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How Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).

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Was a sex therapist who retrained as a psychoanalyst, freely admitted that he developed his theory out of frustration with the passive, slow methods of psychoanalysis.

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Ellis was convinced -

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insight alone was not enough to "cure" his clients-behavioral change was needed to.

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Ellis is known for using

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profanity in professional contexts.

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REBT horrified almost every theory except

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Adlerians

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Main assumption of REBT

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People can control their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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(REBT) It is never the events that happen that make us disturbed, but our

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view of them

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Ellis saw his theory as constructivist -

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he emphasized the individual's creation of his reality and the fact that the individual's perception of reality, not some externally validated reality, is the deciding factor in determining behavior.

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(REBT) Individuals have some choice

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80% biological factors, 20% environmental factors

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REBT theory is fairly neutral in terms of

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human nature, humans are neither evil nor actualizing, thus there is a little God and the devil in all of us.

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(REBT) people are seen as

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responsible for their behavior

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(REBT) people's intrinsic value or worth cannot really be measured because

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their being includes their becoming. They are a process with an ever-changing present and future. How can we rate them while they are still alive and changing?

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Ellis believed that humans should be long-rang

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hedonist

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(REBT) the ABC of central constructs

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A = antecedent event or activating experience B = Beliefs, Rational and Irrational (most important) C = Consequences or result

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(REBT) (Beliefs) Self-demandingness

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I, myself, absolutely must, under practically all conditions and at all times, perform well and win the approval of significant others.

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(REBT) (Beliefs) Other-demandingness

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You, significant people with whom I relate or associate, absolutely must, under practically all conditions and at all times, treat me nicely, considerately, and fairly.

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(REBT) (Beliefs) World-demandingness

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The conditions under which I live absolutely must, at practically all times, be favorable, safe, hassle-free, and quickly and easily enjoyable, and if they are not that way it's awful and horrible, and I cannot stand it. I cannot ever enjoy myself at all. My life is impossible and hardly worth living.

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(REBT) Goals

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people carry it with them and the most important As happen when those goals are thwarted.

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(REBT) One common goal

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to be loved

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(REBT) Human worth ratings and unconditional self-acceptance, the global human worth ratings -

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seeing yourself or someone else as an alleged or all bad person are a no no.

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(REBT) Secondary disturbances

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It is bad enough that we create our own unwanted negative feelings and behaviors (Cs). What's worse is that, according to REBT, we go even further and believe that we must not think crookedly, must not have disturbed feelings, must not have dysfunctional behaviors.

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REBT does not

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present a personality theory or offer a detailed development discussion.

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(REBT) humans are a product of

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inherited influences and environmental teaching

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(REBT) biological influences include

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things such as individual differences in the tendency to think irrationally or react emotionally and, conversely, to grow and actualize.

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(REBT) the most important environmental influences are

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other people

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(REBT) much of this construction of musts and should happens when

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we are children

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(REBT) healthy people are those who

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rely mostly on rational beliefs

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(REBT) unconditional self-acceptance is characteristic of

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healthy individuals because they take responsibility for their psychological functioning and choose to accept that they are imperfect beings

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(REBT) high frustration tolerance (HFT)

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an important aspect of psychological health but it must not be confused with always accepting situations we do not like

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Healthy people

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have healthy basic philosophies that value flexibility and open-mindedness and oppose bigotry. Thus, relativistic thinking and desiring (as opposed to absolutely needing) is a core characteristic of psychological health.

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Acceptance

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an important characteristic of the healthy person, in the sense of accepting one's and others' human fallibility, given that life is complicated and sometimes influenced by factors outside one's control.

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Dysfunction

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operating in the world on the basis of irrational beliefs or, more globally, on the basis of an irrational philosophical system.

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Demandingness

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the core of psychological dysfunction

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DSM-IV-TR

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recommended assessment based in which the Structured Clinical Interview is used

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Second step of assessment

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formulate an REBT case conceptualization.

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Informal assessment

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asking what brings the client to therapy. The counselor then listens to the ABCs as well as other characteristics deemed relevant to REBT treatment, such as cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, and indicators of secondary disturbances.

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Difficult to determine what iBs the client is holding because

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iBs are often not immediately available to conscious reflection. When the client is asked what he is thinking (in conjunction with an A or a C) he will usually report automatic thoughts or inferences rather than the core iBs.

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REBT counseling is (therapeutic atmosphere)

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distinctive in its active, and directive nature

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Authoritative stance of the counselor in REBT is combined with

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unconditional acceptance of the client. Force clients to actively, forcefully teach to accept themselves unconditionally

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Counselor is (therapeutic atmosphere)

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encouraging and supportive of the client and projects confidence that the client can change his ways.

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Therapeutic Alliance

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considered important in REBT work

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Counselor avoids

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letting the client get into lengthy descriptions of As because he is not very interested in history, seeing it as "sidetracking." Likewise, allowing the client to wallow in Cs is considered nonproductive. The real deal is to guide the client back to the source of the Cs, the iBs.

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The role of the therapist

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serves in a teacher role to help the client learn the ABC model. Most counselors adopt an informal style in relating to their clients.

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Two goals of REBT

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1. eliminate irrational thinking and thereby the associated dysfunctional emotions and behaviors 2. teach the client REBT philosophy

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Beliefs are the target of

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many REBT interventions

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Clients in REBT are expected not just to feel better, but to

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get better

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New letters D and E also F

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D - dispute, the clients's faulty beliefs and philosophies must be disputed so that he will give them up. E - elements or effect, when the client surrenders his iBs he will experience the E. F - forcefully agreeing with the rational belief and applying it

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Tech: Disputing

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begins with asking the client to assume that the A is true, often like a debate asking the client questions to show iBs, the D in the ABCDE Three important form: 1. realistic - truth or factual reality 2. logical - example, fail on test failure in life? 3. pragmatic - outcomes of holding a belief

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Tech: Bibliotherapy

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clients are assigned readings

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Tech: Proselytizing

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Ellis wants you to become a disciple, clients are told to help others by using REBT

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Tech: Recordings

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clients are given recordings of their sessions to study between appointments, listen to iBs, learn REBT

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Tech: Reframing

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helping clients see things a little differently. As can be viewed as challenges instead of pains, giving someone a different perspective, see something a little differently

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Tech: Stop and Monitor

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client notices a cue and stops and observes his thoughts at that moment, stop and evaluate, rubber band on wrist to snap it when having iBs

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Tech: Rational Coping Statements

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sentences that the client constructs that he should review and practice as part of working to change his ways, state to themselves

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Tech: Rational Emotive Imagery

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important emotional disputation technique, the client is asked to close his eyes and conjure up the terrible, awful, dysfunctional emotion that has been targeted in collaboration with the counselor. When the client has fully achieved the emotional experience, he signals the counselor, who then instructs the client to change the feeling into a healthy negative emotion.

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Tech: Flamboyant Therapist Actions

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verbal or nonverbal, counselor swears or uses terms such as rotten person, worm, and no-goodnik. Thus, the counselor asks if he is a weird or stupid person just because the client said so

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Tech: Humor

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make fun of only the client's silly behavior and thinking

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Tech: Role Playing

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used to problem solve around the practical problems that bring clients to therapy. Used to assess irrational beliefs by asking the client to enact the situations that elicit dysfunctional consequences. Then rational role reversal is used

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Tech: Rational-Irrational Dialogues

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interchanges based on iBs and iRs

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Tech: Reinforcements and Penalties

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therapist often assign reinforcements that are self-administered when the client completes a "work" task, then there is a reward at the end, after I get this work done I get something

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Tech: Skill training

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teach clients assertive behavior or the social or interpersonal skills

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Tech: In Vivo Desensitization

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asking the client to experience the feared situation, anxiety producing

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Tech: Acting on Rational Beliefs

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similar to "as if" in individual psychology, act on rBs, what would that look like?

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Tech: Homework

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given by almost all REBT counselors, task fit the clients problems, homework involves some of the previous techniques

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Tech: Shame Attacking

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client is instructed to go out and do something dreadfully embarrassing, shameful or embarrassing, a little less pathological

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Negative about REBT

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too intellectual and overemphasizes cognition, making it less useful for clients below certain levels of education and intelligence, who decides what is iB and what is rB

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Cultural differences about REBT

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theory neglected to attend to cultural differences that affect definitions of rationality

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Negative about REBT

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therapist talk to much and, worse, put words in clients' mouths. Thus, REBT is authoritarian

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Negative about REBT

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concept of long-range hedonism has been seen as problematic by numerous authors, lead do the development of a sociopath

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Negative about REBT

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Problems with the testability of theory - difficult to define irrational belief, impossible to precisely measure any one of the primary constructs of the theory

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Importance placed on

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personal responsibility and the assumption that problems reside within the person

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REBT focus on the

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individual, health individuals are independent, may conflict with collectivistic cultures

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Positive about REBT

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its a simple, clear-cut theory and method, wide variety of techniques, more easily understood by clients, also very flexible

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Postive about REBT

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probably as effective as other approaches for a wide range of client presentations

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Positive about REBT

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Emphasis on USA and UOA in REBT practice promotes openness to cultural differences

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Positive about REBT

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active, directive, and short term, which is consistent with the expectations of clients from many nonwestern cultures

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