Quiz 3: Comm 101 – Flashcards
134 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 134question
A speaker's use or misuse of language has a significant effect on the level of credibility he or she establishes with the audience.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
In Mariam's presentation on her graduate school experiences she said, "Graduate school is an uphill battle." Mariam used which figure of speech?
answer
metaphor
Unlock the answer
question
Simplicity in word choice can be achieved by
answer
avoiding jargon.
Unlock the answer
question
You should try to use fewer rather than more words to express your thoughts.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
The literal, dictionary definition of a word is its
answer
denotative meaning.
Unlock the answer
question
Listeners prefer complex language over simple language in a speech.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
When evaluating evidence, the listener should determine if the sources of the evidence are credible.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Public speakers are in a position to influence others but are not responsible for the effects their words have on listeners.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
Listeners tend to pay attention to
answer
all of the above. information that they deem important. information that is associated with their experiences.information that relates to their backgrounds
Unlock the answer
question
When you daydream as you listen, this can be considered an internal distraction.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Active listening is focused and purposeful.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Audience members usually listen carefully to a speaker even if they believe the message is of no consequence to them.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
If something is common knowledge to many people, it does not need to be cited.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Acknowledging sources is an essential aspect of ethical speechmaking.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Any source that requires credit in written form should be acknowledged in oral form.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
If a particular type of speech is legal, it is also ethical.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
Daydreaming and fatigue are examples of
answer
internal distractions.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is a Greek word meaning character?
answer
ethos
Unlock the answer
question
Identifying a speaker's organizational pattern will help listeners understand the main points of a message
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
In any given communication situation, all listeners will process information in exactly the same way.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
Our values represent our enduring judgments or standards of what is good and bad in life
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Special occasion speeches may function to celebrate a person or event.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
A person who delivers a speech of introduction should not mention the speaker's awards, accomplishments, and achievements.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
The goals of a speech of presentation are to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
Examples of ordinary people who triumph over adversity and achieve extraordinary dreams are often used in a
answer
speech of inspiration
Unlock the answer
question
When delivering a eulogy, the speaker should focus on the life of the person, rather than the circumstances of death
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
In a speech of presentation, the speaker should
answer
do all of the above. Answers: convey the meaning of the award. identify the sponsors of the award. explain why the recipient is being honored.
Unlock the answer
question
An effective speech of inspiration appeals to reason, not emotion.
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
Inspirational speeches should be concluded with a dramatic ending.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
One of the most successful strategies a speaker can use in inspirational speaking is
answer
employing a dynamic speaking style.
Unlock the answer
question
Anniversaries of important events and memorial dedications are examples of special occasion speeches that strive to
answer
commemorate
Unlock the answer
question
Effective delivery
answer
is the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness.
Unlock the answer
question
Strive for naturalness.
answer
Rather than behaving theatri¬ cally, act naturally. Think of your speech as a particularly important conversation.
Unlock the answer
question
Show enthusiasm.
answer
Speak about what interests and excites you. Inspire your listeners by showing enthusiasm for your topic and for the occasion.
Unlock the answer
question
Project a sense of confidence.
answer
Focus on the ideas you want to convey rather than on yourself. Inspire the audience's confidence in you by appearing confident to them.
Unlock the answer
question
Engage directly with audience members.
answer
Demonstrate your interest and concern for listeners by establishing eye contact, using a friendly tone of voice, and smiling whenever it is appropriate.
Unlock the answer
question
speaking from manuscript,
answer
you read a speech verbatim—that is, from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word.
Unlock the answer
question
speaking from memory is oratory.
answer
you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory.
Unlock the answer
question
Speaking impromptu,
answer
a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare.
Unlock the answer
question
Speaking extemporaneously
answer
falls somewhere between impromptu and written or memorized deliveries. In an extemporaneous speech, you prepare well and practice in advance, giving full attention to all facets of the speech—
Unlock the answer
question
Volume,
answer
the relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech, is usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker, and with good reason.
Unlock the answer
question
Pitch
answer
is the range of sounds from high to low (or vice versa). Vocal pitch is important in speechmaking because it powerfully affects the meaning associated with spoken words.
Unlock the answer
question
intonation,
answer
conveys two very distinct meanings.
Unlock the answer
question
Speaking rate
answer
is the pace at which you convey speech. The nor¬ mal rate of speech for native English speaking adults is roughly between 120 and 150 words per minute, but there is no stanPausesdard, ideal, or most effective rate.
Unlock the answer
question
Pauses
answer
enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said.
Unlock the answer
question
Pronunciation
answer
is the correct formation of word sounds—examples of mis¬ pronunciation include, "aks" for "asked" (askt), and "jen yu wine" for "genuine" (jen yu in).
Unlock the answer
question
Articulation
answer
is the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly.
Unlock the answer
question
mumbling—
answer
slurring words together at a low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible.
Unlock the answer
question
lazy speech
answer
Common examples are saying "fer" instead of "for" and "wanna" instead of "want to."
Unlock the answer
question
dialect
answer
is a distinctive way of speaking associated with a particular region or social group.
Unlock the answer
question
body language
answer
Audiences do not so much listen to a speaker's words as "read" the speaker who delivers them.1
Unlock the answer
question
nonverbal communication:
answer
38 percent from the speaker's voice, and 55 percent from the speaker's body language and appearance.2
Unlock the answer
question
scanning.
answer
But in most speaking situations you are likely to experience, you should be able to make the audience feel recognized by using a technique
Unlock the answer
question
nonverbal immediacy,
answer
In most Western cultures, listeners learn more from and respond most positively to speakers who create a perception of physical and psychological closeness,
Unlock the answer
question
talking head
answer
Audience members soon tire of listening to a that remains steadily positioned in one place behind a microphone or a podium.
Unlock the answer
question
ethos,
answer
meaning "char¬ acter." As Aristotle first noted so long ago, audiences listen to and trust speakers if they demonstrate positive ethos, or good character.
Unlock the answer
question
speaker credibility
answer
Today, surprisingly little has changed. Modern research on speaker credibility reveals that people place their greatest trust in speakers who:
Unlock the answer
question
First Amendment,
answer
which guarantees freedom of speech, assures protection both to speakers who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words are inflammatory and offensive.
Unlock the answer
question
defamatory,
answer
Speech that can be proved to be, or that potentially harms an individual's reputation at work or in the community
Unlock the answer
question
reckless disregard for the truth—
answer
is, if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyway. If your comments refer to private persons, it will be easier for them to assert a claim for defamation.
Unlock the answer
question
public discourse—
answer
speech involving issues of importance to the larger community, such as the need to increase safety on campus or take action to slow climate change.
Unlock the answer
question
invective,
answer
or verbal attacks designed to unfairly discredit, demean, and belittle those with whom you disagree.
Unlock the answer
question
Trustworthiness
answer
is a combination of honesty and depend¬ ability. Trustworthy speakers support their points truthfully and don't offer misleading or false information.
Unlock the answer
question
respect
answer
by addressing audience members as unique human beings and refraining from any form of per¬ sonal attack.
Unlock the answer
question
Responsibility
answer
means being accountable for what you say. For example, will learning about your topic in some way benefit listeners? Do you use sound evidence and reasoning?
Unlock the answer
question
Fairness
answer
refers to making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make informed decisions.9
Unlock the answer
question
common knowledge—
answer
information that is likely to be known by many people (though such information must truly be widely disseminated).
Unlock the answer
question
Direct quotations
answer
are verbatim—or word for word— presentations of statements made by someone else. Direct quotes should always be acknowledged in a speech.
Unlock the answer
question
A paraphrase
answer
is a restatement of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker's own words.12
Unlock the answer
question
A summary
answer
is a brief overview of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories. While a paraphrase contains approximately the same number of words as the original source material stated in the speaker's own words, a summary condenses the same material, distilling only its essence.
Unlock the answer
question
public domain,
answer
After that, unless the copyright is extended, the work falls into the, which means anyone may reproduce it. Not subject to copyright are federal
Unlock the answer
question
fair use
answer
An exception to the prohibitions of copyright is the doctrine of, which permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research.15
Unlock the answer
question
Creative Commons
answer
is an organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want other people to use their copyrighted works.
Unlock the answer
question
listening
answer
is the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating, and responding to messages.1
Unlock the answer
question
selective perception—
answer
people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others. Several factors influence what we listen to and what we ignore:
Unlock the answer
question
dialogic communication
answer
In contrast to monologue, in which we try merely to impose what we think on another person or group of people, is the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect.7
Unlock the answer
question
feedback loop
answer
This continual adjustment between speaker and listener is called the
Unlock the answer
question
Active listening
answer
listening that is focused and purposeful— isn't possible under conditions that distract us.9 As you listen to speeches, try to identify and overcome some common obstacles.
Unlock the answer
question
listening distraction
answer
is anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else. Distractions can originate outside of us, in the environment
Unlock the answer
question
defensive listening
answer
Similarly, people who engage in decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better.
Unlock the answer
question
idioms,
answer
or colloquial expressions such as "apple of his eye," that non-native speakers might not know. Either eliminate or define them.
Unlock the answer
question
special occasion speech
answer
is one that is prepared for a spe¬ cific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion.
Unlock the answer
question
entertain,
answer
listeners expect a lighthearted, amusing speech; they may also expect the speaker to offer a certain degree of insight into the topic at hand.
Unlock the answer
question
celebrate
answer
(a person, a place, or an event), listeners look to the speaker to praise the subject of the celebration; they also anticipate a degree of ceremony in accordance with the norms of the occasion.
Unlock the answer
question
commemorate
answer
an event or a person (at dedications of memorials or at gatherings held in someone's honor), listeners expect the speaker to offer remembrance and tribute.
Unlock the answer
question
inspire
answer
(including inaugural addresses, keynote speeches, and commencement speeches), listen¬ ers expect to be motivated by examples of achievement and heroism.
Unlock the answer
question
set social agendas
answer
(such as occur at gatherings of cause-oriented organizations, fund-raisers, campaign banquets, conferences, and conventions), lis¬ teners expect the articulation and reinforcement of the goals and values of the group.
Unlock the answer
question
speech of introduction
answer
is to prepare or "warm up" the audience for the main speaker—to heighten audience interest and build the speaker's credibility.
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the speaker's background and qualifications.
answer
Relate the speaker's achievements, offices held, and other facts to demonstrate why the speaker is relevant to the occasion. Mention the speaker's accomplishments, but not so many that the audience glazes over.
Unlock the answer
question
Briefly preview the speaker's topic.
answer
Give the audience a sense of why the subject is of interest, bearing in mind that it is not the introducer's job to evaluate the speech.
Unlock the answer
question
Invite the audience to welcome the speaker.
answer
This can be done simply by saying something like "Please welcome Cesar Cruz."
Unlock the answer
question
Be brief
answer
Speak just long enough to accomplish the goals of preparation and motivation. One well-known speaker recommends a two-minute maximum.
Unlock the answer
question
speech of acceptance
answer
is made in response to receiving an award. Its purpose is to express gratitude for the honor bestowed on the speaker.
Unlock the answer
question
Prepare in advance.
answer
If you know or even suspect that you are to receive an award, decide before the event what you will say.
Unlock the answer
question
Express what the award means to you.
answer
Convey to the audience the value you place on the award. Express yourself genuinely and with humility.
Unlock the answer
question
Express gratitude
answer
Thank by name each of the relevant persons or organizations involved in giving you the award. Acknowledge any team players or others who helped you attain the achievement for which you are being honored.
Unlock the answer
question
speech of presentation
answer
is twofold: the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it.
Unlock the answer
question
Convey the meaning of the award.
answer
Describe what the award is for and what it represents. Mention the sponsors and describe the link between the sponsors' goals and values and the award.
Unlock the answer
question
Explain why the recipient is receiving the award.
answer
Describe the recipient's achievements and special attributes that qualify him or her as deserving of the award.
Unlock the answer
question
roast
answer
is a humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him or her.
Unlock the answer
question
A toast
answer
is a brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated. Both roasts and toasts call for short speeches whose goal is to celebrate an individual and his or her achievements.
Unlock the answer
question
Prepare
answer
Impromptu though they might appear, the best roasts and toasts reflect time spent drafting and rehearsing. As you practice, time the speech.
Unlock the answer
question
Highlight remarkable traits of the person being honored.
answer
Restrict your remarks to one or two of the person's most unusual or recognizable attributes. Convey the qualities that have made him or her worthy of celebrating.
Unlock the answer
question
Be positive and be brief.
answer
Even if the speech is poking fun at someone, as in a roast, keep the tone positive. Remem¬ her, your overall purpose is to pay tribute to the honoree.
Unlock the answer
question
eulogy derives
answer
from the Greek word meaning "to praise." Those delivering eulogies, usually close friends or family members of the deceased, are charged with celebrating and commemorating the life of someone while consoling those who have been left behind.
Unlock the answer
question
after-dinner speech
answer
is just as likely to occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner.
Unlock the answer
question
Recognize the occasion.
answer
Connect the speech with the occasion. Delivering a speech that is unrelated to the event may leave the impression that the speech is
Unlock the answer
question
canned
answer
one that the speaker uses again and again in different settings.
Unlock the answer
question
speech of inspiration
answer
seeks to uplift members of the audience and to help them see things in a positive light. Sermons, commencement addresses, "pep talks," and nomination speeches are all inspirational in nature.
Unlock the answer
question
Style
answer
is the specific word choices
Unlock the answer
question
rhetorical devices
answer
(techniques of language) speakers use to express their ideas. A speaker's style can make a speech colorful and convincing or bland and boring.
Unlock the answer
question
Translate jargon
answer
the specialized, "insider" language of a given profession—into commonly understood terms. As speechwriter Peggy Noonan notes in her book Simply Speaking :
Unlock the answer
question
Concrete language
answer
is specific, tangible, and definite. Words such as "mountain," "spoon," "dark," and "heavy" describe things we can physi¬ cally sense (see, hear, taste, smell, and touch).
Unlock the answer
question
Imagery
answer
is concrete language that brings into play the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint mental pic¬ tures. Speeches containing ample imagery elicit more posi¬ tive responses than those that do not.5
Unlock the answer
question
Figures of speech,
answer
including similes, metaphors, and analogies, make striking comparisons between the unfamiliar and the known, allowing listeners to more quickly grasp meaning.
Unlock the answer
question
simile
answer
explicitly compares one thing to another, using like or as: "He works like a dog," and "The old woman's hands were as soft as a baby's."
Unlock the answer
question
metaphor
answer
also compares two things, but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other: "Time is a thief."
Unlock the answer
question
analogy
answer
is simply an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one. Analogies help emphasize or explain key ideas or processes to an audience.
Unlock the answer
question
A weak or faulty analogy
answer
is an inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways, they are necessarily similar in others.
Unlock the answer
question
code-switching,
answer
Done carefully, the selective use of dialect, sometimes called, can imbue your speech with friendliness, humor, earthiness, honesty, and nostalgia.9
Unlock the answer
question
malapropisms
answer
the inadvertent, incorrect uses of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it ("It's a strange receptacle" for "It's a strange spectacle").
Unlock the answer
question
Voice
answer
is the feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action. A verb is in the active voice when the subject performs the action, and in the passive voice when the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action:
Unlock the answer
question
colloquial expressions or idioms
answer
Sayings specific to a certain region or group of people such as "back the wrong horse" and "ballpark figure" can add color and richness to a speech, but only if listeners understand them.
Unlock the answer
question
denotative meaning
answer
of a word is its literal, or dictionary, definition.
Unlock the answer
question
connotative meaning
answer
of a word is the special (often emotional) association that different people bring to bear on it. For example, you may agree that you are "angry," but not "irate," and "thrifty" but not "cheap."
Unlock the answer
question
anaphora
answer
In a form of repetition the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Unlock the answer
question
epiphora (epistrophe)
answer
Rather than at the beginning of successive statements, in the repetition of a word or phrase appears at the end of them.
Unlock the answer
question
Alliteration
answer
is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables. Alliteration lends speech a poetic, musical rhythm.
Unlock the answer
question
parallelism.
answer
The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form is known as
Unlock the answer
question
antithesis
answer
Parallelism in speeches often makes use of—setting off two ideas in balanced (parallel) opposition to each other to create a powerful effect:
Unlock the answer
