Religion Exam 2 – Flashcards

Pope from 1978-2005, second longest in Roman Catholic church history, only polish pope in history, first non-Italian since the early 1500's

official head of Coptic Orthodox Church, who represents nationalist stance.

working together for spiritual & material benefit of all people.

subjecting faith entirely to the passions of national ethnic identity.

(1919-2006) represents the personal spirituality option, self-effacing, spiritual humanity

Islam

Israel B/c primarily Jewish

Islamic religion, islamic culture (Arabic Culture), Linguistic Identity

Arab is an ethnicity, muslim is a religion All arabs are not muslims, all muslims are not arabs- You can be a Muslim, without adopting the islamic culture

Decline of the ottoman empire, rise of Britain and France

Christianity is only present in a few scattered places and is absent almost everywhere, less than 1% of the world's Christians live there Christian desert Declining today w accelerating rate Muslim still dominant*

A. The continued decline of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine empire was a christian empire, provided leadership at that time to the rest of the world, then taken over by islamic rule B. Islamic Empire Set policies that limited Christian communities Islamic laws of conversion, marriage, and inheritance Islamic inheritance law - non-Muslims could not inherit from Muslims - Christian relatives of recent converts to Islam lost rights of inheritance - incentive for conversion Islamic laws Anyone could join Islam But conversion from Islam (to any faith)- penalized by death Social and economic incentives that encouraged Christians and others embrace Islam - eliciting large scale conversion Interest to avoid paying tax War Emigration- christians migrated out of the west- accelerating decline of christianity C. Christian Pluralism Christian pluralism - lack of Christian solidarity Fighting each other about what was right/wrong especially after chalcedonian split No united front when Islam took over

Coptic Orthodox

Miaphysite

Egypt

OPEC Christians are foreigners temporarily in the country, not a consistent number

Fusion of faith and ethnicity, religion of kinship, blood, and communal practices, community is a whole bearer of faith, not everyone is expected to evidence the same level of spirituality, non-practicing members are still seen as full members of community, only way to leave community is conversion of other faith

-Orthodox tradition asserts that no one is saved alone. -Faith is a group experience that takes group effort & will result in the salvation of the whole. -Individuals are never complete in themselves, ea. person lives in complementary relationship w/others.

1.Personal spiritual renewal (revive ancient monastic ideals) 2.Nationalist political strategy- unify the whole christian community and provide group mechanisms for defending their rights

Armenia, Israel

Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Rule, Mongol Empire, Ottoman Empire, Experience of communist rule, post-communist Eastern Europe

Christianity

Eastern Europe is the center of Orthodox Christianity They originally started in eastern europe because in the east, they used greek in the liturgy, so the eastern part of the church started to distinguish itself during the age of the east, orthodox tradition developed its own theology using icons, etc. They came back to this tradition bc this is the one they had previously

3

Balkans- orthodox closely bound up with ethnicity and national identity Predominantly Catholic nations of Central Europe The Russian Orthodox Sphere of influence/The Russian Bloc

-Nationalistic form of Orthodox Christianity -Countries developed their own national religion -Defined ethnic identity in terms of christianity

Provided a common challenge: reconstructing their identities and redefining their missions in a new era of freedom

Creation of new countries that did not exist in 1990. Countries freed from Soviet domination.

One of revival (churches rebuilt, membership increased, not concerned with survival rather new mission: modeling what a modern but still Christian Europe look like). Ethnicity and nationality remain significant (strong patriotism, faith & nation blend comfortably together) this mix has become toxic.

85%

Closely bound with ethnicity & national identity, allowed them to maintain their identity during Muslim ottomans and communist government

Greece, Bosnia, Serbia, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria

Roman Catholic

Poland

Balkans (85%)

Russia

ukraine

-The oldest church traced back to the Apostle Thomas via oral tradition - Christians of this background functioned harmoniously within the structures of the Hindu caste system

Baptist missionary-believed that Hinduism was a "satanic" religion

An Albanian who emigrated to India, dedicated her life to serving the poorest of the poor in Kolkata (Calcutta), caring for those she found dying on the streets so they could, in the end, die w/peace & dignity.

administered by Muslim officials strengthened and reinforced the tendency to communalism

Previously based in present-day Turkey, had its capital in Istanbul, existed from 1400-1920, culturally and ethnically Turkish rather than Arab. Was dissolved entirely after World War I. Current map of Middle East and North Africa is the result of empires decline and European colonialism.

Considered an Islamic empire, subjugated Russia to its rule from mid 13th century until late 15th century

After 1000 empire experienced political decline, the West attacked, and Orthodox churches became increasingly fragmented after 1500

a geographical area that is defined by its culture and practices, not just where it is on a map

a religiously based, theologically defined form of Protestantism that stresses proper worship and the teaching of right doctrine

evangelicals who considered it a chief Christian duty to combat uncompromisingly "modernist" theology and certain secularizing cultural trends

sought to reform Protestantism by applying reason to both historical Protestant beliefs, and to the Bible itself

Stressed the personal and experiential aspects of Protestantism- self-conscious conversion, dedication in prayer, careful study of the Bible, and moral self-discipline

-Eastern Orthodoxy -Roman Catholicism -Protestantism -The Pentecostal/Charismatic movement

beliefs, practices, and spiritual attitudes and emotions

Catholic

Protestant charismatic

Protestant

current state-church structure of Orthodoxy came into existence

Focus on Worship & the form of Worship Orthodox Theology - emphasis on the visual and the communal

Orthodox Church buildings Icons

Icons

something that happens to the whole world

Sacramental imagination Communal consciousness intellectual rigor

-Sees the world as infused with the presence of God -God is everywhere calling people to a higher and more holy way of life -Both people and material creation can become a means of: divine self-revelation and a medium through which grace (God's free and unmerited assistance) is communicated to human-kind

1.baptism 2.confirmation 3.penance 4.the Eucharist 5.the anointing of the sick 6.marriage 7.and holy orders

The importance of bringing faith and reason together is emphasized

-Does not mean everything a pope says is binding on all Catholics -It means that whenever a pope solemnly declares some particular aspect of Catholic faith or ethics to be a dogmatic teaching of the church - something that does not occur frequently and only when the pope is speaking "ex cathedra" - he is miraculously preserved from error by the Holy Spirit

-A commitment to: *recover and proclaim the gospel of Jesus as it is articulated in the Bible that by grace through faith forgiveness is possible and new life is available -Access to God: *Everyone has direct access to God through Jesus (personal Christianity) -Commitment to the Bible: *as the basis for faith and in the personal, rather than communal or institutional, character of the individual's relationship to God -View of place: *Christianity is at home in the marketplace, and the classroom as much as it does in the church -Bible and Culture: *Reading the Bible alongside of their "reading" of the cultures, allowing scripture to critique and affirm those cultures and simultaneously using the insights of the world to extract new wisdom out of scripture

North America and Africa

1.Affirm that salvation comes from God alone and that human effort cannot change an individual's standing with God 2.affirm that faith or trust in God and God's grace is the core of religious life 3.see the church as a fellowship of believers rather than a hierarchical institution 4.believe in the "priesthood" of all believers - even though churches may ordain ministers, everyone in the church is equal with everyone else 5.believe that every human institution, including the church as it exists on earth, is flawed and fallible. Perfection will only be reached in heaven.

*One core belief: God is still active in the world through the Holy Spirit *So miracles, spiritual gifts are expected components of the Christian life *See themselves as both filled with God's Spirit (as on the day of Pentecost) and endowed with all the different gifts of the Holy Spirit. *They are Christians who expect to see God's miraculous power displayed on earth as part of normal, everyday experience *the filling of the Spirit, speaking in tongues, miracles, healings, prophecies, and other wonders which were all part of the larger Christian story were revived *P/C - revived them and brought them together in a movement that focuses specifically on the power and activity of the Holy Spirit in the world today

*being enveloped in the love of God it is about being healed emotionally, and physically by God's presence, *it is about being "slain in the Spirit" (knocked unconscious by the power of God), *it is about "letting go and letting God" - shutting off one's thinking and relaxing into the flow of God's Spirit within and around one's body

Past: it entails the forgiveness of past sins and the righting of the past wrongs Present: salvation also entails the here and now- God has provided "healing in the atonement" - that Christ's crucifixion and resurrection did not merely address the spiritual needs of humankind, but humanity's physical needs as well Future: But salvation is not just about forgiveness, it is not only about holiness understood as the absence of sin in the present, but it is also about moving ever deeper and higher into the fullness of God and into the fullness of the life that God intends for all people

1. Bible as authoritative and reliable 2. Eternal salvation is possible only by regeneration (being "born again"), involving personal trust in Christ & his anointing work 3. A spiritually transformed life marked by moral conduct & personal devotion, such as Bible reading & prayer 4. Zeal for evangelism & missions

*the authority of Scripture as a core principle for faith and practice (biblicism); *the importance of a heartfelt conversion to the faith (conversionism); *the centrality of Christ's death on the cross to atone for each person's sin (crucicentrism); *the call and obligation to share the "good news" of Jesus Christ with all people (activism).

*in emphasizing the exclusive truth of the gospel message *and the obligation to evangelize others and to lead them to conversion

an emphasis on Scripture over historical traditions; a focus on religious experience in conversion and healing; the independence of churches from one another; pronounced lay participation in leadership, often including women as missionaries and occasionally as pastors

Population? 4 Billion Religion? Religious pluralism: Mostly Islam, has hindu

Muslim

-They had to live together during communist rule -Co-exist harmoniously

India Pakistan Nepal

A. Thomas/Syrian Churches - harmony Oldest church traced back to apostle thomas Became connected to the church in syria and persia Christians of this background function harmoniously within the structures of the Hindu caste system Adopted Hindu and Buddhist dress and culture B. Catholic Christianity - tension/harmony Came with Jesuit missionaries Learned languages and adopted hindu dress Shared faith w Hindu Brahmins, tried to blend Hindu w christianity Catholicism has a more positive disposition to culture and its relation to fatih Value material stuff of religion C. Protestantism (majority, 19,500,000 people) - mostly tension established itself as a religion of protest against other Indian religious and social traditions It has tended to provide the most radical alternative to local social and religious traditions contributed to a massive conversions of the Dalits and other social outcasts see faith and culture as being in competition with each other - suspicious of culture values, ideas, or practices nervous with material culture, potentially idolatry, D. Pentecostal/Charismatic Christianity - mostly tension but also harmony converted from Hinduism to Christianity after reading the Gospel of Luke In Mukti Mission which was dedicated to the rescue of orphans, and child widows, and to Bible Study - people started to be filled by the Holy Spirit, spoke in tongues Since then both indigenous groups and Western missionaries are involved E. Churchless Christianity - harmony, undefined Not transnational, national, or even local It is intensely private and personal Invisible, express devotion to god in private A. a long Hindu tradition of private worship and devotion of God or the gods B. to declare their faith in public will have negative consequences: persecution, difficult to declare one's faith publicly (wife of unbelieving husband, believing children to unbelieving parents)

a. Christianity in harmony with the dominant religion b. Christianity in tension with the dominant religion c. Christianity in opposition to the Dominant Religion

Christianity, islam, buddhism, hinduism