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A researcher is interested in the effect of police on crime. She records the size of the police force and the crime rate of 100 communities. After analyzing the data obtained, she concludes that the size of the police force causes a decrease in the crime rate. This illustrates a(n) _____________ approach to establishing causal relations.

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Nonexperimental

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A __________group is required for a true experiment?

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Control

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Subject attrition is a concern for _____________ designs type of study?

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Subject attrition is a concern for _____________ designs type of study?

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Non-experimental tests of _________________will continue to be popular because there are practical and ethical problems in randomly assigning people in experiments

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Causal hypotheses

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If you are only able to collect data at one point in time, you should conduct what type of study?

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Cross-sectional

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Two studies test a hypothesis about the association between crime and drug use. Study A uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that crime increases drug use. Adults are surveyed and asked about their levels of drug use and criminal behavior. Study B uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that juvenile delinquency causes drug use. Adults are surveyed about their delinquent behaviors in adolescence and whether they are currently using drugs. With respect to the two studies; Study B does a better job of meeting criteria for establishing:

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Causality between variables

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_______________ research design would be preferred in the study of all individuals who graduated a boot camp program in 2001

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Event-based

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No cause can be ____________from the larger context in which it occurs.

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Separated

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Subject __________ occurs in a fixed-sample panel design when participants grow weary and drop out of the study.

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Fatigue

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_____________is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect

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Association

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Correlation does not prove causation 1. Dr. Harrison finds that violent criminals are poor and live in cities. He concludes that poverty and urban residence cause violent crime. This conclusion violates the principle that:

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Topic Chapter 6: Causation and Research Design

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An experimental study has found that alcoholics who attend peer group meetings are more successful in reducing their consumption of alcoholic beverages than alcoholics who do not attend such meetings. In the conclusions to their report on this experiment, the researchers suggest that it will be important for future studies to determine whether the support group effect was due to the social support itself, the sharing of technical information, or the time taken up by the meetings. This suggestion reflects a concern with:

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Causal mechanisms

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A/an __________ is a study conducted in a "real world" setting. topicend

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Field experiment

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A researcher studies the impact of living in a community that has experienced a recent rise in violent crime. Data are collected from a sample of adolescents in the affected community shortly after the rise in violent crime. Ten years later, a new sample is drawn from those who were adolescents at the time of the rise in violent crime. This would be termed a(n):

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Event-based design

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___________ research designs is used during election time to track support of candidates

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Repeated cross-sectional

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Repeated cross-sectional design experiments are also known as:

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Trend studies

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A study is conducted to test whether Vietnam veterans have more medical problems than others of their age. The appropriate design is the:

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Event-based design

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Causal mechanisms are also termed ____________ in nonexperimental research.

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Intervening variables

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A control group, random assignment, and a posttest are all required for a __________.

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True experiment

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_____________ research design would be used to answer the question: Are prisons more likely to have drug treatment programs available now than in the 1950s?

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Repeated cross-sectional

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Sampson found that the relationship between rates of family disruption and violent crimes among cities held true for cities with similar levels of joblessness. This shows that the rate of joblessness (Did or Did Not) cause the association between family disruption and violent crimes

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Did not

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The _______________ is a useful concept in experimental research because it designates the ideal comparison group to which actual comparison groups can be contrasted:

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Counterfactual

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Anderson's (1990) field research in a poor urban community produced a narrative account of how drug addiction results in residential instability and crime. This is a(n):

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Idiographic explanation

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If an extraneous variable causes variation in an experiment, it creates a __________ relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Spurious

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A relationship between two variables is __________________ if the association between these variables is due to variation in a third variable

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Spurious

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When conducting an event-based study follow up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

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Cohorts

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"Correlation does not prove causation" reminds researchers of which necessary condition for causality?

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Nonspuriousness

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In a hypothesis, the independent variable is the presumed __________, and the dependent variable is the potential __________.

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Cause; Effect

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Both nomothetic and idiographic causal explanations can involve _______________.

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Counterfactuals

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Statistical controls allow researchers to reduce the risk of spurious attributions of causality in nonexperimental research. The value of this for establishing causality is:

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Weakened due to the inability to control for all extraneous variables

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Which of the following is not a requirement of a true experiment?

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Deception

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Which type of research design would be best suited to identify increasing levels of crime in the population of a state that were due to the early release of offenders in that state?

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Repeated cross-sectional design

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n a cross-sectional survey, a researcher finds that larger families (with more children) are more likely to have delinquent children than smaller families. The researcher concludes that large family size causes delinquency. Which causal criteria have not been met?

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Non-spuriousness

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A ____________ design to study the youthful activities of current adults may be biased by memory lapses.

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Cross-sectional

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The strongest non-experimental design for establishing the time order of effects is ______.

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Fixed-sample panel design

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Data that can be ordered in time are termed:

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Longitudinal

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A spurious relationship is caused by a/an __________ variable.

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Extraneous

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A __________________ design is a nonexperimental design in which all data are collected at one point in time

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Cross-sectional

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___________ non-experimental design is data collected at one point in time?

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Cross-sectional research

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Research is reported showing that people who abuse substances are more likely to physically abuse their spouses than those who do not abuse substances. Further investigation reveals that substance abuse leads to less consideration for the abuser's spouse, which in turn leads to more physical abuse. In this instance, consideration for the abuser's spouse is an ___________ variable that makes up the causal _________ connecting substance abuse and spouse abuse.

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Intervening Mechanism

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A(n) __________ causal explanation is one involving the belief that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal.

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Nomothetic

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When relationships among variables differ across social settings, there exists a __________.

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Contextual effect

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____________ and ____________are important, but not necessary, to establishing a causal relationship.

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Mechanism; Context

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The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable; respondents can provide reliable reports of earlier events; measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier periods; and the value of the dependent variable was similar for all cases prior to treatment are all circumstance that _________ a researcher's confidence in drawing time order conclusions from a _________ study.

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Increases; Cross-sectional

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In order to establish causality, a relationship must be:

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Nonspurious

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A(n) __________ causal explanation is when a series of concrete events, thoughts, or actions result in a particular event.

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Idiographic

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If a researcher's claim that the likelihood of committing violent crimes is higher for individuals abused as children, that would be a(n):

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Nomothetic explanation

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In a repeated cross-sectional design, when the population is not changing, data are collected at two or more points in time from:

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Different samples of the same population

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__________ is a relationship between two variables that is not due to variation in a third variable.

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Nonspuriousness

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A __________________ design is one in which data are collected at two or more points in time from different samples of the same population.

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Repeated cross-sectional

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n order for a causal relationship to exist, the __________ variable must cause the change in the __________ variable.

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Independent; Dependent

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A ______________ panel design is better than a repeated cross-sectional design for testing causal hypotheses.

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Fixed-sample

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A __________________ design is one in which data are collected from the same individuals at two or more points in time.

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Fixed-sample panel

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Many researchers draw conclusions about causality with data that are collected at a single point in time. Determining the _______that came before the effect is uncertain with such data. Some examples being: The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable; It can be established that the respondents' retrospective accounts are reliable; The measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier time periods; and Cases are known to have been equivalent on the dependent variable prior to the treatment

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Cause

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A/an __________ is a relationship between the dependent and independent variable.

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Association

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Compare the following two causal models: (A) Homelessness results in high levels of drug use, which in turn increase criminal behavior. (B) Drug use results in a greater likelihood of homelessness and in more criminal behaviors. When drug use is statistically controlled, the relation between homelessness and criminal behavior disappears. What is the causal role of drug use in models A and B?

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Intervening in A, extraneous in B

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