is the correct formation of word soundsâexamples of misÂ¬ pronunciation include, \"aks\" for \"asked\" (askt), and \"jen yu wine\" for \"genuine\" (jen yu in).

Quiz 3: Comm 101 - Flashcards

question

Abstract language is specific, tangible, and definite.

answer

False

question

Listeners have multiple opportunities to understand a spoken message.

answer

False

question

The connotative meaning is the literal, or dictionary, definition of a word.

answer

False

question

Using personal pronouns such as we, us, I, and you draws the audience into the message.

answer

True

question

A speaker's use or misuse of language has a significant effect on the level of credibility he or she establishes with the audience.

answer

True

question

In Mariam's presentation on her graduate school experiences she said, "Graduate school is an uphill battle." Mariam used which figure of speech?

answer

metaphor

question

Simplicity in word choice can be achieved by

answer

avoiding jargon.

question

You should try to use fewer rather than more words to express your thoughts.

answer

True

question

The literal, dictionary definition of a word is its

answer

denotative meaning.

question

Listeners prefer complex language over simple language in a speech.

answer

False

question

When evaluating evidence, the listener should determine if the sources of the evidence are credible.

answer

True

question

Public speakers are in a position to influence others but are not responsible for the effects their words have on listeners.

answer

False

question

Listeners tend to pay attention to

answer

all of the above. information that they deem important. information that is associated with their experiences.information that relates to their backgrounds

question

When you daydream as you listen, this can be considered an internal distraction.

answer

True

question

Active listening is focused and purposeful.

answer

True

question

Audience members usually listen carefully to a speaker even if they believe the message is of no consequence to them.

answer

False

question

If something is common knowledge to many people, it does not need to be cited.

answer

True

question

Acknowledging sources is an essential aspect of ethical speechmaking.

answer

True

question

Any source that requires credit in written form should be acknowledged in oral form.

answer

True

question

If a particular type of speech is legal, it is also ethical.

answer

False

question

Daydreaming and fatigue are examples of

answer

internal distractions.

question

Which of the following is a Greek word meaning character?

answer

ethos

question

Identifying a speaker's organizational pattern will help listeners understand the main points of a message

answer

True

question

In any given communication situation, all listeners will process information in exactly the same way.

answer

False

question

Our values represent our enduring judgments or standards of what is good and bad in life

answer

True

question

Special occasion speeches may function to celebrate a person or event.

answer

True

question

A person who delivers a speech of introduction should not mention the speaker's awards, accomplishments, and achievements.

answer

False

question

The goals of a speech of presentation are to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it.

answer

True

question

Examples of ordinary people who triumph over adversity and achieve extraordinary dreams are often used in a

answer

speech of inspiration

question

When delivering a eulogy, the speaker should focus on the life of the person, rather than the circumstances of death

answer

True

question

In a speech of presentation, the speaker should

answer

do all of the above. Answers: convey the meaning of the award. identify the sponsors of the award. explain why the recipient is being honored.

question

An effective speech of inspiration appeals to reason, not emotion.

answer

False

question

Inspirational speeches should be concluded with a dramatic ending.

answer

True

question

One of the most successful strategies a speaker can use in inspirational speaking is

answer

employing a dynamic speaking style.

question

Anniversaries of important events and memorial dedications are examples of special occasion speeches that strive to

answer

commemorate

question

Effective delivery

answer

is the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness.

question

Strive for naturalness.

answer

Rather than behaving theatri¬ cally, act naturally. Think of your speech as a particularly important conversation.

question

Show enthusiasm.

answer

Speak about what interests and excites you. Inspire your listeners by showing enthusiasm for your topic and for the occasion.

question

Project a sense of confidence.

answer

Focus on the ideas you want to convey rather than on yourself. Inspire the audience's confidence in you by appearing confident to them.

question

Engage directly with audience members.

answer

Demonstrate your interest and concern for listeners by establishing eye contact, using a friendly tone of voice, and smiling whenever it is appropriate.

question

speaking from manuscript,

answer

you read a speech verbatim—that is, from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word.

question

speaking from memory is oratory.

answer

you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory.

question

Speaking impromptu,

answer

a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare.

question

Speaking extemporaneously

answer

falls somewhere between impromptu and written or memorized deliveries. In an extemporaneous speech, you prepare well and practice in advance, giving full attention to all facets of the speech—

question

Volume,

answer

the relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker, and with good reason.

question

Pitch

answer

is the range of sounds from high to low (or vice versa). Vocal pitch is important in speechmaking because it powerfully affects the meaning associated with spoken words.

question

intonation,

answer

conveys two very distinct meanings.

question

Speaking rate

answer

is the pace at which you convey speech. The nor¬ mal rate of speech for native English speaking adults is roughly between 120 and 150 words per minute, but there is no stanPausesdard, ideal, or most effective rate.

question

Pauses

answer

enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said.

question

Pronunciation

answer

is the correct formation of word sounds—examples of mis¬ pronunciation include, "aks" for "asked" (askt), and "jen yu wine" for "genuine" (jen yu in).

question

Articulation

answer

is the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly.

question

mumbling—

answer

slurring words together at a low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible.

question

lazy speech

answer

Common examples are saying "fer" instead of "for" and "wanna" instead of "want to."

question

dialect

answer

is a distinctive way of speaking associated with a particular region or social group.

question

body language

answer

Audiences do not so much listen to a speaker's words as "read" the speaker who delivers them.1

question

nonverbal communication:

answer

38 percent from the speaker's voice, and 55 percent from the speaker's body language and appearance.2

question

scanning.

answer

But in most speaking situations you are likely to experience, you should be able to make the audience feel recognized by using a technique

question

nonverbal immediacy,

answer

In most Western cultures, listeners learn more from and respond most positively to speakers who create a perception of physical and psychological closeness,

question

talking head

answer

Audience members soon tire of listening to a that remains steadily positioned in one place behind a microphone or a podium.

question

ethos,

answer

meaning "char¬ acter." As Aristotle first noted so long ago, audiences listen to and trust speakers if they demonstrate positive ethos, or good character.

question

speaker credibility

answer

Today, surprisingly little has changed. Modern research on speaker credibility reveals that people place their greatest trust in speakers who:

question

First Amendment,

answer

which guarantees freedom of speech, assures protection both to speakers who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words are inflammatory and offensive.

question

defamatory,

answer

Speech that can be proved to be, or that potentially harms an individual's reputation at work or in the community

question

reckless disregard for the truth—

answer

is, if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyway. If your comments refer to private persons, it will be easier for them to assert a claim for defamation.

question

public discourse—

answer

speech involving issues of importance to the larger community, such as the need to increase safety on campus or take action to slow climate change.

question

invective,

answer

or verbal attacks designed to unfairly discredit, demean, and belittle those with whom you disagree.

question

Trustworthiness

answer

is a combination of honesty and depend¬ ability. Trustworthy speakers support their points truthfully and don't offer misleading or false information.

question

respect

answer

by addressing audience members as unique human beings and refraining from any form of per¬ sonal attack.

question

Responsibility

answer

means being accountable for what you say. For example, will learning about your topic in some way benefit listeners? Do you use sound evidence and reasoning?

question

Fairness

answer

refers to making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make informed decisions.9

question

common knowledge—

answer

information that is likely to be known by many people (though such information must truly be widely disseminated).

question

Direct quotations

answer

are verbatim—or word for word— presentations of statements made by someone else. Direct quotes should always be acknowledged in a speech.

question

A paraphrase

answer

is a restatement of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker's own words.12

question

A summary

answer

is a brief overview of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories. While a paraphrase contains approximately the same number of words as the original source material stated in the speaker's own words, a summary condenses the same material, distilling only its essence.

question

public domain,

answer

After that, unless the copyright is extended, the work falls into the, which means anyone may reproduce it. Not subject to copyright are federal

question

fair use

answer

An exception to the prohibitions of copyright is the doctrine of, which permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research.15

question

Creative Commons

answer

is an organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want other people to use their copyrighted works.

question

listening

answer

is the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating, and responding to messages.1

question

selective perception—

answer

people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others. Several factors influence what we listen to and what we ignore:

question

dialogic communication

answer

In contrast to monologue, in which we try merely to impose what we think on another person or group of people, is the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect.7

question

feedback loop

answer

This continual adjustment between speaker and listener is called the

question

Active listening

answer

listening that is focused and purposeful— isn't possible under conditions that distract us.9 As you listen to speeches, try to identify and overcome some common obstacles.

question

listening distraction

answer

is anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else. Distractions can originate outside of us, in the environment

question

defensive listening

answer

Similarly, people who engage in decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better.

question

idioms,

answer

or colloquial expressions such as "apple of his eye," that non-native speakers might not know. Either eliminate or define them.

question

special occasion speech

answer

is one that is prepared for a spe¬ cific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion.

question

entertain,

answer

listeners expect a lighthearted, amusing speech; they may also expect the speaker to offer a certain degree of insight into the topic at hand.

question

celebrate

answer

(a person, a place, or an event), listeners look to the speaker to praise the subject of the celebration; they also anticipate a degree of ceremony in accordance with the norms of the occasion.

question

commemorate

answer

an event or a person (at dedications of memorials or at gatherings held in someone's honor), listeners expect the speaker to offer remembrance and tribute.

question

inspire

answer

(including inaugural addresses, keynote speeches, and commencement speeches), listen¬ ers expect to be motivated by examples of achievement and heroism.

question

set social agendas

answer

(such as occur at gatherings of cause-oriented organizations, fund-raisers, campaign banquets, conferences, and conventions), lis¬ teners expect the articulation and reinforcement of the goals and values of the group.

question

speech of introduction

answer

is to prepare or "warm up" the audience for the main speaker—to heighten audience interest and build the speaker's credibility.

question

Describe the speaker's background and qualifications.

answer

Relate the speaker's achievements, offices held, and other facts to demonstrate why the speaker is relevant to the occasion. Mention the speaker's accomplishments, but not so many that the audience glazes over.

question

Briefly preview the speaker's topic.

answer

Give the audience a sense of why the subject is of interest, bearing in mind that it is not the introducer's job to evaluate the speech.

question

Invite the audience to welcome the speaker.

answer

This can be done simply by saying something like "Please welcome Cesar Cruz."

question

Be brief

answer

Speak just long enough to accomplish the goals of preparation and motivation. One well-known speaker recommends a two-minute maximum.

question

speech of acceptance

answer

is made in response to receiving an award. Its purpose is to express gratitude for the honor bestowed on the speaker.

question

Prepare in advance.

answer

If you know or even suspect that you are to receive an award, decide before the event what you will say.

question

Express what the award means to you.

answer

Convey to the audience the value you place on the award. Express yourself genuinely and with humility.

question

Express gratitude

answer

Thank by name each of the relevant persons or organizations involved in giving you the award. Acknowledge any team players or others who helped you attain the achievement for which you are being honored.

question

speech of presentation

answer

is twofold: the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it.

question

Convey the meaning of the award.

answer

Describe what the award is for and what it represents. Mention the sponsors and describe the link between the sponsors' goals and values and the award.

question

Explain why the recipient is receiving the award.

answer

Describe the recipient's achievements and special attributes that qualify him or her as deserving of the award.

question

roast

answer

is a humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him or her.

question

A toast

answer

is a brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated. Both roasts and toasts call for short speeches whose goal is to celebrate an individual and his or her achievements.

question

Prepare

answer

Impromptu though they might appear, the best roasts and toasts reflect time spent drafting and rehearsing. As you practice, time the speech.

question

Highlight remarkable traits of the person being honored.

answer

Restrict your remarks to one or two of the person's most unusual or recognizable attributes. Convey the qualities that have made him or her worthy of celebrating.

question

Be positive and be brief.

answer

Even if the speech is poking fun at someone, as in a roast, keep the tone positive. Remem¬ her, your overall purpose is to pay tribute to the honoree.

question

eulogy derives

answer

from the Greek word meaning "to praise." Those delivering eulogies, usually close friends or family members of the deceased, are charged with celebrating and commemorating the life of someone while consoling those who have been left behind.

question

after-dinner speech

answer

is just as likely to occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner.

question

Recognize the occasion.

answer

Connect the speech with the occasion. Delivering a speech that is unrelated to the event may leave the impression that the speech is

question

canned

answer

one that the speaker uses again and again in different settings.

question

speech of inspiration

answer

seeks to uplift members of the audience and to help them see things in a positive light. Sermons, commencement addresses, "pep talks," and nomination speeches are all inspirational in nature.

question

Style

answer

is the specific word choices

question

rhetorical devices

answer

(techniques of language) speakers use to express their ideas. A speaker's style can make a speech colorful and convincing or bland and boring.

question

Translate jargon

answer

the specialized, "insider" language of a given profession—into commonly understood terms. As speechwriter Peggy Noonan notes in her book Simply Speaking :

question

Concrete language

answer

is specific, tangible, and definite. Words such as "mountain," "spoon," "dark," and "heavy" describe things we can physi¬ cally sense (see, hear, taste, smell, and touch).

question

Imagery

answer

is concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint mental pic¬ tures. Speeches containing ample imagery elicit more posi¬ tive responses than those that do not.5

question

Figures of speech,

answer

including similes, metaphors, and analogies, make striking comparisons between the unfamiliar and the known, allowing listeners to more quickly grasp meaning.

question

simile

answer

explicitly compares one thing to another, using like or as: "He works like a dog," and "The old woman's hands were as soft as a baby's."

question

metaphor

answer

also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other: "Time is a thief."

question

analogy

answer

is simply an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one. Analogies help emphasize or explain key ideas or processes to an audience.

question

A weak or faulty analogy

answer

is an inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways, they are necessarily similar in others.

question

code-switching,

answer

Done carefully, the selective use of dialect, sometimes called, can imbue your speech with friendliness, humor, earthiness, honesty, and nostalgia.9

question

malapropisms

answer

the inadvertent, incorrect uses of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it ("It's a strange receptacle" for "It's a strange spectacle").

question

Voice

answer

is the feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action. A verb is in the active voice when the subject performs the action, and in the passive voice when the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action:

question

colloquial expressions or idioms

answer

Sayings specific to a certain region or group of people such as "back the wrong horse" and "ballpark figure" can add color and richness to a speech, but only if listeners understand them.

question

denotative meaning

answer

of a word is its literal, or dictionary, definition.

question

connotative meaning

answer

of a word is the special (often emotional) association that different people bring to bear on it. For example, you may agree that you are "angry," but not "irate," and "thrifty" but not "cheap."

question

anaphora

answer

In a form of repetition the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.

question

epiphora (epistrophe)

answer

Rather than at the beginning of successive statements, in the repetition of a word or phrase appears at the end of them.

question

Alliteration

answer

is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables. Alliteration lends speech a poetic, musical rhythm.

question

parallelism.

answer

The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form is known as

question

antithesis

answer

Parallelism in speeches often makes use of—setting off two ideas in balanced (parallel) opposition to each other to create a powerful effect:

Quiz 3: Comm 101 – Flashcards

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