question

What is science or social science?

answer

Social scientists seek to reduce possible errors in personal human inquiry; it is a combination of logic and empirical observation; a method of knowing

question

How is science different from other ways of "knowing"?

answer

Science is based on experimentation and observations of the natural world. Other ways of knowing rely on opinion, belief, and other factors rather than on evidence and testing.

question

What are the errors in personal human inquiry?

answer

Inaccurate observation, overgeneralization, selective observation, illogical reasoning, ideology and politics, and to err is human

question

What is a variable?

answer

Logical groupings of attributes

question

What is the independent variable?

answer

Cause or influencer

question

What is the dependent variable?

answer

Effect or depender

question

What are attributes?

answer

A characteristic that describes a person or object

question

What is the subject of social scientific research?

answer

Study of attributes and variables; Explore the nature or frequency of a problem or policy; Might also collect data on some measure to serve as a baseline for later comparisons; Also appropriate when some type of policy change is being considered

question

What is a hypothesis testing?

answer

Researchers can compare the results if one variable is different, therefore causing a different outcome in the experiment

question

How is idiographic explanation different from deductive reasoning?

answer

Deductive reasoning involves moving from generalities to specifics by working through a series of reasoned statements. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, takes a series of specific observations and tries to expand them into a more general theory.

question

What is idiographic explanation?

answer

When we attempt to explain a single situation exhaustively; lists the many, perhaps unique, considerations behind an action

question

What is deductive reasoning?

answer

Moves from the general to the specific; From a logically or theoretically-expected pattern to observations that test the presence of the pattern

question

How is inductive reasoning different from deductive reasoning?

answer

Deductive moves from general to specific and inductive moves from specific to general.

question

What is the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data?

answer

Qualitative data is descriptive and depends on personal opinion. Quantitative is based on numbers or amounts.

question

What are the criteria for causality?

answer

There is an empirical relationship between variables; cause precedes effect (temporal order); there are no alternative explanations (other variables)

question

What is validity?

answer

Whether statements about cause and effect are true (valid) or false (invalid); a descriptive term used for measure that accurately reflects what it is intended to measure

question

What is reliability?

answer

Consistency of measurement. Measures are reliable if researchers obtain the same results when measuring something more than once

question

What is external validity?

answer

Whether a relationship observed in a specific population, at a specific time, and in a specific place would also be observed in other populations, at other times, and in other places

question

What is construct validity?

answer

The degree to which a measure relates to other variables as expected within a system of theoretical relationships; How well an observed cause-and-effect relationship represents the underlying causal process a researcher is interested in

question

What are units of analysis?

answer

Who or what is studied: individuals, groups, organizations, and social artifacts

question

What is cross-sectional study?

answer

Observing a single point in time; simple and least costly way to conduct research; We cannot see social processes or changes; have to worry if we picked a bad point in time to capture; Typically descriptive or exploratory in nature; a snapshot in time

question

What are longitudinal studies?

answer

Permit observations over time; also called time-series study or before-and-after study

question

What is an example of a trend study?

answer

Those that study changes within some general population over time (UCR); a slideshow or series of snapshots in sequence over time

question

What is an example of a cohort study?

answer

Examine more specific populations as they change over time (Wolfgang study); similar to a trend survey in that it is a slideshow or series of snapshots in sequence over time

question

What is an example of a panel study?

answer

Where the same set of people is interviewed on two or more occasions (NCVS); a motion picture

question

What are concepts?

answer

Abstract label that represents an aspect of reality in the form of an object, policy, issue, problem or phenomenon; the basis of theories and a means to communicate, introduce, classify, and build thoughts and ideas

question

What are conceptualizations?

answer

Define all of the concepts being studied; Specifying precisely what we mean when we use particular terms; Results in a set of indicators of what we have in mind; Indicates a presence or absence of the concept we are studying

question

What are dimensions?

answer

Specifiable aspect of a concept

question

What is a conceptual definition?

answer

Working definition specifically assigned to a term, provides focus to our observations; Gives us a specific working definition so that readers will understand the concept

question

What is an operational definition?

answer

Spells out precisely how the concept will be measured

question

What are two important qualities every variable should have?

answer

Exclusive and non-exclusive attributes

question

What are levels of measurement?

answer

Ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio

question

What is the Uniform Crime Report?

answer

With the FBI since 1930, an annually published statistical summery of crimes reported to the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state and federal law enforcement agencies; Type 1 offenses and 2 offenses

question

What is Incident-Based Reporting System?

answer

Joint effort by FBI and BJS to convert UCR to a NIBRS; Reports each crime incident rather than the total # of certain crimes for each LE agency; Many features are reported individually about each incident, offenses, offenders, victims

question

What is the National Crime Victimization Survey?

answer

Collected by the Bureau of Justice and Census Bureau since 1972, which shows reported and unreported crime, and sheds light on the "Dark Figure of Crime"; longitudinal panel study

question

What are surveys of offending?

answer

Useful in measuring crimes that are poorly measured by other techniques (prostitution, drug abuse, public order, delinquency); Useful in measuring crimes rarely reported to police (shoplifting, drunk driving); Two ongoing self-report studies - National Survey on Drug Use and Health & Monitoring the Future

question

What is inaccurate observation?

answer

This occurs when using measurement devices that are either utilized wrong or recorded wrong

question

What is overgeneralization?

answer

This occurs when there is a large sample with multiple replications of the data

question

What is selective observation?

answer

This occurs when a number or kind of observation is pre-specified

question

What is illogical reasoning?

answer

This occurs when using explicit systems of logic

question

What is ideology and politics?

answer

This occurs when the observer does not guard against influence

question

What is to err is human?

answer

This occurs when the observer does not take precautions to prevent errors

question

What is qualitative data?

answer

Non-numerical; greater richness of meaning; all observations are qualitative at the outset

question

What is quantitative data?

answer

Numerical; carries a focusing of attention and specification of meaning

question

What is causation?

answer

An attribute on one variable is expected to cause, predispose, or encourage an attribute on another variable

question

What are the two types of applied research?

answer

Evaluation research and policy analysis

question

What is applied research?

answer

Based on a need for specific facts and findings - with implications for policy

question

What is evaluation research?

answer

Comparing program goals to results

question

What is policy analysis?

answer

Prospective - anticipate future consequences of alternative actions

question

What is inductive reasoning?

answer

Moves from the specific to the general; From a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them

question

What is nomothetic explanation?

answer

Lists the most important (and fewest) considerations/variables that best explain general patterns of cause and effect

question

What is a necessary cause?

answer

Represents a condition that must be present for the effect to occur (being charged before being convicted)

question

What is a sufficient cause?

answer

Represents a condition that, if it is present, will pretty much guarantee that the effect will occur (pleading guilty before being convicted)

question

What is internal validity?

answer

Whether observed associations between two or more variables are causal associations or are due to the effects of some other variable

question

What is operationalization?

answer

Process involving the conversion of the abstract idea into a measurable item; main purpose is the creation of variables and attributes and the subsequent development of a measurement intrument to assess those variables and attributes

question

What are the three types of observations?

answer

Direct observations, indirect observations, and constructs

question

What are direct observations?

answer

Those things or qualities we can observe directly (color, shape)

question

What are indirect observations?

answer

Require relatively more subtle, complex, or indirect observations for things that cannot be observed directly (reports, court transcripts, criminal history records)

question

What are constructs?

answer

Theoretical creations. Cannot be observed directly or indirectly. = to Concept

question

What is operationalization?

answer

The process of developing operational definitions; Requires us to determine what might work as a data-collection method

question

What are the two pillars of social science?

answer

Logic and observation

question

What is a theory?

answer

A systematic explanation in an attempt to explain why a particular social event occurs

question

What are the two types of hypthesies?

answer

Research and Null; research is an expected relationship and null there is no relationship

question

What is a deterministic constraint?

answer

Characteristic that led to certain behavior

question

What is an ideographic explanation?

answer

A list of many causes to explain a single instance

question

What is a nomothetic explanation?

answer

A list of a few causes to explain general patterns/situations/events

question

What is retrospective research?

answer

Gathering information of a past experience

question

What is the criteria for causation?

answer

Two variables must be empirically correlated, cause must precede effect; observed correlation between two variables cannot be explained by a thrid variable

question

What is experiential reality?

answer

The things we know from direct experience

question

What is agreement reality?

answer

The things we consider real because we've been told they're real, and everyone else seems to agree they are real

question

Nominal

answer

Categorical, no rank order, no logical order; ie: race, gender, state of residence

question

Ordinal

answer

Categorical, rank-ordered, arbitrary differences between attributes; ie: education, opinions, occupational status

question

Interval

answer

Categorical, rank-ordered, distinctive and equal differences, equal units on a scale, no "0" starting point; ie: temperature, IQ

question

Ratio

answer

Categorical, rank-ordered, distinctive and equal differences, equal units on a scale, "true 0" starting point; ie: age, # of priors, sentence length, income

question

The domestic violence study conducted in 1984 by Sherman and Berk had an ethical concern in that:

answer

They potentially withheld a beneficial treatment

question

High school seniors in a small town are asked a series of questions to measure the frequency of their drinking and driving. The students give consistent answers to the series of questions, but police records indicate that drinking and driving is much more common than indicated by the students' responses. This suggests that the measure of frequency of drinking and driving is:

answer

Reliable but not valid

question

Researchers choose the level of measurement for a variable when analyzing data

answer

False

question

Most scientists hold positivist views about research and reality.

answer

True

question

If a probation officer checks self-reports of drug use with urine tests she is using:

answer

Criterion Validation

question

Researchers must set aside all personal biases and prejudices if research is to be approached:

answer

Objectively

question

A variable's level of measurement indicates:

answer

The mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed

question

True or False. In certain situations, the law may require researchers to break confidentiality.

answer

True

question

If an instrument is valid and reliable in one setting, then it will be reliable and valid in all settings.

answer

False

question

Researchers with a ______________ philosophy believe that by being objective and unbiased they can see reality clearly, while researchers with a ______________ philosophy believe that they can only achieve intersubjective agreement about the nature of reality.

answer

Positivist, postpositivist

question

Research often shows that self-reports underestimate the true levels of drug use. To measure the interitem reliability of self-reported drug use, a researcher should examine the extent to which:

answer

Different questions about drug use provide similar answers

question

The extent to which measures indicate what they are intended to measure is called:

answer

Validity

question

Even though it is important to maintain confidentiality, this ethical standard may be overridden.

answer

True

question

You show a test you believe is unfair to many professors. After studying the test, they all conclude that the test is fair. What approach to validation did you use?

answer

Content Validity

question

The ethics of Zimbardo's prison study have been debated because researchers:

answer

Permitted several "prisoners" to experience severe psychological negative reactions

question

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects was created based on the principles established by the:

answer

The "Belmont Report"

question

In order to determine the relationship between weather and crime, a researcher measures and records the temperature. Temperature is an example of which level of measurement?

answer

Interval

question

Researchers apply the term face validity to the confidence gained from:

answer

Careful inspection of a concept to see if it is appropriate "on its face"

question

A researcher conducts a study and then conducts the study a second time and achieves very similar results. This study has:

answer

Test-retest reliability

question

if the internal consistency of an index is low:

answer

The association among the individual items is weak

question

A politician is worried that fear of crime is increasing. A survey is given to community residents to measure fear of crime. To check the criterion validity of this measure, the politician should:

answer

Also collect direct observations of the community residents' behavior

question

True or False. The institutional review board (IRB) reviews all research carried out with federal funding.

answer

False

question

Informed consent precludes any kind of deception in an ethical study.

answer

False

question

Informed consent forms do not have to be clear and understandable to participants as long as the form is brief and undetailed.

answer

False

question

Which of the following classifications of subjects cannot legally give consent on their own?

answer

Children

question

Good conceptualization and operationalization can prevent confusion in the research process.

answer

True

question

True or False. The prison study conducted by Zimbardo is praised for its proper handling of a difficult ethical issue.

answer

False

question

Most surveys of a large sample involve primarily open-ended questions.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is not a requirement of obtaining informed consent?

answer

Subjects must be informed without the use of deceit

question

Averages can be calculated with both ratio and interval level measures.

answer

False

question

Validity exists when statements or conclusions about empirical reality are correct.

answer

True

question

Most universities require researchers to have all research involving human subjects authorized by the

answer

IRB

question

Which of the following is not a positivist guideline about how to conduct research?

answer

Become personally invested in a particular outcome

question

Cory wrote a proposal to study the impact of birth order on aggressiveness. One of his first steps was to review definitions of aggressiveness in other research studies. This illustrates the first step in the process of:

answer

Conceptualization

question

A measure will have intraobserver reliability if:

answer

The same observer provides similar measurements

question

he extent to which measures indicate what they are intended to measure is called:

answer

Validity

question

A measure will have interitem reliability if:

answer

Multiple items are used to measure a single concept

question

To maintain confidentiality, researchers should not disclose the sources of their financial support.

answer

False

question

If the internal consistency of an index is low:

answer

The association among the individual items is weak

question

True or False. Validity and ethical research are linked.

answer

True

question

A variable's level of measurement indicates

answer

The mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed

question

Federal regulations require that IRB members come from diverse backgrounds.

answer

True

question

In a national survey of drug abuse, the variable "region" includes West, Southwest, South, Southeast, East, Northeast, Midwest, and Northwest. The level of measurement is:

answer

Nominal

question

Before their release, prison inmates are asked to fill out a risk assessment questionnaire which assesses the likelihood that an inmate will re-offend. A researcher later corroborates the risk assessments with official arrest statistics. This is an example of:

answer

Criterion validation

question

Which of the following is not an aspect of the requirement that subjects give informed consent to participate in research?

answer

Subjects must be fully debriefed after the study

question

Which of the following is not a property of a variable measured at the interval level?

answer

Fixed zero point

question

An evaluation of a prevention program includes the statement that "the average delinquency of adolescents was reduced by 33% during the time of the study." If this statement is literally true, the level of measurement of delinquency in the study was at least:

answer

Ratio

question

Measures of reliability:

answer

Determine whether measures will produce consistent scores on multiple occasions

question

Most universities require researchers to have all research involving human subjects authorized by the:

answer

IRB

question

True or False. Intersubjective agreement is a concern mostly for scientists who follow the positivist philosophy.

answer

False

question

True or False. Consent must be obtained in writing.

answer

False

question

Commitment to what is deemed the "necessary starting point" for all research that is ethical?

answer

Validity

question

True or False. The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) has its own code of ethics.

answer

True

question

The National Crime Victimization Survey selects subjects by identifying rural counties or metropolitan areas as primary sampling units, then chooses geographic regions within these units, then chooses addresses within the geographic regions. This is an example of:

answer

Multistage cluster sampling

question

An employment test for men is used by a police department to find successful candidates. A woman who was denied employment with the police department based on her test scores sues the police chief. She claims in her suit that the test cannot be used to predict her job performance since it has been used only with men. This claim raises a question of:

answer

Cross-population generalizability

question

The more heterogeneous the population, the less confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of any particular size.

answer

True

question

A researcher examining changes in the fear of crime over time finds significant differences before and after September 11, 2011. Which of the following sources of causal (internal) validity has occurred in this scenario?'

answer

external events

question

Which research design would be preferred to study all individuals who graduated a boot camp program in 2001?

answer

Event Based

question

External validity is another term for cross-population generalizability.

answer

True

question

A researcher obtains a list of all prisons in the U.S. She draws a random sample of 75 of the prisons on this list. She then obtains a list of all inmates from the warden at each of the 75 prisons and interviews a random sample of 30 inmates at each school. This is a:

answer

Multistage Cluster

question

Which of the following random samples does not require a sampling frame?

answer

Multistage Cluster

question

There are no experimental groups that can accommodate studies examining events that have already occurred.

answer

False

question

No cause can be separated from the larger context in which it occurs.

answer

True

question

In criminological research, disproportionate stratified sampling:

answer

Could be used to provide equal numbers of male and female offenders

question

A sample is the entire set of elements in which a researcher is interested.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is a non-probability sampling method?

answer

Quota

question

"Correlation does not prove causation" reminds researchers of which necessary condition for causality?

answer

Nonspuriousness

question

A researcher randomly selects four days out of one month to interview participants of a drug treatment program. The researcher will ask for volunteers in each group session. This sampling design is:

answer

Availability Sample

question

Which of the following circumstances makes disproportionate stratified random sampling more desirable?

answer

A concern with small groups in the population

question

Nonresponse is not typically a problem in survey research.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is true concerning establishing a causal effect in an experiment?

answer

The variation in the independent variable must occur before the change in the dependent variable

question

In a repeated cross-sectional design, when the population is not changing, data are collected at two or more points in time from:

answer

Different samples of the same population

question

In a cross-sectional survey, a researcher finds that larger families (with more children) are more likely to have delinquent children than smaller families. The researcher concludes that large family size causes delinquency. Which causal criteria have not been met?

answer

Nonspuriousness

question

A study is conducted of urban gangs. Using a contact at a local youth program, the researcher is able to interview each gang's leader. The interview covers methods of gang recruitment and sources of inter-gang conflict. This sampling method would be termed:

answer

Purposive

question

Mechanism and context are necessary conditions for determining causality.

answer

False

question

A fixed-sample panel design is better than a repeated cross-sectional design for testing causal hypotheses.

answer

True

question

The strongest nonexperimental design for establishing the time order of effects is the:

answer

Fixed Sample Panel

question

Experiments are considered "quasi experimental" when

answer

Subjects are not randomly assigned to experiment and control groups

question

External validity or cross-population generalizability refers to the applicability of a treatment effect across different populations and settings

answer

True

question

The use of matching in a true experiment:

answer

Involves pairing individuals in one group with individuals in another group based on one more characteristics

question

A study is conducted of a population that is small enough that the entire population can be examined. This study would be considered a:

answer

Census

question

A quota sample is equivalent to what type of a probability sample?

answer

Stratified random

question

Which of the following is required for a true experiment?

answer

Control group

question

The quality of a sample can be determined even if we do not know the population it is intended to represent if the proper sampling methods are used.

answer

True

question

A cross-sectional design to study the youthful activities of current adults may be biased by memory lapses.

answer

True

question

A graduate students attempts to examine police corruption by observing officers on patrol. He is quite disappointed when none of the officers he observes exhibit any corrupt behaviors. Instead the observed officers act in a more ethical manner than their service records indicate they normally do. Which of the following sources of causal (internal) validity has occurred in this scenario?

answer

Treatment misidentification

question

One hundred cases are sampled from a population of 1000. Each case is identified by a number on the sampling frame. If the number for a given case is selected, this case is considered to be in the sample but its number is not removed from the sampling frame. Thus, by the time the sample of 100 cases is selected, the same case could be sampled more than once. This procedure:

answer

Is an acceptable way to draw a simple random sample

question

In a true simple random sample, the probability of selection:

answer

Is equal for every element

question

If you are only able to collect data at one point in time, you should conduct what type of study?

answer

Cross sectional

question

Which of the following are important, but not necessary, to establishing a causal relationship?

answer

Mechanism and context

question

A list of elements from which a sample is to be selected is termed a:

answer

Sampling Frame

question

The distribution of characteristics of elements in a ________________ sample is the same as the distribution of those characteristics among the total population of elements.

answer

Representative

question

In proportionate stratified random samples, the probability of selection is:

answer

Known and equal across strata

question

Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

answer

True

question

The most important distinction that must be made about samples is whether they are based on a:

answer

Nonprobability or probability sampling method

question

Subject attrition is a concern for which type of study?

answer

longitudinal

question

Which of the following is true about control and experimental groups?

answer

Subjects must be randomly sorted into the two groups

question

When all units in the population are identical or resources are unlimited:

answer

Sampling is not necessary

question

Attempting to study the relationship between low intelligence and crime a research administers an IQ test to 1000 prison inmates and draws a random sample from the inmates with IQ scores less than 70. The researcher includes the IQ as part of his posttest and discovers a small group of inmates with IQ scores over 70. Which of the following sources of causal (internal) validity has occurred in this scenario?

answer

Endogenous change

question

Repeated cross-sectional design experiments are also known as:

answer

trend studies

question

The utility of disproportionate stratified random sampling increases as the heterogeneity of the population increases.

answer

true

question

Which of the following studies is likely to produce the best cross-population generalizability?

answer

Children of various ages are compared with respect to their level of aggression

question

Sampson found that the relationship between rates of family disruption and violent crimes among cities held true for cities with similar levels of joblessness. This shows that:

answer

The rate of violent crimes cannot be systematically explained

question

Which of the following terms could not be used to describe a random sample?

answer

Haphazard

question

Random assignment, like random sampling, seeks to ensure that the research subjects are representative of the larger population.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is not a requirement of a true experiment?

answer

deception

question

To study organized crime, a researcher is able to interview leading members of organized crime families. During these interviews, she requests the names of leading members of other organized crime families. She interviews these other leaders, asks them for additional leaders' names, and continues in this manner until she has interviewed 45 members from 19 different families. Her sampling method is:

answer

Snowballing

question

You must draw a sample of 1,000 from the population of a large prison in order to estimate treatment needs. A list of all prison inmates and their criminal histories is available from the prison warden. Which sampling procedure will minimize sampling error?

answer

A proportionate stratified sample, using criminal history for strata

question

When conducting an event-based study follow up samples must be selected from similar groups, known as:

answer

Cohorts

question

For practical purposes, sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement are equivalent as long as:

answer

Only a small fraction of the population is sampled

question

A research studying the effects of visitation on prison behavior identifies a group of 100 inmates who received visitation during the previous month and 100 inmates who did not receive any visitors and examines their behavior both before and after each visit. Which of the following best identifies the type of experiment conducted?

answer

Ex POst Facto

question

Most gang members are male. In order to obtain an equal number of male and female gang members, a researcher should use a:

answer

Disproportionate quota sample

question

Systematic random sampling of individuals incarcerated is inappropriate when:

answer

The sequence of elements varies according to type of offense

question

For a study on the health problems of drug users, a random sample of New York City high school students is drawn. A low level of health problems is found. Jim argues that the findings are generalizable because they were based on a random sample. Meagan argues that the findings are not generalizable because they reflect only high school students in New York City. How would you evaluate their positions?

answer

Both claims concerning sample and cross-population generalizability are correct

question

Time order is irrelevant in a true experiment.

answer

False

question

Research shows that most criminals are poor. Many people think, therefore, that most poor people are criminals. This is an example of:

answer

Illogical reasoning

question

What is the independent variable in the following research question, "If inmates are visited more frequently will they be more likely to follow prison rules regardless of their gender, age, or ethnicity?"

answer

Frequency of visitation

question

In a national survey of drug abuse, the variable "drug involvement" is measured by averaging the responses to ten questions. Respondents are asked to rate their use of ten different types of drugs on a 1 (no use) to 5 (frequent use) scale. Answers to these ten questions are used to create a scale. What is the highest level of measurement that scores on this variable represent?

answer

Interval

question

In a national survey of drug abuse, the variable "frequency of use" is measured by asking respondents to rate their levels of drug use. The ratings are made on a scale from 1 (low levels) to 5 (high levels). The level of measurement is:

answer

Ordinal

question

Descriptive research is:

answer

Neither inductive nor deductive research

question

Understanding the meanings people give reality instead of how reality works is the goal of:

answer

Interpretivism

question

Of the following violations to general ethical rules, which is the most common and most acceptable, if properly addressed?

answer

Deception of the subjects

question

Exploratory research is generally concerned with:

answer

Uncovering detailed information about a given phenomenon

question

The four major stages in the research circle are:

answer

Theory, hypothesis, data, and empirical generalization

question

A graduate student wishes to explore if court ordered substance abuse treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders has an effect on the odds an offender will commit future DUI offences. The students identifies his sample from among offenders arrested for DUI and designates those ordered into treatment as his experiment group and those not ordered into treatment into his control group. Which of the following best identifies the type of experiment he used?

answer

Nonequivalent control group design

question

Imagine researchers are interested in examining the influence of fathers' criminal behavior on that of their children. A study is conducted in which families are selected, and then children in those families are asked to provide information on their family's criminal behavior. In this study:

answer

Families are the primary sampling units and children are the secondary sampling units

question

What type of measures are used to study groups or individuals without their knowledge?

answer

Unobtrusive

question

If periodicity is suspected, which type of sampling should not be used?

answer

Systematic random sampling

question

Which of the following research questions would be the most feasible?

answer

Will an offender's criminal activity decrease when he becomes employed?

question

Evaluation research usually emerges from:

answer

Police MOtivations

question

Scientific relevance means that research should be:

answer

Grounded in existing empirical literature

question

The Sherman and Berk domestic violence study in Minneapolis and its replications suggested that arrest reduces recidivism in domestic cases only for employed persons. This conclusion was the result of:

answer

Inductive reasoning based on identifying patterns in data

question

Studying the relationship between teenage abuse of animals and later perpetration of domestic violence is an example of:

answer

Explanatory research

question

The primary source of research questions is:

answer

Theory

question

A researcher proposes to use a construct validation approach to a new measure of criminal intentions. Which of the following might have been her proposed approach to validation?

answer

Predicting theoretical correlates with her measure of criminal intentions

question

A police chief wishes to track the impact of a new policy on the effectiveness of his officers. The chief establishes seven criteria of patrol effectiveness and uses those criteria to test the effectiveness of his officers monthly for six months prior to enacting the new policy. After enacting the new policy he uses the same criteria to test the effectiveness of his officers each month for the following six months. Which of the following best identifies the type of experiment he used?

answer

Time series design

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