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MLA // Characteristics of a MLA Format Paper

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- Double-spaced - Times New Roman, 12 pt font - Title is the same font as the body - In the top right corner in the header, last name and page number

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MLA // Heading Components

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- Full name - Teacher's name - Course name (period) - Date (day month year)

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MLA // How to Format a Title

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Shorter works - in quotation marks Longer works - in italics

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MLA // Quotations

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- Introduce quotation - Put quotations in quotation marks - Citing (Last name of author page number) - For longer quotations (more than four lines), indent

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Basic Terms // Person vs Nature

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The people in the story are facing hardships against nature. Ex: The things they carried

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Basic Terms // Person vs Society

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The people in the story are facing hardships against society. Ex: The yellow wallpaper

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Basic Terms // Person vs Him/Herself

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The people in the story are facing hardships against him/her self. Ex: The things they carried

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Basic Terms // Person vs Person

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The people in the story are facing hardships against another person. Ex: This is what it means to say Phoenix Arizona

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Basic Terms // The Narrative Story Arc

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A narrative story arc is the chronological order of the story organized into an arch.

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Basic Terms // Plot

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Parts of a story.

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Basic Terms // Theme

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What is the main lesson in the story ?

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Basic Terms // Character

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Animal or human in the story.

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Basic Terms // Characterization

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Describing the character.

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Basic Terms // Symbol

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A specific object represents something.

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Basic Terms // Tone

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How the writer reveals their attitude or feelings through the use of language.

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Basic Terms // Point of View

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Perspective at which story is told. 1st person - I 2nd person - You 3rd person He or she 3rd person omniscient - Go into the character's mind and know what they are thinking. 3rd person limited - Tells us what the narrator knows.

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Basic Terms // Setting

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Time and place of the writing.

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Imagery

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Words create an image in the reader's mind.

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Grammar // Present tense vs. Past tense

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Present tense is an action happening in the present or an action that happens repeatedly. Ex: Present-I finish the race. Past tense is an action completed in the past. Ex: Past-I finished the race.

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Grammar // Parallel Structure

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To write sentences with parallel structure, use the same grammatical form for two or more similar ideas. This makes its easier for readers to understand your writing. Ex: Not parallel-In the summertime, I love swimming, hiking, or to relax with a good book. [Swimming and hiking are gerunds, but to relax is an infinitive] Parallel-In the summertime, I love swimming, hiking, or relaxing with a good book. [All verbs forms are gerunds] Parallel-In the summertime, I love to swim, hike, or relax with a good book. [All verbs forms are infinitives]

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Grammar // Fragment vs. Run-ons

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A sentence fragment is a group of words that is not grammatically complete. Ex: Fragment - Sketched the lions. Fragment - Jerry and I. Sentence - Jerry and I sketched the lions.

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Grammar // Passive vs. Active Voice

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When a verb is in active voice, the subject of the sentence performs an action. When a verb is in the passive voice, the subject receives an action. Use active voice when writing, as suppose to passive voice, since it is stronger and more direct. Ex: Passive - The birdhouse was built by Jonah. Active - Jonah built the birdhouse.

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Grammar // Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

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A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is in the wrong place. It modifies a different word that the one it is meant to modify. Ex: Misplaced - One morning I shot an elephant in my pants. Correct - In my pants one morning, I shot an elephant.

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The Lesson // Summary

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A group of students from a poor neighborhood in New York go on a field trip to Fifth Avenue begrudgingly with their "higher up" teacher, Miss Moore. Miss Moore's objective of this field trip to F.A.O. Schwarz on fifth avenue was to teach the children about the carelessness of the upper classes. She also made them aware of social inequality among the classes and how that will affect them for the rest of their youth.

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The Lesson // Setting

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New York, 1960s

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The Lesson // Main Characters

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Sylvia, Miss Moore, Sugar, Mercedes

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The Lesson // Themes

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Society is separated by money and class.

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The Lesson // Symbols

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The expensive toy boat : Represents the upper classes and economic inequality.

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The Yellow Wallpaper // Summary

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A young, depressed woman in a controlling relationship is sent away by her doctor husband to a small, secluded house. She is kept in a room with ugly yellow wallpaper. As she becomes more and more suppressed by her husband and trapped in the room, she becomes obsessed with the yellow wallpaper and believes there is a woman trapped inside it. After some time, she completely goes insane as she tries to escape the chains of her depression and home as well as tries to break the wallpaper woman out.

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The Yellow Wallpaper // Setting

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A room in the mansion with yellow wallpaper

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The Yellow Wallpaper // Main Characters

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- Jane (?), the woman trapped by her husband - John, the woman's doctor/husband - Jenny, John's sister and the woman's caretaker

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The Yellow Wallpaper // Themes

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Gender inequality, Depression, Insanity as a result of suppression.

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The Yellow Wallpaper // Symbols

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The Yellow Wallpaper: Society trying to box the woman in and control her. The Wallpaper Woman: The Woman's desire to escape her husband/depression.

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The Things They Carried // Summary

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The Things They Carried is about a lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who is in the midst of war in Vietnam. He switches off daydreaming about his love back home, Martha, and talking about of the heavy things the soldiers must carry: physically and emotionally. After being too busy daydreaming to be aware of his surroundings, he causes a soldier, Ted Lavender's, death. Ridden with guilt, he hardens his heart and decides that there is no room for love in war.

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The Things They Carried // Setting

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Vietnam War, Vietnam 1960s/1970s

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The Things They Carried // Main Characters

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- Jimmy Cross, the lieutenant who is in love with Martha - Martha, the woman who Jimmy Cross is in love with - Ted Lavender - Lee Strunk

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The Things They Carried // Themes

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There is no room for love in the midst of war.

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The Things They Carried // Symbols

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Physical: - The pebble, pictures and notes from Martha symbolizes Lieutenant Cross's attachment to the idea of Martha's love - Weapons (guns, ammo, etc.) symbolizes violence Emotional: - Fear of death - Love - Guilt and Grief symbolize the lives lost in the war - Hope for a better future

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This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona // Summary

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About Victor and Thomas-Builds-the-Fire. Victor's father has just died (who he resented) and so he has to get to Phoenix in order to pick his father's ashes and a check. Thomas offers to drive him there because the council wouldn't give Victor enough money to get there. Thomas and Victor used to be really good friends but then Victor dropped him because Thomas had become an outcast. In the ride there, Thomas tells stories about Victor's father. On the way home, the two notice the lack of life in the wild yet Thomas accidentally runs over a jackrabbit. Finally, Victor gives Thomas a portion of the ashes. Thomas promises to scatter the ashes in the waterfalls in the Spokane and he asks Victor to listen to one of his stories just once.

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This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona // Setting

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Road trip to: Phoenix, Arizona Reservation in: Spokane, Washington

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This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona // Main Characters

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- Victor - Thomas-Builds-The-Fire - Victor's dead father

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This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona // Themes

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- Hope/Strength - Forgiveness - Community/Heritage - Preserving culture - Trust - Judgements - Second chances - Rebirth - Making peace - Change in identity

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This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona // Symbols

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*Fire* Thomas Builds-the-Fire: - Fire that keeps burning to keep culture alive - His stories build the fire - Storytelling is very communal - What's a story teller with no audience? Victor's father cremated and found in hot trailer Phoenix, Arizona : - Phoenix-bird that burns and rises from the ashes - Thomas flew like a Phoenix - Thomas says Victor's father will rise - From cremated ashes like Phoenix Fireworks Friendship died, possibly rise from father's ashes

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Interpreter of the Maladies // Summary

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The Das family is on vacation in India and they have hired Mr. Kapasi to drive them around. In the car, Tina plays with the locks without either of her parents stopping her. Meanwhile, Mrs. Das sits wearing her sunglasses and eating her snack. Throughout the drive, Mr. Kapasi constantly takes pictures. Mr. Kappas tells the Das family how he is a linguist and thinks his job as interpreter is romantic. At lunch time, the Das family and Mr. Kapasi eat together and take a picture which Mrs. Das says she will mail to him. This causes Mr. Kapasi to dream about writing to her. This fantasy of being in love with her continues until they reach a monastery. Mr. Kappas takes the children out to see the monkeys while Mrs. Das and Mr. Kapasi stay in the car. Mrs. Das tells Mr. Kapasi about her last affair. Instead of giving her sympathy as she expected, Mr. Kapasi asks if it is truly guilt she is feeling. Angry, Mrs. Das leaves the car to rejoin her family. Mr. Kapasi then realizes that Mrs. Das will never love him back. When the two find Mr. Das, they realize Bobby is missing. They find him surrounded by monkeys being badly attacked. Mr. Kapasi is able to fend them off and Mrs. Das pulls out a hairbrush to fix Bobby's hair- the paper that had Mr. Kapasi's address flying away.

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Interpreter of the Maladies // Setting

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Das family is from America and is visiting India (They are Indian). Mr. Kapasi lives in India.

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Interpreter of the Maladies // Main Characters

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- Mrs. Das - Mr. Das - Ronny - Bobby: Not the son of Mr. Das - Tina - Mr. Kapasi

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Interpreter of the Maladies // Themes

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- Fantasy vs. Reality - Distortion of Seeing - Denial (Mrs. Das) - Oblivious (Mr. Das)

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Interpreter of the Maladies // Symbols

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- Mr. Das' camera lens/guide book: Oblivious, only sees things they way they are through his camera or in his guide book - Rear view mirror: Mr. Kapasi sees Mrs. Das through the rear view mirror-distorted image of her, doesn't see her directly - Slip of paper: When it flies away, realize it was all a fantasy

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The Odyssey // Author

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Homer is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He was a blind poet. The story was originally spoken orally and later written down. We don't know if he really existed.

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The Odyssey // Setting

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The setting is vast because it is a epic poem. The Odyssey starts out in Troy and then travels all over Greece.

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The Odyssey // Summary

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Odysseus' is trying to get home from the Trojan war. Odysseus is punished by the god Poseidon through a series of trials. Troy - The Lotus Eaters- Polyphemus - Aeolus - Circe- Hades - The Sirens - Scylla - Charybdis - Calypso - Ithaca

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Odysseus

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The main character/ hero, is returning from the Trojan War and is trying to get home.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Zeus

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King of Gods, Ruler of Mount Olympus, God of the sky.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Athena

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Goddess of intelligence, skill, peace, warfare, strategy, wisdom, Born out of Zeus' head, bright keen eyes, Symbol is Owl.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Poseidon

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God of sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, Zeus' brother, Symbol is Trident.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Hermes

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God of Travel, communication, Son of Zeus, Messenger of Gods.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Sirens

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Odysseus want to hear the sirens, so he orders his men to tie him to a post, wear earplugs, and tie him tighter when he begs to be let go.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Penelope

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Wife of Odysseus, faithful to her marriage, while Odysseus is sleeping with other women left and right.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Circe

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Turns men into pigs, Odysseus overpowers her and gets men back to human after staying one year and sleeping with her.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Telemachus

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The son of Odysseus.

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The Odyssey // Main Character // Calypso

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Captures Odysseus on her island for seven years.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Menelaus

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Husband of Helen, who Paris captures and this is what sparks the Trojan War.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Antinous

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Arrogant suitor of Penelope. He is later killed by Telemachus.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Eurymachus

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Another mean suitor of Penelope.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Eumaeus

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Meets Odysseus when he returns to Ithaca. He gives food to Odysseus when he sees he is a beggar.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Polyphemus

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Cyclops that Odysseus meets and is blinded by Odysseus. Son of Poseidon.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Tiresias

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A man in the underworld who tells Odysseus how to return home and the current state of his homeland.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Nausicaa

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Phaeacian princess who helps Odysseus and takes care of him.

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The Odyssey // Minor Character // Scylla and Charybdis

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Two monsters that Odysseus and his crew encounter.

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The Odyssey // Themes // Xenia

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Being caring/hospitable to guests because anybody could be a god or goddess in disguise.

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The Odyssey // Themes // Cunning Over Strength

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When Odysseus went into Ithaca in a disguise.

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The Odyssey // Themes // Pitfalls of Pride

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Hubris. Hubris is Odysseus' hamartia.

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The Odyssey // Timeline of Events

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Cicones - Lotus Eaters - Cyclops - Aeolus - Lastrygones - Circe - Tiresias - Sirens - Scylla & Charybdis - Helios - Calypso

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The Odyssey // Cicones

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Come to raid them, get supplies, guy gives good wine for sparing lives.

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The Odyssey // Lotus Eaters

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Odysseus' men went to the lotus eaters island and they were encouraged by the natives to eat the lotus plant. This plant acted as a drug, causing the sailors to forget their home and their goals. Instead, they only wanted to stay on the island, eating more lotus plants.

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The Odyssey // Cyclops

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Polyphemus, the cyclops, captures Odysseus and his men. Odysseus gets Polyphemus drunk and asleep. Then, Odysseus takes a hot staff and stabs Polyphemus in his only eye, leaving him blind. He escapes by telling Polyphemus his name is no man. "No man is hurting me!" Odysseus and his men escape under the bellies of sheep, however Odysseus's true identity is revealed, due to hubris.

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The Odyssey // Aeolus

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Aeolus gives Odysseus a bag of winds and says that this will guide him home if you keep it closed. They are almost home, then Odysseus' men think that there are riches in the bag, open it, and let the winds out. They travel backwards to Aeolus again, but this time Aeolus won't help the crew.

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The Odyssey // Lastrygones

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The giants that ate many of Odysseus' men and ate eleven out of twelve of his ships.

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The Odyssey // Circe

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Turns Odysseus men into pigs but Odysseus is able to convince her to change them back. She develops a liking for Odysseus so him and his men stay on her island for one year.

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The Odyssey // Tiresias

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Circe tells the men that in order to return home, he must go to the underworld and speak to the blind prophet Tiresias who will tell them how. Tiresias mentions the suitors and Penelope. Finally, he tells him to build a monument for Poseidon.

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The Odyssey // Sirens

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The men must plug their ears to protect themselves from being drawn into their deaths by the sirens. Odysseus wants to hear so he ties himself to a post. They make it through alive.

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The Odyssey // Scylla & Charybdis

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Scylla is a six-headed monster. Charybdis is an enormous whirlpool. They navigate through them the first time, however, when the crew eat the cattle of the sun (highly forbidden) they face Scylla and Charybdis again, and everyone dies except odysseus.

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The Odyssey // Helios

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The men want to eat and they steal the cow. Odysseus tells them not to but they don't listen. Helios asks Zeus to punish them and he sends them back to Scylla and Charybdis.

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The Odyssey // Calypso

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She keeps Odysseus on her island and sleeps with him.

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The Odyssey // Hero's Journey

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Call to Adventure - Supernatural Aid - Threshold Guardian - Threshold - Challenges - Abyss death and rebirth - Transformation - Atonement - Return

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Lord of the Flies // Author

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William Golding inspired by his experiences in WWII. He believed that the horrors of the war were based on the inherent evils within people. He used only boys in his novel because only men fought in the war, and he believed that girls would've been more mature and formed a civilization. Boys were more representative of society.

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Lord of the Flies // Summary

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The Lord of Flies is about a group of young boys stranded on an island during World War II. They left Britain for safety during WWII; however, their plane crashes on an island, and rescuing them is not the adult world's top priority. The boys elect Ralph as the leader, but on this isolated island, Jack and the rest of the boys slowly deteriorate into savagery.

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Lord of the Flies // Setting

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Where? - An island in the Pacific. When? - In the midst of World War II.

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Lord of the Flies // Major Characters // Jack

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Physical: About Ralph's age, with a skinnier build and red hair. freckled face described as being "ugly without silliness." Personality: Harbors emotions of anger and savagery, the leader of his choir group, (who become hunters as the book progresses). His savage personality and ability to tell people what they want to hear allows him to overtake Ralph as chief. Changes: There is no change in Jack, other than the fact that he was a cherubic choirboy turned into a face-painted, vicious savage.

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Lord of the Flies // Major Characters // Ralph

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Physical: Twelve years old (oldest), blond hair, built "like a boxer," tan, handsome. Personality: Most charismatic of the group, initially chosen as leader due to his many positive qualities, attempting to keep order. Changes: He realized the hideous truth behind human nature -- that perhaps humans are inherently evil.

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Lord of the Flies // Major Characters // Piggy

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Physical: Overweight, pale, needs glasses, asthma, short Personality: Intelligent, not self-confident, mature, doesn't care to do strenuous work, tries his best to keep peace, lacks social skills. He looks up to Ralph because of the charisma and strength Ralph has that he lacks. Changes: Relatively no change. He chooses to ignore the boys' savage nature, excusing it as an accident. He is still "brains over brawn."

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Lord of the Flies // Major Characters // Simon

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Physical: Younger than the three boys above, but older than other littluns; skinny with black hair hanging down. Later on, he had dried blood on his face from his nose bleed & faint after encounter with Lord of the Flies. Personality: Very good and pure, has the most positive outlook. insists multiple times that they will get rescued, even when Ralph is strongly doubting the possibility. often travels into his spot in the jungle; also tries to help out when it is needed. meets up with a pig's head skewered on a stick, (the Lord of the Flies). Changes: He stays good and pure throughout the entire novel. He realized that the boys are embodying the beast, but due to his goodness, he still tries to "free" the boys from the beast.

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Lord of the Flies // Minor Characters // Roger

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Physical: Secretive, silent boy, has an intensity of avoidance and secrecy, small boy with dirty and shaggy black hair. Personality: Roger - Jack's "lieutenant." A sadistic, cruel older boy who brutalizes the littluns and eventually murders Piggy by rolling a boulder onto him. Changes: In the beginning of the book, he is quiet and secretive. As the book progresses, he becomes more and more sadistic and and cruel. Officially taking on the responsibility of "torturer," he murders Piggy by rolling a boulder on him and tortures Sam and Eric.

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Lord of the Flies // Minor Characters // Percival

answer

Physical: One of the youngest boys on the island. Personality: He repeats his name many times throughout the whole book. He's proud to know his own identity. Changes: Near the end of the book, he forgets his identity and his own name.

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Lord of the Flies // Minor Characters // Samneric

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Physical: A pair of twins on the island. They are bullet-headed and they have hair like tow. They looked exactly alike and did the same movements together. Personality: They are exactly alike. They were Ralph's closest allies. They were delighted to be one of the 'bigguns'. Changes: In the beginning, they were Ralph's closest allies. They stayed with Ralph until the very end of the book. At the end, they were tortured by Jack,and they finally joined his tribe.

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Lord of the Flies // Themes // Good vs. Evil

answer

This theme is prominent in the book. We see Jack who wants to be in charge and have power, fight Ralph, who is interested in helping the kids survive. Also, there's Simon, who is inherently "good"(kind, compassionate) is against the boys' inherently evil nature, represented by the Lord of the Flies and the beast.

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Lord of the Flies // Themes // Loss of Innocence

answer

Through the book we see the kids turn from proper English boys to bloodthirsty savages, who fight each other for survival. Jack for instance wants to hunt for sport and not for fun as soon as he realizes no one is going to stop him. The boys also kill each Simon and Piggy without thinking about what they are doing.

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Lord of the Flies // Themes // Fragility of Civilization

answer

Being isolated from other people can cause people to forget morals and hurt each other because there is no one to remind them how to behave and keep them in check. An example is when Maurice kicks sand into Percival's eye and walks away with no regret.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Kid Customers // Summary

answer

- Advertising is bad for children - Ad companies use gimmicks to advertise to children, even though it isn't for them children made really easy targets - Touches on types of nags: ~ Pleading nag, persistent nag, forceful ~ Nag, demonstrative nag, sugarcoated ~ Nag, threatening nag, pity nag - Kids watch more TV and are exposed to more ads

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Kid Customers // Main Argument

answer

Advertising is detrimental to children

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // What's Eating America? // Summary

answer

- We don't know what we are eating - Variations of corn is in the majority of our food - We don't get a lot of variety - People with corn allergies suffer - The stuff you see in super markets is just - The same thing but rearranged - Turning point in the industry of corn is WW2 - Ammonium nitrate used as chemical fertilizer - Used to make poison gas in WW2

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // What's Eating America? // Main Argument

answer

Food industry has evolved to rearranging the same corn based product into other things.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Graduation // Summary

answer

- African Americans aren't acknowledged for their knowledge - All dolled up for grad all African Americans are excited to be graduating, only happy moment - Mr. Donleavy (running for political figure in that town) gave a speech about all the improvements in the nearby white school - Maya Angelou is very angry about the racism - No white kids in their school - Doesn't regard the African Americans as worthy of the white jobs

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Graduation // Setting

answer

8th grade graduation, Southern State

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Graduation // Main Arugument

answer

Some people are ignorant to how the racially oppressed feel and how one racist comment can make someone feel worthless.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Television: The Plug-In-Drug // Summary

answer

Television, the plug in drug, written by Winn, highlights the flaws of television, the new drug in our society. She usher family-oriented, completely against T.V., passionate, disapproving, warning, informative, and firm.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Television: The Plug-In-Drug // Setting

answer

It was written in 1977, but revised in 2002.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // Television: The Plug-In-Drug // Main Arguments

answer

The short story, Television The Plug-In Drug, shows how people completely depend on TV and their lives completely revolve around TV. Just like drugs, television is addicting and they ruin the concept of family time. For example, the mom would be watching a drama and the kid would be watching cartoons. Television cuts off the relations between youth and adults, diminishes family lives, no good social skills because stuff that happens in movies aren't usually true, children can't differentiate from fantasy and reality, and takes away the uniqueness and traditions of family.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // The Men We Carry in Our Minds // Summary

answer

In The Men we Carry in our Minds, Sanders examines how women want to be equal with men but he thinks that they do not understand all that comes with those rights. He explains the work that men have to do and appearance they have to uphold. Certain men in lower social classes struggle a lot and endure a lot of hard labor. Women don't understand what they are asking for, according to him.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // The Men We Carry in Our Minds // Setting

answer

Set in 1984.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // The Men We Carry in Our Minds // Main Arguments

answer

Sanders is trying to get us to think about gender inequality and social class divisions. He is trying to prove that all men do not have it easy like women say they do. This ease factor is also determined by the type of job one has. Women only see the men with classy jobs in the city. They are blind to the men that fight in wars and work as farmers or in the mines. These men are physically scarred and emotionally exhausted. Men struggle just as women do under certain circumstances.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // On Being Cripple // Summary

answer

"On Being a Cripple" is a short nonfiction story about Nancy Mairs who doesn't believe that her "disabilities" are a disadvantage and that they should not be pointed out because she didn't cause them herself. She talks about how she doesn't spend her life feeling sorry for herself and the thing she can't do, or how quickly she is going to die due to Multiple Sclerosis. She instead focuses on the positive things that she can do and things that she enjoys doing, and doesn't fear death as she knows that it will happen one day for anyone whether they are sick or not. In Addition Mair talks about the perfect body image and how it is portrayed, and uses that to show her confidence in her own skin. She also talks about how she doesn't want special treatment from others just because of the way she looks or acts. She wants to be normal.

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Non-Fiction Essays Unit // On Being Cripple // Main Argument

answer

Mairs talks about how she doesn't want her cripple image to define who she is. By calling herself crippled she is protecting herself from pity words that other people might use to describe her. Mairs mainly talks about the idea of society's views and how they can have an effect in her confidence. However she has learned to accept herself for who she is and embrace her talents in order to be a better person overall.

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