobacum.
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During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?
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Snuff
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Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was
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cigars
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Over 90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now
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Filter cigars
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Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline
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after the 1964 Surgeon General's report.
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In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA
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Had no authority to regulate tobacco products
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People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes
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typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.
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Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because
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the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product.
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One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is
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Higher level of education
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The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been
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cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
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One recent fad in tobacco use has been
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hookahs (water pipes).
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Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.
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85
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Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at
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. 440,000.
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In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that
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secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.
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One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is
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low birth weight
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Nicotine acts in the brain by
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first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors
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As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by
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increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.
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The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is
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arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.
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Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to
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acetylcholine receptors
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About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that
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they quit smoking without a treatment program.
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Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of
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nicotine replacement therapy
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In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is
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varenicline (Chantix).
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In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
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authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.
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In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was
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found to be no better than placebo.
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As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by
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paralysis of respiration muscles
