Quiz 2/Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Allotment Act of 1887
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Dawes act Allotting land for indians - detribalization Luiseno voted for allotment the most After 25 years of living on the land the males can become citizens. get rid of tribes by education/christianity - making them american
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Provisions of the Dawes Act
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President assigns allotments of 160 acres to heads of fams. Indians select own land but if they don't agent chooses. Res's to be surveyed/rolls of tribal members prepared prior to allot. Gov holds title in trust for 25 years until they can learn to treat as a real estate. All Indians who abandoned tribal ways and became civilized were to get citizenship. Surplus land to be sold. (Lands could not be taxed)
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Blue (Dawn) Lake
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Lumber companies wanted land from Taos Indian Teddy steps in and signs executive order to make it a state park No one could harm it Trouble for Taos b/c they could only fish and hunt in season But had good intentions
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Winters Doctrine of 1908
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Retain water rights for indians on reservations Non-indians were taking their water supply Tension - non-indian ranchers had their water supply cut off during droughts, Indians did not Hydro-quebec project - damn rivers, cut forests and flood lands - cree indians against water
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Public Law 280
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Federal gov. gave jurisdiction to states about federal law on reservations Tribes of 6 states agreed Law switches from federal to state All other major crimes - diff from major crimes act Sheriff can arrest on reservation made to enforce laws - not very positive
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Major Crimes Act 1885
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Federal crime for Indians to commit rape, murder, manslaughter, assault with intent to kill, arson or larceny. Opens up doors for states to have authority on reservation Protect indians on reservation Sheriffs can go onto reservation and take offender off when offender commits crime in city and runs back on reservation
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Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
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Congress extending citizenship and suffrage to all indians Attempt to control a large-soveriegn people Passage of act affirmed belief that Indians had become assimilated to take up role of American citizens Same states still put obstacles in way
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Assimilation
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Transformation from Indians to Americans. 72 southern plains war leaders were incarcerated in FL. Captain Pratt subjected them to civilization by immersion. Gave them a uniform and cut their hair.
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Detribalization
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American groups and federal government campaigned to remake Indians in the image of white american citizens. Wanted them to lead sedentary lives on fixed plots of land be self supporting and practice Christianity. Was supposed to occur in the context of reservations
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Burke Act 1906
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Test for Indians for citizenship See if they were competent and capable Had to wait 20 years after allotted land
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Indian Reorganization Act
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Indian New Deal Legislation Indians given right to write own constitutions Can have local self gov. Dawes act terminated surplus land restored to Indians Blood Quantum
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Indian Rights Associated
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not good get rid of the indian in the indian - set up by non-indians Goal is to get indians land, right to vote - but to assimilate them, christianity, boarding schools, cut hair making indians american tried to get reform of the indian people and give them their rights
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National Congress of American Indians
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Protect indian rights, formed by indians fought termination strongest advocate for indian rights
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Mission Indian Federation
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Active in ensureing that rights of displaced indians were upheld for Barona and Viejas Mission Indian agency - set up on-site teachers, field matrons, farmers, superintendents and indian police Adam Castillo - made sure indians were out before floods
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Termination Act
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Passed under Truman, but NOTHING HAPPENED YET Termination implemented under Eisenhower Detribalization, wanted tribes out 1/3 of indians lost land over 19 years
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Concurrent House Resolution 108
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Subject indians to same laws, privileges and responsibilities as americans abolish federal supervision over tribes 1953 consequence - beginning of era of termination policy where federally recognized status of many tribes was revoked
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California Rancherias
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Relief Act of 1903 Smalle reservations Jamul is example Trust land Smiley and Lummis 80 acres - give relief to indians in poverty
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Indian population west of Mississippi
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75% 3-5 million in 1600, 250,000 in 1900
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Navajo res.
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over 4 states - largest in america
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SD reservatoins
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19
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largest reservaition in SD and smallest
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Los Coyotes and Jamul
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SD reservations before 1875
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Sycuan, Inaja, Capitan grande, santa ysabel, mesa grande, cosmit, pala, potrero, agua caliente NOT BARONA OR VIEJAS
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Cupeno Removal of 1903
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Leader - Blacktooth Moved from Cupa to Pala Land owned by JJ Warner, then owned by John Downey Indians aloud to stay until Downey dies, and his sons kick indians off the land because it's not federal land Blacktooth cursed the land
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Capitan Grande Removal 1935
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wanted to build dam on grande land, but it was federal land about water rights, not indians city looked for land to relocate indians, not enough land so they split them up - barona and viejas Splinter group - did not want to go to either, moved off reservation
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San Pasqual Res. 1910
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Luiseno indians orginially supposed to be in SP valley, but moved up to mesa grande until it was ready. courts mapped the res north of intended land by accident "relief act" gave them casino and bought a lake - but will take 8 years to become trust land
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Four reservations alloted in SD
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3 luiseno - voted for allotment the most - La Jolla, Pala and Rincon 1 kumeyaay - Sycuan
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Most Indian Boarding school
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Oklahoma
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Indian Boarding schools
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children died of tuberculosis children had mixed feelings about it
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Major Indian health issues
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FAS, Obesity, diabetes, pre-natal care 25-30% of children on reservations have FAS 1960 - 20% children on CHerokee, now - 8% b/c Cherokee put women in jail Pre-natal care - 1960 if on reservation, lower than Somalia
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Effects of WW1
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16000 served. assimilation and readiness for citizenship. some resisted because they weren't citizens
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Effects of WW2
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25000 served. Indians were greatest ethnic group to serve - wanted to fight. "urban indians" - living in cities. Gi bill, going to schools, wanted to train indians for workforce, economic boom`
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Navajo Code Talkers
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during WW2 used them because their many dialects, Japanese could not decode it Counter-intuitive
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T/F Only Pro Indian people saw the Dawes act as a solution to the Indian Problem
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False. Pro and Anti Indian people saw it as a solution.
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T/F Traditionally women owned the land or it was owned communally.
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true
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T/F Most Kumeyaay allotted their land
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false. most did not allot their land - it was the Luiseno
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WHo originially owned blue lake?
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taos indians
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What was the most important law of the west?
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Winters doctrine
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Where were the Cupeno people moved to?
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Cupa to pala
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The village of Cupa was originally owned by who? who owned it next?
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JJ Warner, then John Downey, then Downey's sons who kicked off the Indians
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Where were the indians of Capitan Grande moved to?
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Barona and VIeja
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Was barona or viejas better?
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Viejas. Barona was colder and higher up
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Burial ground next to what dam?
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Capitan grande. indians made to get their dead people out because it would contaminate water
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WHat terminated the dawes act?
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Indian Reorganization act (IRA)
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Did the Navajos accept or reject the indian reorganization act
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reject
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Cons of the IRA
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segregation, protecting communal ownership, threat to treaty rights
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Pros of IRA
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best vehicle for change, tribes regained land from allotment, moved forward in education and cultural preservation and control of own affairs
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Who came up with Rancherias
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Smiley
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Who is smiley ass. with?
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Lummis and jackson
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Who mastermined the indian new deal
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John Collier
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the IRA opposed/for the allotment act
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opposed b/c it's pro-indian
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What county has the most reservations?
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San Diego
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Indian Territory
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Oklahoma. Oklahoma. Indian territory divided into OK territory and Indian terr. surplus land open to white settlers. 1907 combined the territories to create the state of OK. On allotted res poverty and discrimination
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OBesity in Indians - decreasing/increasing?
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decreasing
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do indians have more predisposition to alcoholism than others?
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no - just metablize it faster
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Who opened Carlisle Indian school and where was it?
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Richard Pratt in Pennsylvani
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the 5 civilized tribes
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Cherokees, creeks, chocaws, chickasaws, and seminoles
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Was Carlos Montezuma for or against the BIA?
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Against
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what was the national congress of american indians founded for?
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to fight termination
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Richard Pratt
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Imposed program of civilization on plains indian prisoners of war at fort marion founded Carlisle Indian boarding school - off reservation boarding "kill the indian and save the man" made efforts to save indians by destroying their indianness
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Red Shirt
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celebrity from buffalo bills wild west show - most famous show Indian Oglala
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Quanah Parker
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Comanche chief and politician. Useful to gov because complied with policies. Used position to represent his people. Refused to cut hair etc. Leader in Peyote religion. From Comanche warrior to comanche politician
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Molly Spotted Elk
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Exotic dancer. Best known dancer in Europe because Indians were not discriminated against. Moved from res to city and back
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Jim Thorpe
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Went to carlisle. Varsity in 11 sports. Stockholm olympics with 2 gold. Took away medals because he played in minor league baseball. Played for NY giants and professional football. First President of American Football Association
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Charles Curtis
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Indian Vice president to Hoover. Was not sympathetic to his people.
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Ohiyesa
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Charles Eastman. Dakota Sioux. Father urged him to be white and used education to benefit his people. Red progressive. Supported allotment act. Worked for BIA. Adapted without assimilating.
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Carlos Montezuma
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Yavapai Apache. Medical degree, physician in Chicago. Supported assimilation but pride in Indian ways. Founding member of Society of American Indians. Died of TB. Wanted to get rid of BIA and reservations. Names Wassaja
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Luther Standing Bear
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One of first students at Carlisle. Lived life of white man but kept contact with tribal life. Lakota.
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Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal
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reversed bad policies. pro indian. appointed pro indian cabinet members. no very liked. make banks have more regulation. wants reforms in voting, womens rights and indian rights. new deal to end allotment, consolidated tribal lands so they can run own affairs, organize tribal gov. allow children to attend day school
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Teddy Roosevelt
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Pro-indian Blue lake Signed executive order to make lake a state park - give it to indians by taking it away prevent lumber companies from destroying it - now federal land
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Sarah Winnemuca
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Paiute. Said Indians will never be civilized. Speeches in US and EURO to improve conditions. Adopted/adapted as a way to advance Indian causes
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Henry Dawes
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Senator from East. Allotment Act. Wanted to pass law for res Indians to become Citizens. Wanted to make Indians more american.
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Charles Lummis
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Headed the Warners Ranch Indian COmmission appointed by teddy. Pro Indian. Helped in Cupeno removal helping them find new land. Est. of rancherias with Smiley
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Albert Smiley
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Became aware of Indian CA prob with lack of res. Came up with Racherias.Set up rancherias held in trust but NOT sovereign (Smiley Act). Associated with Lummis and Jackson
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John Collier
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Pro-indian. worked to empower indian people. Commisioner of Indian Affairs (Bureau of Indian Affairs). Appointed by Frank Roos. Executive secretary of American Indian Defense Ass. Indian Reorganization Act
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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Wrote book that no one read. Went to Charles Lummis and wrote Ramona. Used the money to help Indians. Book changed the way people thought about Indian people
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Cecilio Blacktooth
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Highly respected Cupeno Indian leader. Agua Caliente. Said that they would rather die in Cupa than move because their fathers are buried there and children born there - where they always have lived. - cursed Cupa land when they were forced to leave
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Harry Truman
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passed the termination act, but was not implemented under him.
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John F. Kennedy
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strong advocate for civil rights. had little interest in indians, termination remained through his office.
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Robert Kennedy
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wanted to terminate termination act. but didnt have enough votes. Talked to linden b. johnson (VP) - LGB tells rob to cut the funding for the termination act. unfunded the law, but did not terminate it
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Eleanor Roose
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Pro Indian. Make sure thru husband that John Collier is head of BIA.
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Dillion Myers
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Termination Act 1953, under Eisenhower Director of the Office of Termination tried to move japanese to internment camps wanted to terminate tribes record of abusing people
