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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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The genetic material of a living thing found in strands called chromatin within the nucleus of the cell

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Chromatin

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A material that is composed of DNA and proteins and makes up chromosomes

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Chromosomes

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Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells and contain genetic material of the cell

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Diploid

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Expressed with the abbreviation 2n The chromosome number in all of an animal's cells, except for the reproductive cells

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Sex Chromosomes

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determine the genetic sex of the individual (x,x or x,y)

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Haploid

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The chromosome number in the reproductive cells, half of the diploid chromosome number

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Mitosis

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Cell division of somatic cells for growth and to replace old or dead cells; the type of cell division that occurs in all body cells except the reproductive cells

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Meiosis

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The reduction division that reproductive cells undergo during their development

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Spermatogenesis

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The production of spermatozoa, the male sex cells, in the seminiferous tubules of the testes Begins at the periphery of the seminiferous tubule with a cell called a primary spermatocyte

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Epididymis

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stores sperm before ejaculation, The ribbon-like structure that lies along the surface of the testes, Actually one long convoluted tube that links the efferent ducts with the vas deferens

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Oogenesis

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The production of female reproductive cells (ova) in the developing ovarian follicles At or soon after birth, a female has a fixed number of primary oocytes

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Oogenesis pt 2

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from one primary oocyte, one mature ovum will result

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Testes

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Male gonads, where spermatozoa are formed

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Interstitial cells

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produce male sex hormones or androgens

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testosterone

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responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

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Spermatozoa head

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Contains the nucleus of the cell

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acrosome

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caps the head of the spermatozoa and contains digestive enzymes that are released once the spermatozoon is inside the female reproductive tract

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Spermatozoa Midpiece

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The power plant of the cell that contains a large concentration of energy producing mitochondria arranged in a spiral pattern

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Spermatozoa tail

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Contains muscle-like contractile fibrils that produce a whip-like movement of the tail and propel the cell forward once it is activated

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Testes Development

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begin in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, attached to the scrotum by a band of connective tissue called the gubernaculum

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Testes Decent

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As the embryo grows, the gubernaculum remains fairly constant in length, this results in * gradually being pulled caudally and ventrally, are normally pulled down through the inguinal rings into the scrotum

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Scrotum

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Sac of skin that houses the testes

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cremaster muscle

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passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum, in warm conditions, the muscle relaxes and the testes hang down away from the warm body, in cold conditions, the muscle pulls the testes up tight against the body to help warm them

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Spermatic Cord

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Tube-like connective tissue structures that contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens

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pampiniform plexus

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an intricate meshwork of tiny veins derived from the testicular vein where blood is cooled in the testes

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Vaginal tunic

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Surrounds the testes in the scrotum and in the spermatic cord

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Visceral vaginal tunic (Proper vaginal tunic)

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The thin, inner connective tissue layer that is tightly adherent to the surface of the testes and the structures of the spermatic cord Derived from the visceral peritoneum

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Parietal vaginal tunic (Common vaginal tunic)

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The thick outer connective tissue layer around the testis and spermatic cord Derived from parietal peritoneum

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Tunica Albuginea

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A heavy, fibrous tissue capsule that protects and supports the soft contents of the testis Small partitions called septa, extend into the testis from the capsule

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Seminiferous tubules

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Where spermatogenesis takes place

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rete testis

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a complex system of ducts where the seminiferous tubules connect

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interstitial cells

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produce androgens, the male sex hormones, under the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH) (also called Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)) from the anterior pituitary gland

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Sertoli cells

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Large nurse cells to which spermatids are attached during their development, help shield the developing spermatozoa from the body's immune system

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Sertoli Cell Tumors

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Produce excess estrogen Causes: Feminization in the male dog Pendulous prepuce Enlarged mammary glands that may produce milk Penis and testes atrophy (shrink) May be attractive to male dogs as if he were in heat

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Cryptorchidism

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undescended testicles, occurs most commonly in horses and pigs

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Duct system

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When sperm are ready to leave the seminiferous tubules, they flow through a complex of ducts called the rete testes, then they flow through the efferent ducts of the testes, and finally enter the epididymis

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Epididymis Functions

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Spermatozoa are stored here as they await ejaculation Spermatozoa must mature here for at least a week before they can fertilize an ova Spermatozoa that are never ejaculated will eventually die and be broken down and absorbed

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Head (Epididymis)

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where the spermatozoa enter from the efferent ducts

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Body (Epididymis)

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main portion that lies along the surface of the testes

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Tail (Epididymis)

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continues on as the vas deferens

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Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)

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The muscular tube that carries spermatozoa and the fluid they are suspended in from the epididymis to the urethra for emission as a component of semen It passes up through the inguinal ring as part of the spermatic cord Once inside the abdomen, it loops back caudally, and connects with the urethra just caudal to the neck of the urinary bladder In many species, it enlarges into the ampulla before joining the urethra

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Urethra

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The tube that connects the urinary bladder with the outside world In the male, it conducts urine and semen During ejaculation, urine flow is temporarily blocked, and spermatozoa from the vas deferens and secretions from the accessory reproductive glands enter the urethra and are pumped out as semen

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Seminal Vesicles (Vesicular Glands) (2)

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Ducts from here enter the urethra in the same area as the vas deferens Present in all common domestic animals except for cats and dogs

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Prostate Gland

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Surrounds the urethra Multiple ducts carry its secretions into the urethra Present in all common domestic animals Large size in the dog (their only accessory reproductive gland)

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Bulbourethral Glands

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The ducts enter the urethra back near the caudal border of the pelvis Secrete a mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates the urethra for the passage of semen Present in all common domestic animals except for the dog

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Penis

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The male breeding organ

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Roots (penis)

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Attach the penis to the brim of the pelvis Consists primarily of crura

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crura

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two bands of connective tissue, covered by ischiocavernosus muscles

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Body (penis)

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Largest part Made of two bundles of erectile tissue composed of a spongy network of fibrous connective tissue and many tiny, blood-filled sinuses

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Glans (penis)

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Tip, or distal free end Cats have short spines covering their glans

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Erection

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In the erect state, more blood enters the penile arteries than leaves it via the veins The connective tissue enclosed erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood, causing the penis to become enlarged and rigid The arteries supplying blood to the penis dilate, increasing the blood flow into the organ At the same time, the veins carrying blood away from the penis are compressed against the brim of the pelvis by contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscles The relatively inelastic connective tissue around the blood sinuses causes enough hydraulic pressure to be generated in the engorged erectile tissue to cause the penis to become a little larger and a lot stiffer

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Ejaculation: First Stage

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Movement of spermatozoa and fluids from the accessory reproductive glands into the pelvic portion of the urethra At the same time, the sphincter muscle around the neck of the urinary bladder tightly closes to prevent movement of semen into the bladder

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Ejaculation: Second Stage

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Rhythmic contractions of the urethra that pumps the semen out into the female reproductive tract

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Os Penis

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A bone inside the penis found in dogs, raccoons, beavers, and walruses The urethra runs along its ventral surface

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Bulbus Glandis

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Made of erectile tissue that is derived from the corpus cavernosum urethrae (tied up stage lasts 15-20 minutes)

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Sigmoid Flexure

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Non-erect penis is normally bent into an "S" shape Erection involves straightening out the sigmoid flexure from internal hydraulic pressures

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Retractor penis muscle

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Originates up near the base of the tail and attaches to the bend of the sigmoid flexure Keeps the penis back into its non-erect, "S" shape

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Prepuce (Foreskin)

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The sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect The inner portion that is in contact with the penis is a smooth, moist, mucous membrane In the boar, it contains a small preputial pouch in which urine and cellular debris accumulate

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Left and Right Broad Ligaments

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Paired sheets of connective tissue that suspend the uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and attach it to the abdominal wall Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers that supply the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus, and also contains fat

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Mesovarium

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supports the ovary

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Mesosalphinx

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supports the oviduct

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Mesmetrium

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supports the uterus

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Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary

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The cranial edge of the broad ligament in the female that extends cranially and dorsally from the ovary and attaches to the body wall in the area of the last rib

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Round Ligament of the Uterus

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A cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle contained in the free edge of a lateral fold of the broad ligament in the female Extends from the tip of the uterine horn caudally and ventrally to the area of the inguinal ring

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Estrogens

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Produced by the cells of the developing ovarian follicles Responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy

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Progestins

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Progesterone, Produced by the corpus luteum that develops from the empty follicle after ovulation, Help prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum, Necessary for pregnancy to be maintained once implantation occurs

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Ovariohysterectomy (Spay)

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Surgical removal of the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus

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Uniparous Species

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Horses, cattle, humans, Ovaries produce one mature ovum per cycle

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Multiparous Species

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Cats, dogs, sows, Produce multiple ova per cycle

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Primordial (Primary) Follicle

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Consists of the oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells

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Follicular Activation

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When FSH is released from the anterior pituitary, the ovary causes a few primordial follicles to begin developing

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Growing follicle

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An activated primordial follicle

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Granulosa Cells

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Multiple layers of follicular cells that form around the developing oocyte As these cells multiply, the follicle starts growing rapidly in size produce estrogen

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Cumulus oophorus

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The small mound of granulosa cells on which the oocyte sits as it develops in the ovarian follicle

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Corona radiata

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A thin layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the ovum as it develops in the ovarian follicle and after it is released by ovulation

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Mature Follicle (Vesicular Follicle; Graafian Follicle)

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An ovarian follicle that is fully developed and ready for ovulation The maximum level of estrogen is being produced, and the animal is ready for breeding to take place Next, levels of LH rise In most species, ovulation (rupture of the mature follicle with release of the reproductive cell into the oviduct) occurs In induced ovulators, such as cats, ferrets, and rabbits, breeding must take place before ovulation can occur The oocyte is now called an ovum

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Corpus Hemorrhagicum (CH)

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The blood filled remnant of the ovarian follicle immediately after ovulation

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Corpus Luteum (CL) ("yellow body")

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Forms from the ovarian follicle after ovulation Under stimulation from LH from the anterior pituitary gland, the granulosa cells left in the empty follicle multiply to form the solid CL Produces progestin hormones, principally progesterone, that are necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy If the ovum is not fertilized, the no endocrine signal is sent and the CL degenerates after a short period

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Follicular atresia

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The shrinkage of ovarian follicles that began developing but stopped A normal part of each ovarian cycle

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Uterus

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The womb Where fertilized ovum implants and lives while it grows and develops into a new animal Helps push the fetus out of the birth canal during parturition

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Endometrium

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Composed of simple columnar epithelium and simple tubular glands that secrete mucus

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Myometrium

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Made of layers of smooth muscle that give the uterus the strength to push the fetus out during parturition

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Perimetrium

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Outermost layer covered by the visceral layer of peritoneum

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Metritis

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inflammation of the uterus

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Placenta

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A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

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Cervix

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The sphincter muscle "valve" between the uterus and vagina

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Vagina

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A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

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Vulva

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external genitalia of the female, Consists of the vestibule, the clitoris, and the labia

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Vestibule

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The entrance into the vulva The short space between the labia and the entrance into the vagina

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Clitoris

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organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

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Labia

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lips of the vagina

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Estrous Cycle

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The period from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next Includes the stages of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and anestrus

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Proestrus

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period of the estrous cycle before sexual receptivity

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Estrus

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Time periods when females are receptive to mating

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Metestrus

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the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle in mammalian females, occurring after ovulation and characterized by development of the corpus luteum, increased progesterone secretion, and decreased estrogen secretion.

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Diestrus

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The active, luteal stage of the estrous cycle During this period, the CL has reached maximum size and is producing maximum amounts of progestin hormones Dogs can have an exaggerated diestrus period, resulting in pseudocyesis, or pseudopregnancy (false pregnancy)

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Anestrus

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The period when the ovary "shuts down" between the estrus cycles or breeding seasons of some animal species

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Polyestrous

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Cycle continuously throughout the year if they are not pregnant Cattle, swine

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Seasonally Polyestrous

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Cycle continuously at certain times of the year and not at all at others Horses, sheep, cats

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Diestrous

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animals with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall (dog)

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Monoestrous

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animals with one cycle per year (fox and mink)

Reproduction Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards

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