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Why is telecomm an important infrastructure?

answer

It is a vital infrastructure for reception and expression of ideas and info over long distances.

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What are the three major components of electronic media?

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Telecommunication- Dissemination of messages over a distance ; Media- conduits/carriers of human communication that can reach many people; Broadcasting- Originally from agriculture. Distribution of seeds one to many.

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Broadcasting

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To send out sound and pictures by means of radio waves for reception by the general public.

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Why do hybrid services (DBS and Cable) not fall under the definition of broadcasting?

answer

Because broadcasting is received for free and is available for everyone, while you have to pay a subscription fee for hybrid services.

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What are the features that electronic media provides to the public?

answer

Entertainment, News and Information, Commerce, Culture and Customs, Watchdog, Relaxation and Companionship, Connecting People

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Weaknesses of wired communication

answer

Construction is time-consuming and requires expensive equipment; maintenance is underground/sea, so replacement is difficult.

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James Clark Maxwell

answer

Researched and developed the theory for electromagnetic radiation. With Hertz, he demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation, potential to be used in radio.

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Heinrich Hertz

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Developed the apparatus to demonstrate/transfer radio waves.

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Guglielmo Marconi

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Started experimenting with transmitters and receivers. He eventually developed a powerful wireless business and obtained a patent for his wireless telegraph (1896).

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Form of early radio before broadcasting

answer

Early radio was used for point-to-point communication (like the telegraph)

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Initial uses of radio before broadcasting

answer

Was used to transmit from one point to another; used mostly for communication to ships.

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Titanic and its affect on radio regulation

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During the Titanic incident, the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 was in place, which didn't specify how many hours per day the wireless operators had to stay at their posts. After the Titanic sunk, the Radio Act of 1912 was passed to set the frequencies and hours of operation.

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Earliest known broadcast

answer

Fessenden's alternator produced a continuous wave that was needed to transmit voice or music. The first radio broadcast took place on Christmas Eve 1906.

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Lee DeForest

answer

Created the audion tube which amplified weak radio signals. This invention made modern electronics possible.

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Navy and WWI's affect on radio development

answer

During WWI, the Navy took control of all radio operations in the U.S. The Navy assumed all responsibilities for patent infringement and installed radio equipment on all of its ships. By the end of the war, technology had advanced rapidly as a result of the Navy's actions. Many radio operators received training during the war.

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Formation of RCA

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RCA was formed with participants including the Navy, GE, AT&T, and Westinghouse; RCA took controlling interest of the American Marconi Company

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RCA Agreement

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The RCA Agreement allowed GE, AT&T, and Westinghouse to specialize in whatever they were best at and then take advantage of eachother's discoveries. GE/Westinghouse-manufactured radio equipment; RCA-sold it; AT&T- built transmitters.

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Frank Conrad

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Initially worked for Westinghouse and experimented in his Pittsburgh garage.

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KDKA

answer

Gets the most credit for having uninterrupted service and for being commercially licensed since 1920.

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Why did the telephone group have a technological advantage over the radio group?

answer

Telephone Group (by AT&T) had technological advantage because they had the latest equipment to link multiple networks. They also had engineers/technical people working for them.

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Telephone Group & Toll Broadcasting

answer

The Telephone Group (AT&T) used "toll broadcasting," where businesses pay to talk about their companies live on radio and then leave.

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Radio Group & Indirect Support

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Radio Group (Westinghouse, RCA, and GE) used "indirect support" by promoting the companies that sold radio sets.

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RCA-AT&T Agreement

answer

The AT&T-RCA Agreement showed AT&T leaving broadcasting and giving up the monopoly claim. WEAF sold to RCA, and AT&T began to control and focus on the phone system (Network Relay System)

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David Sarnoff

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Started the Nation Broadcasting Company (NBC), the first company established to operate a network.

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Creation of NBC

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Telephone Group--> NBC RED --> NBC--> NBC Television

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Creation of CBS

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Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) was an investment by Columbia phonograph. It was nicknamed the "Tiffany Network" because of its focus on content and high profile networking. CBS came up with its own mechanical version of the color TV.

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William Paley

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Buys Columbia

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Edwin Armstrong

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Invented FM Radio frequencies in 1933--sounds better with less static.

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Radio Act of 1912

answer

The Radio Act of 1912 set frequencies and hours of operation as a result of the Titanic sinking.

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State of regulation and radio waves for broadcasting after KDKA

answer

Radio networks were beginning to develop, which led to interference, since so many people had obtained licenses. The licensees were breaking the rules, running over their allotted times and using crappy equipment.

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Zenith Decision

answer

Led to the Radio Act of 1927. Said that interference was terrible but was amplified at night.

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Radio Act of 1927

answer

32. The Radio Act of 1927 was superseded by Federal Communications Act of 1934. The Radio Act of 1927 made a few key assumptions, that the radio spectrum was a national resource and that individuals couldn't own frequencies. Licensees would have to operate in the public interest—tell about major news and issues in the area. Government censorship was forbidden. The FRC was formed partly to solve the growing interference problems. The Federal Radio Commission was a group of 5 individuals in different zones who determined licensees and placed emphasis on local stations.

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Communications Act of 1934

answer

Established the FCC, a permanent body established to oversee regulation of wireless and wired communication.

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Difference between FRC and FCC

answer

Only difference between FRC and FCC was that wired communication was thrown into the description.

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Types of programs that were broadcast on the radio

answer

Radio network programs were primarily music/variety programs, but there were also news programs which broadcasted the casualty lists from WWII, and comedy shows.

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Fireside Chats

answer

Franklin D. Roosevelt conducted "Fireside Chats" in which he would discuss his ideas and hopes for the future, during a tough economic time.

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Radio programming response to TV's popularity and growth in 1960s

answer

Due to a growth in TV's popularity in the 1960s, radio stations began to turn to specialized audiences.

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Role of FCC in development of FM

answer

The FCC halted the growth of radio when it changed the FM frequency band.

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Contemporary FM and AM program formats

answer

Contemporary FM program format-music; AM- news and sports.

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Deregulation of broadcast ownership limits in 1980s-current

answer

The deregulation of broadcast ownership limits in 1980s-current was a conglomeration of companies buying up all smaller companies, which led to the giants we have today. This change made few, large companies in the industry.

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Who made the first known broadcast of voice and music?

answer

Fessenden made the very first radio broadcast of voice an music on December 24, 1906.

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During his younger years, who set out to discover how the Audion Tube worked?

answer

Armstrong

question

What 2 inventors were involved in one of the longest court battles involving patent rights? Who lost the battle?

answer

De Forest and Armstrong. Armstrong lost

question

Who invented FM radio?

answer

Armstrong invented FM Radio

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What did Armstrong do after having his idea for FM radio turned down by Sarnoff?

answer

Armstrong built his own radio tower and began broadcasting in FM. He also licensed companies to make FM receivers.

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After Sarnoff belatedly offered $1 million for the rights to the FM system, what did Armstrong do?

answer

Armstrong created the "Yankee Network" and told Sarnoff that he had to pay a fee for rights to FM.

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What did Sarnoff do, after the FCC decided that the audio band for TV would be carried by FM radio waves?

answer

Sarnoff (RCA) refused to pay royalties and encouraged others not to pay. He also lobbied the FCC to change the frequency of FM--making FM receivers obsolete.

question

When/where did Sarnoff announce the existence of TV?

answer

Sarnoff announced the existence of TV at the 1939 World's Fair.

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What eventually happened as a result of Sarnoff encouraging other electronics manufacturers to ignore Armstrong's patents for FM radio?

answer

Armstrong had to sell most of his shares of RCA and he nearly went bankrupt.

question

Did Sarnoff cause Armstrong to have problems in his personal life?

answer

Armstrong became estranged from his wife, his health deteriorated, and he eventually killed himself.

question

Who possessed a knack for looking over other people's shoulders and stealing their inventions?

answer

Lee De Forest

question

Who provided a design for TV on a school blackboard at the age of 14?

answer

Philo T. Farnsworth.

question

Which inventor won the early patent battle concerning TV and how did they respond to RCA's request to buy the rights?

answer

Farnsworth won the early patent battle concerning TV and he asked RCA for continuous royalties.

question

Which decade did Sarnoff believe that TV would be in most people's homes? Why wasn't he right?

answer

In the 1930s. However, this launch didn't occur as fast because there was no public demand and no way to reliably send the signal by broadcast.

question

Who led the CBS network to great success through his programming ability?

answer

William S. Paley; he aired successful drama shows and people like Orson Wells and Edward R. Murrow

question

What problems did early TV actors experience of the set?

answer

Had to deal with extremely hot lights and wear green and purple makeup.

question

What network had their standard for color TV initially approved by the FCC? Why was this standard changed? Which company was eventually granted the standard for color TV?

answer

CBS had their standard for color TV initially approved, but this changed because color mechanical TV's didn't work with B&W electronic ones. RCA was then granted the standard.

question

Vladimir K. Zworykin

answer

Head of RCA laboratory.

question

Philo Farnsworth

answer

Had the idea for a TV and drew it on a blackboard at the age of 14.

question

Role of RCA's Electronic Research Lab

answer

The RCA Lab was the lab that Zworykin used to work on the electronic TV, and the electronic TV took over the mechanical TV. Prior to television they were working on FM

question

Formation of NTSC Standard

answer

NTSC set a standard for the number of lines and frames per second in the U.S.

question

TV Freezes during and after WWII

answer

TV Freezes- VHF was getting full, so there was a freeze on TV licenses until a solution was found to stop interference. Solution= open up UHF on TVs to make more channels.

question

Sixth Report and Order and Channel-Allotment Plan

answer

Channels 2-13 on VHF; 14+ on UHF

question

Three disruptions and scandals in TV

answer

McCarthyism- created a black list of communists. Quiz Shows- Show "21" producer instructed Hurt Stimple to rig the show and give the wrong answer. Payola- commercial bribe, record label bribes radio stations to play certain artists.

question

Origins of early TV program formats

answer

Came about from popular radio formats such as comedies, newscasts, and dramas--the entertainment that worked in radio transferred over.

question

UHF and VHF

answer

UHF > VHF. Generally all broadcasts are on UHF because of the high demand for channels.

question

DuMont Network

answer

Existed and failed early on.

question

Electronic Newsgathering

answer

Allowed people to go on location to shoot footage with smaller, lighter equipment.

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Effect of PTAR

answer

PTAR- Primetime Access Rule opened up the 7-8 pm time slot to allow local stations more programming time.

question

Public Broadcasting Service

answer

PBS wanted to develop a nationwide network with educational programming.

question

Development of new TV broadcast networks

answer

New TV broadcast networks were developed starting in the 80s because some audiences were being underserved by major networks (ex: UPN for minorities; WB for teens, FOX, MyNetworkTV)

question

Effects of satellites, cable TV, and VCR development on broadcast revenue, advertising, and programming

answer

Lead to more fragmentation of the audience and more competition for advertising dollars. Satellites allowed the setup of networks to provide info from all over the world.

question

Deregulation beginning in the 1980s-current (liberalized ownership limits)

answer

Allowed for the consolidation of companies by removing limitations of how large a station could become.

question

Role of Mergers and Acquisitions

answer

Deregulation= more mergers.

question

CATV's origination and initial uses

answer

Allowed people in rural/fringe areas to pick up TV by installing an antenna in a high location.

question

FCC regulation in the 1960s concerning cable system importation of distant program signals?

answer

Cable Act of 1984 dropped all regulations other than distant importation, which said the local took priority over the long distance version of the channel.

question

Role of satellites in developing pay channels (HBO), cable networks (CNN) and super stations (WTBS)

answer

Satellites allowed cable networks to develop and distribute programming across the country.

question

Ted Turner and formation of cable-specific program networks including CNN

answer

Founder of CNN

question

Pay TV, HBO

answer

Gerald Levin Founder of HBO, the first cable network that used satellites to distribute programming.

question

Cable Act of 1984

answer

Dropped all regulations other than distant importation, which said the local took priority over the long distance version of the channel

question

Why did cable growth surge in the late 1970s/80s?

answer

Due to deregulation and satellites which allowed for cross-country programming.

question

Rise of competition from TVRO and DBS

answer

TVRO are the huge satellite dishes; DBS are the smaller ones which are the biggest threat to cable right now.

question

Alternatives to cable- Home Video-- VCR, DVD, DVR

answer

These inventions fragmented the audience (VCR came about in the 70s)

question

SAGE Project

answer

Early warning radar system which provides the US with advanced warning against a missile attack. Modem and video display terminals were outgrowths of the SAGE Project

question

Concept of packet switching

answer

Provided for small data packets to be sent over distributed communication networks. Take the visual, data and sound information, break it down into a bunch of packets of numbers and then send it through multiple connections through the web, it gets back to your smartphone or laptop and is brought back together.

question

ARPANET

answer

Military use

question

USFNET

answer

Used by universities

question

NSFNET

answer

Closest to modern day networks 30x faster.

question

Ray Tomlinson

answer

invented email

question

Domain names

answer

Were created so people wouldn't have to know a computer's IP Address to communicate (.edu .com)

question

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

answer

Allow everyone to connect to the new network (NSFNET)

question

Tim Berners-Lee

answer

Created the World Wide Web

question

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

answer

Addresses would be used to locate information on the network and send it back to the person who requested the info.

question

Marc Andreesen

answer

Developed Mosaic, internet browser, the forerunner of Netscape Navigator.

question

What is the significance of Armstrong's Regenerative Circuit?

answer

or "autodyne" allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor. It consists of an amplifying vacuum tube or transistor with its output connected to its input through a feedback loop, providing positive feedback. This circuit was widely used in radio receivers, called regenerative receivers, between 1920 and World War II. Regenerative receiver circuits are still used in low-cost electronic equipment such as garage door openers.

question

Mechanical vs. Electronic Scanning

answer

Early ideas on how you were going to record electronic pictures. Mechanical was a wheel rotating with holes in it and would spin around an record pictures. Electronic was an electronic gun with a tube in it that would take pictures electronically. It is more efficient and is used today.

question

What were the effects of Fin-Syn 1970

answer

Thought that the three main networks had too much power because they produced thei own programming and produced it on their own networks. The FCC ordered them to cut back on the number of programming hours that they could broduce for thescleves (ABC CBS, NBC) this opened the door for independent producers ex. Warner Bros. this starts the erosion of network broadcast power.

question

Telecommunications Act of 1996 - Convergence

answer

was the first major overhaul of United States telecommunications law in nearly 62 years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. This Act, signed by President Bill Clinton, was a major stepping stone towards the future of telecommunications, since this was the first time that the internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment.

question

Cultural and sociological impact of TV ("The National Hearth")

answer

It completely changed radio network broadcasting - format changes Radio stations began to turn to specialized audiences - fragmentation TV brought the radio and record industry closer Radio stations became more dependent on local revenue

question

Red Channels

answer

A booklet, magazine that had all of the names of suspected communist sympathizers in the entertainment industry. Listed 151 show biz people with supposed communist ties

question

McCarthyism and Blacklisting

answer

Fear of communist subversion fueled the career of Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy Guilt by association

question

What were the consequences of the Quiz Show Scandals?

answer

1956 Charles Van Doren defeated Herbert Stempel on Twenty One. Van Doren confessed fraud under oath and Twenty One cancelled and Game shows lose favor Reforms enacted: prize money capped, no longer single sponsor, audience must be informed if contestant obtained assistance

question

Live TV

answer

1950s

question

How did TV content change in the 1970's?

answer

War years mirror rise in TV technology War serves as training ground for news people Nightly casualty list brought into America's living rooms (i.e. the dead and wounded) Escapist comedies and television in the late 1960s give way to more realism in the 1970s with MASH and All In The Family

question

When did American television go digital?

answer

TV broadcasting went to an all digital system in 2009

question

What did cable provide to underserved markets?

answer

Narrowcasting and Nice Markets ex: ESPN (1979), CNN (1980), MTV (1981)

question

How is cable different than broadcast?

answer

The real difference between broadcast television and cable is not that the Federal Communications Commission restricts one from doing what the other can. It's a matter of cosmology -- the way they perceive the universe. Cable TV and broadcast TV purvey different worlds, and cable's is darker, bleaker, more complicated and less forgiving.

question

Significant deregulatory provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996

answer

The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.

question

Arthur Clarke & Invention of Communication Satellites

answer

Arthur-science fiction author who theorized putting communication satellites into space to revolutionize all communication. By the 1970s the communication satellite industry was very successful

question

Development of direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services

answer

Direct Broadcast Satellite-a new way of delivering television content to your house.. One more competitor in the ways of getting your television service

question

DBS consolidation to two providers

answer

Direct TV Dish

question

Satellite news gathering

answer

Satellite News Gathering extends the ability to broadcast from nearly anywhere in the world Satellite distribution of signals made it possible to distribute programming to local cable franchises

question

The Apple iphone combined what applications

answer

Combined audio/video player, web browser, game unit, telephone, and personal digital device, and had an easy-to-use touch screen

question

What was the first smartphone

answer

In 2002, the first smartphone was introduced—the Blackberry Combined e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, and internet access

question

Why was Mosaic an efficient internet search provider?

answer

Easy to use interface Incorporated text and graphics Renamed Netscape Evolved into Firefox

question

What company did Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop in 1998

answer

Google.Enabled retrieval of appropriate date from massive databases Has become a verb

question

What did Mosaic develop into

answer

Firefox

question

What are Search Engines?

answer

Home > search engine search engine A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although search engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups.

question

Macintosh

answer

revolutionized the entire computer industry by the year of 1984. Steve Jobs and his ingenious Macintosh team arranged for the computer to be used by the normal "person in the street" - and not only by experts. It was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface

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