RTV 3001 UF Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Why is telecom an important infrastructure?
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-vital for expression of ideas and info -pervasive presence in our lives -complex industry involving history, technology, commercial infrastructures, regulations, programming
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Market convergence
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merging of media corporations
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Technological convergence
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coming together of various media forms so that they share functional characteristics
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Telecom
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dissemination of messages over a distance
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Media
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conduits or carriers of human communication that can reach great # of people
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Broadcasting
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-Originally from agriculture. The distribution of seeds. One to many. -the simultaneous transmission of the same message to multiple recipients. In networking, broadcasting occurs when a transmitted data packet is received by all network devices.
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Functions of electronic media
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entertainment, news and info, commerce, culture and customs, watchdog, relaxation and companionship, connecting people
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Entertainment (electronic media)
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Netflix
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Commerce (electronic media)
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all platforms
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Watchdog (electronic media)
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camera 24/7 like southwest gym
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Companion (electronic media)
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media/electronic device like a phone or laptop
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Weaknesses of wired communication
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construction and maintenance
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Samuel Morse
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invented the telegraph and morse code in 1844 (middle of 19th century)
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Alexander G. Bell
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invented the telephone in 1877 (middle of 19th century). First time sending voice waves to one another immediately.
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James Maxwell
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theorized the existence of electromagnetic radiation Theorized Electromagnetic waves
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Heinrich Hertz
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demonstrated the existence and built device for electromagnetic radiation A german physicist that proved James Maxwell's ideas where true. He generated Electromagnetic waves, transmitted them down his lab, detected them, and then measured their lengths. They where called Hertzian waves.
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Guglielmo Marconi
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-wireless telegraph; developed powerful wireless business -An Italian pioneer who invented the radio. -created the first electromagnetic wave machine that could receive messages through the air. -No one wanted the technology because he was Italian so moved to England and received patent from the mail department.
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Initial uses of radio before broadcasting
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-maritime use (telegraphs) -Was used to transmit from one point to another; used mostly for communication to ships. - military use
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Titanic and its affect on radio regulation and shipping industry
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During the Titanic incident, the Wireless Ship Act of 1910 was in place, which didn't specify how many hours per day the wireless operators had to stay at their posts. After the Titanic sunk, the Radio Act of 1912 was passed to set the frequencies and hours of operation.
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Reginald Fesseden
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-tested his alternator on Christmas Eve in 1906 and demonstrated that voice could be transmitted over the "ether" (air). His alternator produced a continuous wave that was needed to transmit voice or music. - his alternator produced a continuous wave that was needed for the transmission of voice or music. -from Canada proved voice and music could be transmitted through the air. First voice communication over the air. Not great quality. -weak signal so not commercial
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Lee Deforest
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-invents audion tube for radio by chance but doesn't understand how - his "Audion" made it possible to amplify weak radio signals. -his Audion modified the "Fleming valve" by inserting a wire grid between the plate of the tube and its cathode.
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Navy and WWI's effect on radio development
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-navy took control of radio operators; installed in shops; technology advanced rapidly -The Navy assumed all responsibility for patent infringement and installed radio equipment in all of its ships.
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Formation of RCA
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RCA (Radio Corporation of America) was formed after WWI with participants including the Navy, GE, AT&T, Westinghouse. RCA took controlling interest of the American Marconi Company for fear of foreign control
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Significance of KDKA
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-Frank Conrad, a Westinghouse engineer, began experimental broadcasts in Pittsburgh. -first significant radio station -Gets the most credit for having uninterrupted service and for being commercially licensed since 1920.
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Radio group and indirect support
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like advertising today; "won" against toll broadcasting
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Telephone group and toll broadcasting
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beginning in 1929, advertisers paid for the right to broadcast their messages through radio networks and their affiliates; in turn, the networks used this revenue paid to them by the advertisers to offset the cost of producing the shows that they fed to their affiliates; this concept was borrowed from AT&T; became a very integral piece in the business of radio broadcasting
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RCA-AT&T Agreement
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-AT&T accused all their competitors of being in an monopoly. They responded AT&T was owned by Maconi. AT&T agreed to get out of television. RCA become a large radio corporation ATT leaves broadcasting; gives up monopoly claim
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David Sarnoff
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-this man who received the telegraph transition from the sinking Titanic while working for the Marconi Company, suggested the use of radio waves for things other than telegraph transitions. This idea was called "radio music box". He later would found NBC and be president of RCA. -started NBC in 1926. NBC began radio network broadcasting, overseeing two
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Creation of NBC
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-Telephone Group--> NBC RED --> NBC--> NBC Television; by Sarnoff -Radio Group-->NBC Blue-->ABC-->ABC/Capital Cities--> Disney/ABC
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Creation of CBS
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-Columbia Broadcasting System was an investment by Columbia phonograph; (1927): -Columbia Drops Out -William Paley Buys Columbia -nicknamed the "Tiffany Network" because of its focus on content and high profile networking. CBS came up with its own mechanical version of the color TV.
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William Paley
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-President of CBS Corporation; coined "Tiffany Network" high class and better quality -Ran CBS and made it a success by making it a high quality network. Best journalists
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Edwin Armstrong
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invented FM in 1933 -FM sounds better and has less static than AM
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Wireless Ship Act 1910
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-required us. ships with more than 50 passengers, traveling more than two hundred miles off, to be equipped with wireless equipment of 100 mile range (saved lives and ships at sea) -Early regulation in the maritime. Mandating a telegraph operator on every shift. Superseded by next act because of titanic -first radio law
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1912
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-An operators had to be on board 24/7 -radio regulated by the secretary of commerce -Set Frequencies and Hours of Operation -Had to Issue License on Application
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State of regulation and radio waves for broadcasting after KDKA
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Radio networks were beginning to develop, which led to interference, since so many people had obtained licenses. The licensees were breaking the rules, running over their allotted times, and using equipment that was not up to standard. CHAOS, more stations than frequencies -no system in place -Radio stations were jamming each other and jumbling the data -National Radio Conferences -Zenith Decision (1926): Zenith sued for taking frequency from Canadian company. Supreme Court says Secretary of Commerce does not have the right to regulate. Chaos becomes worse.
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Provisions of Radio Act of 1927
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that the radio spectrum was a national resource and that individuals couldn't own frequencies. -Licensees would have to operate in the public interest—tell about major news and issues in the area. -Government censorship was forbidden. -The FRC was formed partly to solve the growing interference problems.
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Federal Radio Commission
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The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was a government body that regulated radio use in the United States from its creation in 1926 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1934.
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Provisions of Communications Act of 1934
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Established the FCC, a permanent body established to oversee regulation of wireless and wired communication -Included 1927 act but made applying for a license -FRC becomes FCC -no censoring
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Use of "Fireside Chats" by Franklin D. Roosevelt
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politicians never heard unless they went to speech; WWI and Depression; talk to people conversationally
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NBC Break-up and formation of ABC
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-1941 the FCC ordered NBC to divest itself of one of its networks -1943 NBC Blue (stations original owned by RCA, Westinghouse, and GE) was sold to Edward Noble, the "Lifesaver King" for eight million dollars and became ABC
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Radio's programming response to TV's popularity and growth in 1950s and 1960s
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radio stations turn to specialized audiences; fragmentation
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Role of FCC in development of FM
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The FCC halted the growth of radio when it changed the FM frequency band.
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Although DeForest liked to claim credit for the first radio broadcast of voice and music, who made the first known broadcast of voice and music on December 24, 1906?
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Reginald Fessenden
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Who was given credit for inventing the audion tube
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Lee DeForest
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During his younger years, who set out to discover exactly how the audion tube worked
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Edwin Armstrong
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what is the significance of armstrong's regenerative circuit
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-sends waves back and forth; improved circuit-amplification for signal -Armstrong amplified the signals so they can be transmitted at farther lengths
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what two inventors were involved in one of the longest court battles involving patent rights
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Lee DeForest and Edwin Armstrong
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who was the individual that invented FM radio
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Armstrong
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what did armstrong do, after having his idea for fm radio turned down by Sarnoff
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He built his own radio tower and he began broadcasting and licensed companies to make FM receivers
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after sarnoff belatedly offered $1,000,000 for the rights to the FM system what did armstrong do
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He refused Sarnoff's offer and built his own network, the Yankee network. Armstrong said that RCA could pay a fee just as the other companies did
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what did sarnoff do after the FCC decided the audio band for television would be carried by FM waves
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He (RCA) refused to pay royalties and encouraged other manufacturers not to pay them either. He then lobbied the FCC to change FM's frequency, making obsolete every one of the radios Armstrong had licensed
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when and where did sarnoff announce the existence and development of television
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In 1939 at the World's Fair in NYC
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did armstrong's problems, caused by sarnoff, affect his personal life
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yes, he killed himself
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who possessed a knack for looking over another inventor's shoulder, taking what had been developed, adding something to it then claim to have developed a completely new revolutionary electronic device
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Lee DeForest
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who eventually won the patent court battle between armstrong and deforest
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Armstrong's widow, Marion, 15 years after Armstrong's death
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at the age of 14, who provided a design for television on a school blackboard
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Philo Farnsworth
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which inventor won the early patent battle concerning television anyhow did they respond to RCA's request to buy the rights tot he patents
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Farnsworth. His high school teacher was the deciding factor
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which decade did sarnoff believe TV would be in most peoples homes? why didn't the launch of tv happen under this timeline
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1940s, WWII intervened
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Who led the CBS network to great success through his programming ability
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William S. Paley
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what type of problem did early tv actors experience in the studio/on set
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intense hot lights, sweating makeup, live = no mistakes
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which network had their standard for color tv initially approved by the FCC? why was this standard changed? which company eventually granted the standard for color tv?
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-CBS had their standard for color TV initially approved, but this changed because color mechanical TV's didn't work with B&W electronic ones and would require everyone to go back to mechanical software therefore not accepted. RCA comes up with viable electronic color television and was eventually granted the standard for color TV. RCA was accepted.
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what company helped to develop communication satellites
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Middle 20th century - RCA (telecom giant)
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Vladimir Zworykin
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-Invented electronic scanning along with Farnsworth -Invented the iconoscope -Worked on visual radio for Russian Wireless Telegraph co. -Started working for westinghouse in Radio. -Eventually works on developing TV for RCA.
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Philo Farnsworth
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Father of Televison. Farnsworth developed key patents for both the image disector camera tube and the receiving cathode ray tube
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Mechanical vs. Electronic Scanning
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Mechanical waves needs a medium to travel as they cannot travel through vacuum while electromagnetic waves can. -Mechanical was a disc that had holes and took individual pictures. -Electronic is a gun that sends out a beam
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Role of RCA's electronic research laboratory
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-used Zworykin's inconoscope and Farnsworth image dissector camera; first experimental tv station -Nerve center of RCA and coming up with color television and satellite technology
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Formation of NTSC Standard
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The National Television Standards Committee adopts picture format in 1941. Technocrats and scientists that set formats/standards for TV make sure the broadcast TV's work the same
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TV Freeze during and after WWII
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stope with technological advance and broadcast licenses
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Sixth Report and Order and Channel Allotment Plan
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-ENDED the freeze on TVs -Required some existing TV stations to change channels; also provided for the "intermixture" of VHF and UHF channels in most markets. -Of the FCC. Coming up with long range planning. This meant the sixth report of that year (1962). It was about setting aside channels and creating a system
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what was the first tv program to record on film
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I Love Lucy 1950s
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origins of early tv program formats
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came from popular radio formats (comedies, newscasts, dramas, vaudeville)
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What were some of the challenges and characteristics of Live TV?
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1950s, impact of life, implications to record, sociological impact. improvise and issues with perfection
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How did the growing popularity of television impact radio, film, dining, and sports ?
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less people watched radio, more music was presented on radio, radio started to work more with records. Film: less people went to the movies, so the film creators made epic movies to attract the audiences Dining and sports: less people went dining, less people went to sports because they could watch it from home
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what were the consequences of the quiz show scandals
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People's lost their trust. prize money capped, no single sponsor, audience must be informed if contestant obtained assistance
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McCarthyism and blacklisting
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Fear of communist subversion fueled the career of Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy; guilt by association. -Senator from Wisconsin and created a committee for communist suspects. Several people were blacklisted from the telecommunications community
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red channels
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"Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television" was a pamphlet-style book blaming 151 actors, writers, and others in the entertainment industry of purported Communist manipulation. Red Channels effectively placed the rest on the industry blacklist.
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UHF and VHF
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-Ultra High Frequency and Very High Frequency; generally all broadcasts are on UHF because of the high demand for channels. -Different wavelengths. Frequencies are used to transmit data. Two different frequencies or bandwidth. A license is needed to and assigned a frequency for each
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cultural and sociological impact of tv (the national hearth)
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people saw things live, tv was primary source of news and information
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What was the first "television war"?
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Vietnam
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electronic news gathering
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tools such as video camera and satellite dishes that allow journalists to gather and broadcast news much more quickly and all over the world
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Public Broadcasting Service
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A nonprofit broadcast network that provides a wide range or public service and educational programs. It is funded by government appropriations, private industry underwriting, and viewer support.
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how did tv content change in the 1970s
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safe programs replaced. shows became more realistic/mature/edgy content
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development of new tv broadcast networks
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New TV broadcast networks were developed starting in the 80s because some audiences were being underserved by major networks (ex: UPN for minorities; WB for teens, FOX, MyNetworkTV)
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effects of satellites, cable television and VCR development on broadcasting
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Led to more fragmentation of the audience and more competition for advertising dollars, satellites allowed the setup of networks to provide info from all over the world
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what were the effects of Fin-syn 1970 and PTAR 1971
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Thought that the three main networks had too much power because they produced their own programming and produced it on their own networks. The FCC ordered them to cut back on the number of programming hours that they could produce for themselves (ABC CBS, NBC) this opened the door for independent producers ex. Warner Bros. this starts the erosion of network broadcast power. PTAR (Prime Time Access Rules): Mandates return of 7:30 PM to 8:00 PM to local affiliates for programming. Power shifts to syndicators (PTAR)
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telecommunications act of 1996- convergence
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deregulated radio ownership rules and the communication media
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convergence
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technology shared across multiple devices
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when did american television go digital
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2009
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how has television been affected by recent economic, technological and legal trends in 21st century
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job loss, content change, new revenue streams, all digital, DVR, mergers, acquisitions, FCC push to bring high-speed internet to 100 million homes, Fight over reallocation of spectrum space
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CATV's origination and initial uses
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-started in rural areas -Community antenna television - mom and pop built own antenna and uses broadcasting from a distant place to bring in a local data connection
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what did cable provide to underserved markets
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-Providing content to rural area -Better options that you couldn't get through broadcast networks
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FCC regulation in the 1960s concerning cable system to importation of distant program signals
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-broadcast upset with the cable providers, distant signals, more regulation on importing distant signals -Originally they stopped distant signals. They eventually loosened it
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how is cable different from broadcast
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-Broadcast is something where you can build an antenna and beam waves and get tv through air for free. building in gville has an antenna and sends out data where you use and antenna to pick up the system. Makes money by advertising -Cable is a different distribution system drills hole in wall, puts in wire and hooks up to; retransmission consent. cable runs into your house. Makes money by advertising and by subscription
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the development of pay channels (HBO), cable networks (CNN) and super stations (WTBS)
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Pay for TV business transmitted high quality movies and programming to cable providers who could charge to transmit to customers In 1975, HBO became the first pay service distributed via satellite. Cable originally offered simple options. HBO gave more options and therefore charged more money
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The development of superstations (WTBS
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Ted Turner bought all the rights and turned a station into a cable network and made local events available all over the world.
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Ted Turner and formation of cable specified program networks including CNN
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-people were niched markets so these channels were fragmented to suit different wants -First 24.hr programming and ted turner ran it
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What is the significance of HBO and how did it brand itself
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premium cable networks, movies, new content, sports, niche market
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What are some key events in the development of ESPN
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a. They had exclusive events that no one else covered b. Merger with Disney c. Unique coverage and content d. first specialized sports network
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why did cable growth surge in the late 1970s and 1980s
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Due to deregulation and satellites which allowed for cross-country programming; MSO consolidation and rise of new networks via satellite; narrow casting and niche markets
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significant deregulatory provisions of the telecommunications act of 1996
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In order to let anyone enter any communications business and compete against each other -Deregulation in the 1990s. phone and tv companies got in each other's businesses
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alternatives to cable- home video- VCR, DVD, DVR
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These inventions fragmented the audience (VCR came about in the 70s)
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Arthur Clarke and Invention of communications satellites
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science fiction author put a lot of satellites in space; made for instant news, bouncing from each other
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development of direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services
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a new way of delivering television content to your house.. One more competitor in the ways of getting your television service
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DBS consolidation to two providers
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Dish and Directv
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satellite news gathering
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reporting the news with equiptment that enables transmission via satellite.
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why was the internet originally conceived
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Midst the Cold War, the U.S. Department of Defense needed a computer network that wouldn't be disrupted in the event of an attack.
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how does the design of the internet achieve the question posed by the rand think tank
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The intelligence to reside in the endpoints Any endpoint could talk to any other endpoint Network Routing be self-healing after attack No centralized control Messages divided into packets that could take any number of paths from source to destination
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what was the role of the defense department in the early creation of the internet
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defend vs soviet union; communications = vital, started funding research if there was a nuclear war
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ARPANET and USENET
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In 1968, the U.S. funds ARPANET - purpose was to build the first interactive computer network (military use) The National Science Foundation (USENET) extended use of the system to many university researchers
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ENIAC, UNIVAC, transistors, microchips
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a. 1946 the first practical vacuum tube computer developed-ENIAC, b. 1951 the first commercially available computer goes on sale - UNIVAC, c. Transistor replaced the vacuum tube, d. Microchips replaced the transistor
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packet switching
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process where messages are split into packets and each one is given a destination and source address; they are forwarded independently by routers; helps defense dept
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Tim Berners Lee and the world wide web
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-In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee develops idea of using a graphical interface for retrieving information on network databases (created the World Wide Web).
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who is credited with the invention of email
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Ray Tomlinson
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Who founded Microsoft
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Bill Gates
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Apple & Macintosh
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new mass medium; revolutionized personal computer marker
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what are search engines
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provided ways for users to navigate around the Web
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why was mosaic an efficient internet browser
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Easy to use interface; easier to find text/sound and pictures
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what did mosaic develop into
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Firefox
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development of internet explorer
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Launched 1995 by Microsoft and captures the superior market share over the rival search engine Netscape
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How did Steven Jobs revitalize Apple upon his return in 1997 ?
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Simplified the product line, Focused on excellence
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what company did sergey brin and larry page develop in 1998
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Google
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What is the significance of Google?
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Enabled retrieval of appropriate date from massive databases. MOST USED SEARCH ENGINE
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MP3
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a digital audio encoding and compression format designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent audio
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ipod
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a line of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001.
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what was the first smartphone
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Blackberry in 2002
