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Editor of "the Atlantic Monthly"- very influential to many writers of the realism period.

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William Dean Howells

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American-born British writer- a key person in the realism literary movement.

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Henry James

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American novelist who published "The Country of the Pointed Firs"- a story about life in a Maine seaport. (regionalist)

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Sarah Orne Jewett

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Author of "O Pioneers!" Wrote a lot about life on the frontier during her career (regionalist!).

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Willa Cather

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humor by contrast and contradiction

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Irony

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The speaker means the opposite of what he says. (ex: "The Private History of A Campaign That Failed")

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Verbal irony

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A discrepancy exists between what is expected and what actually happens. (ex: "Desiree's Baby)

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situational irony

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The audience (or reader) is aware of the developments about which the speaker (or character) knows nothing. (ex: "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"- we know that the war is going to end, but at this time, Mark Twain and his fellow soldiers do not know what is going to happen and "Desiree's Baby")

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dramatic irony

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to be open to more than one interpretation (ex: the ending of a mystery of heroism)

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ambiguity

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Who is telling the story. This can be first person, second person, third person (limited and omniscient).

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Point of View

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Speaker VS Narrator

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A Speaker is someone (or a group!) who is reciting the poem (ex: "Douglass"). A Narrator tells the story- they can be limited or omniscient (all knowing). (ex: "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed")

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A fourteen line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter- verse with five feet per line, each foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. It is usually used to express a complete idea or a theme. (ex: "We Wear the Mask" and "Douglass")

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Sonnet

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The development of a character defined through what they say, what others say about them, and what they themselves do. (ex: "Desiree's Baby"- Armand)

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characterization

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Incongruity of character and circumstance, with its end aim to stimulate laughter. It cushions the blow of a serious situation or idea, facilitates communication, and incites laughter, which enhances respiration and circulation; stimulates adrenaline, increasing one's alertness; acts as a pain reliever and/or induces a natural euphoria.

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Humor

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An exaggerated form of comedy, full of ludicrous incidents and expressions, and imitation. If often comes from a ridiculous treatment of a serious of a serious subject or vice versa; its aim is to amuse. (ex: "Papers of the Adam Family")

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farce

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Combines criticism with humor to point out a weakness or flaw in an individual, group, or society. It aims to inspire a rebuilding or improvement, not just destruction and debilitation- by arousing a reader's contempt for that which is not right. (ex: "A Mystery of Heroism")

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satire

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A statement that represents something better or worse than it actually is. (ex: "A Mystery of Heroism")

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exaggeration

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When something is presented as smaller/less important as it actually is. (ex: "To Build a Fire")

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understatement

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the presentation of the details of actual life, stressing the actual life, stressing the actual, writing truthfully and objectively about characters in ordinary situations... it grew out of regionalism as a reaction against romanticism

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realism

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Writing about specific geographical areas to present a distinct culture including speech, customs, beliefs, and history. Similar to "local color" but usually goes beyond the mere presentation of cultural idiosyncrasies (unique characteristics) and attempt, instead, to offer a sophisticated sociological treatment of a region.

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regionalism

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- Grew out of the realistic movement - attempted to examine people and society objectively, and like scientists, draw conclusions from its observations.

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naturalism

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what did naturalistic writers believe?

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1) reality is the inescapable working of natural forces 2) Nature is indifferent to the troubles/problems of society. 3) Characters' lives are manipulated by forces of nature or society that they cannot understand/control. 4) destinies are decided by heredity, environment, physical drives, and economic circumstances.

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Naturalists believe that destinies are decided by:

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heredity, environment, physical drives, and economic circumstances. (HEPE)

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adventured on sea and ice

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Jack London

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turned out nearly fifty volumes of essays and fiction

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Jack London

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a passionate socialist

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Jack London

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remembered today not for his political convictions, but for his exciting, fast paced, adventure stories

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Jack London

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born into a large family from san francisco and was largely uncared for

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Jack London

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delivered newspapers, worked on an ice wagon, set up pins in a bowling alley, worked in a cannery

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Jack London

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Was a sailor in his teens

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Jack London

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Attended High School for one year, then crammed for his entrance exam for the University of CA at Berkeley- he got in, but quit halfway through his freshman year.

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Jack London

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prospected for gold in the Klondike

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Jack London

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his short stories and novels dramatize his belief that "civilized" beings are either destroyed or re-created in savage environments

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Jack London

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lost interest when his "Wolf House" burned down

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Jack London

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died from being an alcoholic, having kidney disease and depression, and finally took a lethal dose of narcotics and lapsed into a coma

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Jack London

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author of "To Build a Fire"

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Jack London

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"To Build a Fire" Summary

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an unnamed man and his dog trek the Yukon to visit friends, but the man ends up freezing to death (hypothermia) due to his stupidity. The dog carries on without him.

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how is "To Build a Fire" realistic?

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the man is unnamed. Ordinary- unimportant.

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how is "To Build a Fire" regionalistic?

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the climate and the ways of survival in the Yukon

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how is "To Build a Fire" naturalistic?

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his human nature led to his death- it was destiny!

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yearned to become a baseball star and was even captain of the team at Syracuse

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Stephen Crane

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youngest of 14 of a Methodist Minister

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Stephen Crane

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worked for his brother's news agency, then struggled to make a living as a reporter in NYC

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Stephen Crane

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got his "artistic education" on Skid Row- it kept him hungry and ill

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Stephen Crane

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a pioneer of naturalism for his first novel, "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets"

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Stephen Crane

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self published his first book with a borrowed 700 dollars from friends

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Stephen Crane

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used impressionism in "The Red Badge of Courage"

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Stephen Crane

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a national expert on war

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Stephen Crane

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interwove fiction and real life experiences in his work

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Stephen Crane

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shipwrecked on the Florida coast during a journalism expedition, stranded for thirty hours against the harsh sea

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Stephen Crane

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had relations with Cora Taylor, the first female war correspondent, and they moved to England after covering war in Greece.

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Stephen Crane

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died from his delicate health and tuberculosis

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Stephen Crane

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author of "War is Kind"

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Stephen Crane

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author of "The Red Badge of Courage"

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Stephen Crane

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wrote "A Mystery of Heroism"

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Stephen Crane

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Summary of "A Mystery of Heroism"

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Fred Collins takes a risk during the war to get a drink of water, but when he returns to his troop with his bucket, there is no water left (an ambiguous ending- why was it empty?)

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how is "A Mystery of Heroism" realistic?

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just a regular soldier is the focus of the story

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how is "A Mystery of Heroism" regionalistic?

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Fred's dialect

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how is "A Mystery of Heroism" naturalism?

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his thirst (physical drive) is what gets him to risk his life for the water

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known for her particularly purple novel "The Awakening"

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Kate Chopin

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had 6 children and a husband who died of swamp fever (malaria)

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Kate Chopin

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wrote stories for magazines such as Vogue and the Atlantic Monthly

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Kate Chopin

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from St. Louis

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Kate Chopin

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Banished from her own Fine Arts Club

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Kate Chopin

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received guests while soaking in her bath puffing on Cuban cigars throughout such SUDSY social calls (she had suitors)

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Kate Chopin

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first got published by making connections

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Kate Chopin

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Focused much of her writing on the creoles

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Kate Chopin

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Creoles

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people of French or Spanish descent who are born in the States bordering the Gulf of Mexico but who retain their European Culture.

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wrote "Desiree's Baby"

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Kate Chopin

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Summary of "Desiree's Baby"

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Desiree and Armand are happily married until they find that their newborn baby is mixed races- "quadroon" (1/4 African American). Armand kicks Desiree and the baby out, only to discover that the boy is "dark" because of his own mother.

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how is "Desiree's Baby" realistic?

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the baby has no name- an ordinary baby, and Armand is showing the actual behaviors of a ruthless plantation over.

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how is "Desiree's Baby" regionalistic?

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a focus on the Creole/Plantation lifestyle

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how is "Desiree's Baby" naturalistic?

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Armand's embarrassment (physical drive) and what it leads him to do. The destiny of Armand suddenly falling in love with Desiree, after randomly seeing her outside.

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wrote humorous tales that captured the local color of the West

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Mark Twain

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transformed his childhood observations and experiences into classic American novels

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Mark Twain

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best example of a regionalist

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Mark Twain

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pursued a career as a riverboat pilot until the Civil War shut down the Mississippi

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Mark Twain

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participated in the Civil War, then supported himself as a journalist and lecturer

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Mark Twain

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in his later years, he was unable to reproduce the balance between pessimism and humor that he had captured in previous works

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Mark Twain

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wrote "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"

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Mark Twain

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summary of "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed"

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Mark Twain and his small militia spend most of their time in the Civil War retreating, until they accidentally shot an innocent man

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how is "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" realistic?

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tells the story of regular soldiers

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how is "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" regionalistic?

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tells the civil war from a confederate's point of view

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how is "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" naturalistic?

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cause of the retreat and the kill is human drive

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the first African American to support himself entirely on his writing

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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wrote poems both in a formal elegant style and in black dialect

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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served as president of the literary society and was his class poet/editor of the school newspaper

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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elevator operator

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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fiction focused mostly on daily life in the lost world of the southern plantation

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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died of tuberculosis

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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was disillusioned by critics who only focused on his black dialect poetry

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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discovered by frederick douglass

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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wrote "We Wear the Mask"

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Paul Laurence Dunbar

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Speaker of "We Wear the Mask"

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people hiding their true feelings

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Subject of "We Wear the Mask"

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people who fake happiness

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Tone of "We Wear the Mask"

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heavy-hearted, painful

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Theme of "We Wear the Mask"

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everyone masks their feelings

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What kind of Sonnet is "Douglass"

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italian

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Speaker of "Douglass"

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admirers

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Subject of "Douglass"

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the need for a strong leader

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tone of "Douglass"

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hopeful

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theme of "Douglass"

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the search for someone to champion a cause

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bridged the gap between two literary eras

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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set much of his work in Tilbury Town

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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attended Harvard for two years until his family's financial issues got in the way.

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him to work at a post in the New York Custom House

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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best of his poems focus on people's inner struggles

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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won the pulitzer prize three times

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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despite their pessimistic look, his poems always possess a certain dignity, resulting from his traditional style.

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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wrote "Richard Corey"

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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wrote "Miniver Cheevy"

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Edwin Arlington Robinson

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Speaker of "Richard Corey"

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community of acquaintances

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Subject of "Richard Corey"

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a man who everyone thinks has it all kills himself

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tone of "Richard Corey"

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ironic

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theme of "Richard Corey"

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the grass isn't always greener on the other side

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How are "Richard Corey" and "Miniver Cheevy" naturalistic

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his destiny was decided by physical drives (and environment)

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how is "Mask" realistic

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tells the truth we all hide

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how is "douglass" realistic?

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stresses the actual of the severe need for a leader.

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example of Verbal Irony

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War is Kind by Stephen Crane

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Example of situational irony

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a mystery of heroism by stephen crane

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Example of dramatic irony

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Desiree's baby by Kate Chopin

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example of ambiguity

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a mystery of heroism by stephen crane

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example of Farce

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"Papers of the Adam Family" by Mark Twain

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wrote "Papers of the Adam Family"

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mark twain

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example of satire

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a mystery of heroism by stephen crane

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example of exaggeration

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a mystery of heroism by stephen crane

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example of understatement

answer

to build a fire by Jack London

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