question

What is the function of literary criticism, according to Herbert Wichelns?

answer

is concerned with permanence and beauty

question

What is the function of rhetorical criticism, according to Herbert Wichelns?

answer

concerned with effect.

question

What happens in each of the parts of a neo-Aristotelian criticism?

answer

a.Reconstructing the context in which the rhetorical artifact occurred. Applying the five canons of rhetoric to the artifact b.Assessing effects of the rhetorical artifact

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Reconstructing the context in which the rhetorical artifact occurred

answer

Talk about who the rhetor is Look at the audience Approach the occasion a short term or a long term way What is/What are the rhetor's goals?

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five canons of rhetoric

answer

Invention,Organazation, style, delivery and memory

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Invention

answer

The speakers major lines of arguments or the content of the speech or ideas

question

Ethos

answer

credibility of rhetor....what the rhetor brings to/contributes to the speech All below, relative to audience and topic Good sense—does the rhetor have expertise. Site sources, personal connection thru experience or an organization. Good will—audience best interest in the mind. Good moral character-does rehtor reflect the values of the audience

question

Pathos

answer

appeals to the emotions of the audience or what the audience brings to a speech. What are some of the emotions rhetors might try to appeal to? Fear, harmony, sorrow, loss, pride, patriotism, optamisism, excitement

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Logos

answer

The logic of the speech/the speech itself

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Inductive Reasoning (logos)

answer

arguing from specific to general. Aristotle said, Need to have enough cases and representative

question

Deductive reasoning (logos)

answer

arguing from a large general claim to a specific case. Aristotle said when at all possible try to make deductive arguments

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Organazation

answer

can help people to inform/persuade

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Style

answer

Use of language

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Delivery

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the physical presentation of a speech

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memory

answer

Because it was difficult to write the speech down, the Greeks didn't have the resources to do that. Known as \"the last cannon\" because we really don't need to think about that anymore

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Assessing effects of the rhetorical artifact

answer

Short term effects Long term effects

question

How did Gary Brown describe the context of Saddam Hussein's war addresses?

answer

Hussein as a rhetor, the occasions on which the rhetoric was presented, and the audience to whom the rhetoric was addressed

question

How did Brown argue that Hussein used invention?

answer

by stating logical arguments, ethos, pathos

question

What were Hussein's three major logical arguments?

answer

If I can take an actions its because Ala allowed it to happen Kuwait had long been part of Iraq Western Socities were evil

question

How did Hussein try to establish ethos?

answer

quotes the Koran, identify w/them not only because they have the same religion but he's going thru the same experience. Keeps justifying what happen in Kuwait. Relies more on repetition because in some Arab cultures that's how you build an argument. Good sense—quotes the Koran Good will—as a religious leader, quoting from the Koran

question

How did Hussein try to generate pathos?

answer

religious pride and patritatism with the use of the Koran. Talks about various issues in the Arab well, the fate of Palastine and the state of security in other states....trying to get like minded states to support him. Talks about the holy war.

question

What type of organization did Hussein use?

answer

opens with quote of Koran, praises the courage of the Iraqe people, predicts Iraq will be victorious. Argues that all western societies are evil, Then he says lets have all Arab states unite.

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How does Brown describe the style of Hussein's speeches?

answer

Classical Arabic dialect, this assured that every Arab citizen was able to understand his speech

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How does Brown describe the delivery of Hussein's speeches?

answer

it wasn't memorizied he was reading from a script. Not only passionate but it promoted his control over the people. He wrote his speech way earlier than when he wrote them because of how carefully his words were chosen

question

Does Brown argue that Hussein's speeches were effective or not? Why and how?

answer

It was effective because he got people to become sympathic for his cause and he obtained followers. He obtained quite a bit of his powers for some years after that.

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How did Nixon develop ethos (Checkers Speech)

answer

i.Good sense—he was a laywer. Had a lot of facts and figures. Had the independent audit done. Comes across as very put together. ii.Good will—Talked about truth and how he wanted everyone to know he was telling the truth. Said he thinks the people should have more confidence in the vice president. \"Could have put my wife on my payroll, but I didn't but my opponent did.\" Talks about gifts, that people have tried to give him, once that he has accepted and ones that he hasn't. Said one gift he accepted was a dog he was given, named Checkers. Said he won't give that gift back. He has nothing to hide. iii.Good moral Character-- Wife doesn't wear a mink coat but she wears a good republican coat....Basically says family is important. He can relate to everyone because he's just the same as everyone else. Trustworthy and people don't have anything to worry about. Talks about his military service, received a couple of gold stars, says was just there when the bomb were falling.

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How did Nixon develop pathos (Checkers Speech)

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Tax payers shouldn't be charged for anything political—humility, pride and patratism. Pulling out understanding from people—they begin to shift their attributes about what he did with the money. He says he's the average man. Doesn't feel like only rich man she run for office and quotes Lincoln about the average man. Talks about the amount of money he's made and what he's paid for things. Appeals to people, mans man, it's family...write down all the things you want to check off your list to appealing to the masses

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How did Nixon develop logos (Checkers Speech)

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Tries to justify the $ he receives from the state and what he uses it for and the other $ and what he uses it for, such as paying for trips, and anything political. Also talks about how his wife, could work for him but doesn't and states he would rather hire someone who needs the job.

question

How would you analyze Nixon's style?

answer

Everyday language in a delivery that's very down to earth. Being very direct, like a fireside chat. Vocabulary is very straight forward

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How would you analyze Nixon's delivery?

answer

Very direct. Only focused on clearing his name vs dragging someone else's name thru the mud.

question

What was the historical and rhetorical context of Richard Nixon's \"Vietnamization\" speech?

answer

Antiwar movement scheduled a Moratorium day for Oct. 15, 1969. On Oct 13th the white house announced that Nixon was going to deliver a major policy speech on Vietnam. White house undercut the Moratorium Day to control political damage. He delivered his speech on Nov 3rd. Watched a news clip that gives us some good visuals a sense of how compelling this issue was for people.

question

What were possible options about ending or continuing the Vietnam War that Nixon discussed (and could have discussed) in the speech?

answer

1.Fixed schedule withdrawl...problem is if you don't meet it, it's really bad. The enemy knows when you're leaving, so they can take over. He mentions this but says, we aren't going to do that. 2.Immediate withdrawl....problem you don't achieve your objective and you make it seem like you can't get it done....so Nixon says we aren't doing that. 3.Escalation—He doesn't mention this. 4.Negotiation—He says we had everything ready to go but the Vietnamese didn't follow thru Vietnamizaiton---Vietnamizasie the people there.....this was his solution and lots of people were against it. We'll start training the South Vietnamise, to be able to defend themselves, make them good soldiers, and be able to come up and take over their destiny. Undercut the demonstrations that they had been planning, people who were part of this demonstrations were very upset. Was a speech that was proven to be very unpopular

question

What were Hill's general conclusions about Nixon's speech?

answer

1.The speech was designed for the middle of the road audience, (\"silent majority\").—He wasn't trying to speak to the protesters, who also isn't saying lets go in and bomb them, the people who he's talking to are probably the people who support the president.....who trust the president, who think he has more information than anyone else and want to see what he's going to do with that. Hill states this was the right audience (the silent majority). Hill says it set up some discomfort within the field. 2.Speech was crafted by a superior technician---speech was successful. His goal was to speak to the silent majority and he picked the right audience.

question

What are three things that neo-Aristotelian criticism does not account for, according to Hill?

answer

1.Wisdom of the choice of target audience. We don't question rather or not the speaker chose the right audience, we just say this is who he chose and rather it was successful. 2.Whether or not a policy is politically viable. This a job for political scientist and historians. We are rhetorical critics. 3.The estimated truth of the rhetor's statement. We are looking at whether he made the right appeals to the audience he chose to speak to. We aren't qualified and that's really not our interest

question

What are some limitations of neo-Aristotelian criticism, according to Foss and class discussion?

answer

1.Is effect the best measure of a speech? We want to say something more about what the speaker is saying. 2.Neo-Aristotelian criticism presumes a rational bias. There are some people who are just trying to stir things up. Ex. Pita, Green Peace, the animal activist who go in and release animals and ruin years of scientific research...probably not the best way to make their argument. 3.Neo-Aristotelian criticism presumes discursive bias----assumes that people are making arguments based on language, you can't really talk about the cannons. 4.One rhetor/one speech at a time....what if I wanted to look at more than one speech to compare a variety of speeches on the same categories or to see how his/her ideas developed. Neo-Aristotelian doesn't really give us an opportunity to talk about that. 5.Tends to focus on what is deemed \"significant\" speeches 6.Neo-Aristotelian criticism can be mechanical---gives you a good way to say a lot about a speech but it just is very mechanical.....it's a good use because all the steps are there.

question

What is genre or generic criticism?

answer

It seeks to discover commonalities in rhetorical patterns across recurring situations. Whether than looking at one speaker/one speech, you're looking at combinations of speeches

question

What are the situational requirements of genre?

answer

The perception that conditions in a situation call forth a particular kind of response. (very similar to rhetorical situation) What are some of the things you expect in a eulogy? positive praise of deceased's life, about the future, a story that invites us to think about our own life and what we want to do with it, universal experience of grief, relating to your own life and your own expectations. Commencement addresses? Something inspiring, talk about the future

question

What are the substantive requirements of genre?

answer

Is referring to features of the rhetoric itself. Humor, it's a type of expression so we make a lot of attributions about it but humor can happen in response to a lot of situations. Where might you see humor? A wedding toast, class lecture, some euglogy's, sermons, comedy shows.....illustrates that with all those other genres (not comedy shows) they are not defined as humorous situations but we recognize the humor as the humor itself, it's the rhetoric itself. Fear appeals? We recognize them when we hear them, even though may not happen normally in a particular situation. Identify these as it happens or after it happens....it's not your expectation when going into it.

question

What are Aristotle's rhetorical categories?

answer

Forensic rhetoric,Epideictic rhetoric,Deliberative rhetoric

question

Forensic rhetoric

answer

rhetoric concerning the past; legal rhetoric—like a murder trial

question

Epideictic rhetoric

answer

rhetoric concerning the present; ceremonial rhetoric—people come together to celebrate or mourn—like a wedding toast or eugology

question

Deliberative rhetoric

answer

rhetoric concerning the future; political rhetoric---what politicians say they are going to do

question

What are two reasons to engage in generic criticism?

answer

1.Rhetorical critics can understand social reality and its relationship to rhetoric. Example—Inaugural Speech 2.Critics who study genres can see how rhetorical acts influence each other and how rhetoric is shaped by prior rhetoric. Example—look at past speeches while putting together your speech; in the same genre.

question

What are the types of generic criticism?

answer

Generic description, Generic participation, Generic application

question

Generic description?

answer

A critic is trying to determine, does a genre exist? Need to have similarities, requires looking at a lot of examples

question

Generic participation?

answer

Does a certain artifact belong in an already established genre? Like LBJ's inauguration and eulogy

question

Generic application?

answer

According to an already established genre, how can we evaluate a particular text? Talk about a genre then evaluate a section of it

question

What are the situational similarities and differences between Ann Richards' eulogy and Robert Kennedy's eulogy?

answer

Similarities—They were both eulogies, both made people think about their own life and what they have done, both praised the deceased Differences—Robert Kennedy was suppose to be giving a campaign speech. Ann Richards was at the actual funeral

question

What are the substantive/stylistic similarities and differences between Richards' eulogy and Kennedy's eulogy?

answer

Differences—Kennedy used fear as a way to try and not have people riot, Richards used humor because she was a close personal friend of the deceased.

question

What is apologia?

answer

To account for or defend oneself against accusations of wrong doing. (Don't have to say your sorry)

question

What is the apologia strategy of denial?

answer

The speaker disavows the act of wrong doing, the contention that an action was wrong, or the intent to do something wrong.

question

What is the apologia strategy of bolstering?

answer

The speaker tries to emphasized a positive relationship between herself or himself and something the audience values. (Nixon did that w/his relationship to government...stressed relationships w/common people, spoke about his life)

question

What is the apologia strategy of differentiation?

answer

The speaker tries to get the audience to view the act in a new and different context.

question

What is the apologia strategy of transcendence?

answer

The speaker tries to associate perceived wrong doing with a higher goal or purpose. Oliver North—Iran Contra Scandal—was selling arms to hostiles, his defense was, I did it for a greater good to help people.

question

According to Nelson, what apologia strategies did Billie Jean King use in her defense?

answer

Bolstering...had her husband at all of her appearances. Admitted to the affair while denying being gay, said she wanted to have children—this is an example of differentiation. Her husband helped her with that strategy. Her father supported her, as well. Bolstering—talked about her own honesty, said it's a mistake and I know it was mistake, trying to reinforce that she was a good person.

question

According to Nelson, what apologia strategies did Billie Jean King's peers use in defense of King?

answer

Did a lot of Bolstering—tried to reinforce all of the things that she did...fought for women getting equal pay. Transcendence—they talked about, would her being gay be the worst thing in the world. Talked about privacy and about her affair really was only her husband and Billie's business.

question

What are some negative (and from our perspective, wrong) associations with the word \"rhetoric?\"

answer

Spin/biased/fooling people, opposite of action, vague/empty, ornamentation

question

What is Foss's definition of rhetoric?

answer

Humans using symbols for the purpose of communicating

question

What does it mean to say that humans are the creators of rhetoric?

answer

Rhetoric is limited to human rhetors as the originator or creators of messages.

question

What does it mean to say that symbols are the medium for rhetoric?

answer

Something that stands for something

question

What does it mean to say that communication is the purpose of rhetoric?

answer

Rhetoric is synonymous with communication

question

What are four communicative purposes of rhetoric?

answer

To invite understanding, to persuade people, as a way of knowing ourselves, defines reality

question

What does Foss mean when she says that rhetoric \"tells us what reality is\"?

answer

Reality is not fixed but changes according to the symbols we use to talk about it.

question

What is Foss's definition of criticism?

answer

It's importance and it's functions are immediate and ephemeral

question

What is \"systematic analysis\" and how does it enable us to explain rhetoric?

answer

a.Think a little bit more of what it is you're analyzing. In order for criticism to be more critical you're building catagories in your mind. b.Evidence c.Methods of evaluation d.A way of making evaluations / judgements about the methods

question

Rhetorical Act

answer

it's performed in the presence of the rhetor's intended audience.

question

Rhetorical Artifacts

answer

Consists of any tangible evidence of a rhetorical act. i. Ex. Recording of a speech, notes in a class ii. Most researchers use artifacts because it's a much better to think about , what did I think about that, what kind of method was used?

question

four purposes of rhetorical criticism, according to Foss?

answer

a.We may learn (or make a contribution to) rhetorical theory. b.Learn more about the artifacts themselves c.We may become better rhetors. d.We may become more educated and discerning audience members by being better rhetoric critics.

question

What is Plato's theory of the forms?

answer

for every concept there was a form. a.The ideal essence of something.

question

What is Plato's allegory of the cave?

answer

Captures Plato's view of humanity

question

Allegory of the cave

answer

a.Starts with a cave that goes underground b.Is that humanity basically resides at the bottom of the cave c.We live at the bottom of a dark, cold, moist cave...people just were not able to put things together very well...he had a very dim view of people's potential. Able to build a fire but has a very interesting affect on people's perceptions. The people stuck at the bottom of the cave can't see the forms cz they are up above the cave. They was a wall that prevented them from walking out of the cave. Occasionaly someone is able to get up over the wall and see the forms(they see all the truth). How do they react? It's all different than what they thought. They can't handle the truth

question

What is Plato's vision of truth?

answer

He says truth is absolute a.Truth is unchanging—the forms don't ever change, our perceptions may change but truth never does. b.It's difficult for people to know or apprehend c.People's perception of truth often changes

question

What is Plato's vision of rhetoric?

answer

a.Invariably bad—rhetoric is always a bad thing b.Rhetor's cannot be trusted—this is because of the allegory of the cave

question

What are two important Sophistic ideas?

answer

a.For every argument there's an equal and opposite argument b.Humanity is the measure of all things.---In other words, we decide.

question

What is the Sophists' view of rhetoric?

answer

a.Rhetoric is necessary ...how can you decide rules or laws without listening to all the arguments b.Ideally, rhetoric is responsible...which fit in with what they did for a living, by going places and teaching people rhetoric—how to be better communicator, better persuaders

question

What is Aristotle's view on truth?

answer

argues that truth exists but we need rhetoric to help it emerge

question

What is Aristotle's view on rhetoric?

answer

rhetoric-The faculty(a skill an ablility) for discovering the available means of persuasion in a given case/instance.

question

What are important considerations in selecting an artifact?

answer

Analyze that it's appropriate for the method you will be applying, Must contain the kinds of data that are the focus of the units of analysis of the method. Should be something you really like or really dislike, something that puzzles or baffles you, or something that you cannot explain. Let your interest in daily encounters with artifacts guide you.

question

What is involved in analyzing an artifact?

answer

Write your notes about the artifact in a list, physically cut the observations you have made apart so that each idea or observation is on a separate sheet of paper, group the strips that are about the same thing and put them in a pile, group the strips that are about something else and put them in another pile, play around with different ways to organize your piles. The strips of paper allow you to group and regroup your codings into different categories and encourage you to experiment with multiple ways of conceptualizing the data of your artifact.

question

What is a research question?

answer

About 4 basic components of communication process—the rhetor, the audience, the situation and the message

question

Humanistic Research

answer

offers one well argued interpretation, assesses texts that are delivered in natural contexts

question

Social Science Research

answer

to achieve results that can be replicated, manipulates contexts to identify and study variables

question

How does Foss describe the standards of evaluation for critical essays?

answer

Justification, reasonable inference and coherence

question

What are two primary assumptions that underlie standards for evaluation?

answer

Reality is created through rhetoric, A critic can know an artifact only through personal interpretation of it

question

What are three standards for judging an essay of criticism?

answer

Does the critic provide evidence to justify his or her claims? Does the critic make reasonable inferences based on the evidence? Are the arguments coherent?

question

What is situation? How does it define rhetoric?

answer

Rhetoric is what a rhetorical situation calls faith; it is a response to a rhetorical situation

question

What are the following components of Bitzer's rhetorical situation?

answer

Exigence, audience, constraints

question

Exigence

answer

a situation of imperfection marked by urgency. That can be modified thru discourse

question

Audience

answer

people who are capable of being influenced by the discourse, who also can help modify the exigence

question

Constraints

answer

Anything that affects the audiences ability to modify the exigence. Can be positive or negative. Can be tangible or intangible

question

What is Bitzer's rhetorical?

answer

Rhetorical situations are recognized by rhetors Some rhetorical situations may go unanswered. Rhetorical situations call for fitting or appropriate responses What separates rhetoric from art and science is the need for an audience

question

Vatz's response to Bitzer's rhetorical situation?

answer

Was in response to, rhetorical situations are recognized by rhetors, Vatz's said, rhetors create rhetorical situations rather than respond. Vatz acknowledges that it's a good framework

Rhetorical Criticism Exam 1

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