question

A. H. Sturtevant

answer

Worked on inheritance of coat colour in horses. Constructed the first map of a chromosome in 1913 as part of his PhD thesis. Explained recombination in his thesis paper.

question

Adan

answer

A neutered male camel.

question

Additive relationship

answer

A measure of the proportion of the genome shared by two relatives.

question

Allele

answer

Alternate forms of a gene. When two alleles are different, one is expressed and the other is masked.

question

Angus

answer

The cattle must be black in colour. Angus was one of the first breeds in North America, and there are black bulls in most breeds because of this. Angus cattle are not usually allowed to breed with other colours, to preserve the black colour. Certified Angus beef is more popular.

question

Annie

answer

Prof. Robinson's baby donkey. White with spots.

question

Artificial insemination (AI)

answer

About 90% of dairy cattle are conceived from AI, using shipped bull semen.

question

Artificial selection

answer

Selection where humans decide selection. Goal oriented for appearance, use, productivity, satisfaction, or whimsy.

question

Autosomal linkage

answer

Two or more loci on the same autosome. If the loci are far apart, recombination may occur between them. If the individual is homozygous on one of the loci, the linkage is undetectable. It affects gametic output only in double heterozygotes. If c ; 0.5, there is linkage. Linkage is coupling or repulsion.

question

Barrow

answer

A neutered male pig.

question

Bitch

answer

A female dog.

question

Black baldie

answer

Angus x Hereford cross
Black cattle with white faces.

question

Black lab

answer

E_ B_
These dogs tend to be more calm than chocolate labs.

question

Boar

answer

A male pig.

question

Buck

answer

Billy
A male goat, camelid, or rabbit.

question

Bull

answer

A male cattle or giraffe.

question

Buura

answer

A male camel.

question

c

answer

The recombination rate between loci. Its maximum value is 0.5.

question

Calf

answer

A baby cattle.

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Calving

answer

Calf birthing.

question

Capon

answer

A neutered male chicken. The surgery to neuter a cock is complex, since gonads are found within the body cavity.

question

Carly

answer

The mother of Prof. Robinson's dog Jiggs. A yellow lab with a black nose. Genotype is probably eeBB.

question

Cattery

answer

A group of cats.

question

Central Limit Theorem

answer

If you collect enough data, it will have normal distribution.

question

Cheetahs

answer

Had a bottle neck where the population was decimated about 10 - 15 thousand years ago.

question

Chi-square test

answer

Decides if the results meet the hypothesis for expression of phenotypes. If the value is below that from a table of values, then the hypothesis can be accepted. Sensitive to rounding.

question

Chick

answer

A baby chicken.

question

Chinese crested

answer

A dog breed which is small and bred for appearance.

question

Chocolate lab

answer

E_ bb
Prof. Robinson's favourite type of lab! These dogs tend to be more energetic than black labs. They are known for their habit of eating feces.

question

Cock

answer

A male chicken (also called a rooster or cockerel), ostrich, or ratite.

question

Codominance

answer

Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype of both parental phenotypes. PRoduces a 1:2:1 ratio. Examples: roan colour in animals.
Fitness of AA is 1. Fitness of Aa is (1 - 0.5s). Fitness of aa is (1 - 2).

question

Collateral relatives

answer

Relatives with common ancestors. Includes nephews/nieces, brothers/sisters, uncles/aunts, and cousins.

question

Colt

answer

A young male horse below the age of two years.

question

Counting method

answer

p and q are calculated by counting the number of alleles. Effective, but annoying.

question

Coupling

answer

AB // ab
A form of autosomal linkage. There are more AB and ab gametes than Ab and aB gametes. Dominant alleles have stronger affinity. d is positive.

question

Cow

answer

A female cattle or giraffe.

question

d

answer

The coefficient of linkage disequilibrium.

question

Deliverance

answer

A movie where three men go on a canoe trip and find a town that has a lot of inbreeding.

question

Detection of carriers

answer

If any offspring with the recessive phenotype is produced, the organism in question is a carrier. Cross the organism in question with a homozygous recessive individual. If it is a carrier of the recessive allele, half the offspring are expected to display the recessive phenotype.
P(carrier) = 1 - (f(AA) + 0.75 f(Aa) + 0.5 f(aa))ⁿ
Where f(X) is the frequency of matings with that genotype, and n is the number of matins producing offspring with dominant phenotype offspring.

question

Direct relatives

answer

Descendants or ancestors. Includes sons/daughters, fathers/mothers, grandfathers/grandmothers.

question

Discrete generations

answer

Each generation is unique. Each generation becomes the parents of the next generation. Few species do this biologically.

question

Doe

answer

A female goat, camelid, or rabbit.

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Dog

answer

Have differences in digestive systems compared to wolves; can tolarate more carbohydrates. Have a wide range of phenotypes.

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Domestication

answer

Transforamtion of an animal due to artificial selection. Increase in docility; this is linked to colour patterns in mammals such as spots.

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Dominance

answer

Heterozygotes resemble one parental phenotype. Produces a 1:3 ratio.

question

Effective population size (N_e)

answer

Can be surprisingly small when there is a skew in the number of males vs. females.

question

Epistasis

answer

Alleles at one locus affect the expression of alleles at a different locus. Affects independence and F2 ratios. Example: in cats, W_ masks all other colours of cat, making them white.

question

Eugenics

answer

The concepts of there being superior races.

question

Ewe

answer

A female sheep.

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Farrowing

answer

Piglet birthing.

question

Filly

answer

A young mare below the age of two years.

question

Fitness

answer

An aspect of phenotype. Can take many forms. How much an individual reproduces. Humans can impose fitness by spaying/neutering animals.

question

Flock

answer

A group of sheep, goats, or poultry.

question

Foal

answer

A baby horse.

question

Foaling

answer

Foal birthing.

question

Freemartin

answer

A heifer calf that was a twin to a bull calf. It has sexual development problems, and is usually sterile.

question

Gaur

answer

The animal from which cattle were domesticated. It took 3 - 4 thousand years to domesticate cattle.

question

Gelding

answer

A neutered male horse or donkey.

question

Gene

answer

The most overworked word in genetics. It can mean a locus or an allele.

question

Genetic drift

answer

The change in heterozygosity as a result of sampling individuals from the population rather than random mating for the entire population.

question

Genotyping

answer

Determining which polymorphism(s) are present in an organism. Restriction endonucleases cleave the DNA, and it is separated by electrophoresis to determine the genotype.

question

Gilt

answer

A young sow, before her first litter.

question

Gunner

answer

The father of Prof. Robinson's dog Jiggs. A black lab. Genotype is probably EE BB.

question

H

answer

Frequency of Aa. The maximum value is 0.5.

question

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

answer

Postulated by Hard and Weinberg, an Englishand a German scientist, working in different countries in different languages on the same work separately. They came up with the same concept without communicating with each other. Occurs in large, randomly mating populations which lack migration, mutation and selection. Allele frequencies and genotypic frequencies remain constant. Genotype frequencies are determined by allele frequencies. Never exists in real life.
Large population, over 1000
Random mating
No migration
No mutation
No selection

question

Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock

answer

Demonstrated cytogenetic and phenotypic evidence of linkage in corn in 1931.

question

Hatching

answer

Chicks emerging from eggs.

question

Heifer

answer

A young cow, before her first calf.

question

Hen

answer

A female chicken, ostrich, or ratite.

question

Herd

answer

A group of horses, cattle, pigs, goats, camelids, deer, or elk.

question

Hereford

answer

Have white faces, which is a dominant trait. Came from Guelph. There used to be horned Herefords, but modern Herefords are mostly pulled.

question

Highland cattle

answer

From Scotland. A small and hardy breed, well adapted for living outdoors. Have horns used to defend themselves.

question

Human chromosom

answer

About 100 cM long, about 100,000,000 bp long.

question

Ice Age

answer

Certain types of trees gradually changed habitats with climate change, bringing Carolinian forests into Canada.

question

Identity by descent

answer

Increased probability of homozygosity at a locus because some ancestors are related. Ancestors were related and knew it.

question

Identity by state

answer

Increased probability of homozygosity at a locus because the individual is from a small population with inbreeding. Ancestors were probably related, due to geographic isolation.

question

In calf

answer

A pregnant cow.

question

In foal

answer

A pregnant mare.

question

In lamb

answer

A pregnant ewe.

question

In pig

answer

A pregnant sow.

question

Inbreeding

answer

Occurs when a population is small. Individuals with common ancestors; may have several. Each common ancestor contributes a separate probability that the alleles in a locus are copies of the same ancestral allele. Increases homozygosity. Includes identity by descent and by state. Used to create breeds of animals; many animal breeds come from specific regions and are inbred to make them uniform.

question

Inbreeding coefficient (F)

answer

The proportion of loci in an individual, or the proportion of individuals in a population, that have both alleles identical by descent or by state.

question

Inbreeding depression

answer

Reduced phenotype in inbred individuals. Due to high levels of homozygosity. To avoid inbreeding deprssion, N_e must be greater than 50.

question

Incomplete dominance

answer

When the heterozygote phenotype is closer to one of the homozygote phenotypes.
Selection for AA.
Fitness of AA is 1. Fitness of Aa is (1 - s₁). Fitness of aa is (1 - s₂).

question

Jack

answer

A male donkey.

question

Jenny

answer

Jennet
A female donkey or mule. Mule jennies are sterile, but can carry a horse, donkey, or mule foal to term if an embryo is implanted.

question

Jiggs

answer

Prof. Robinson's dog. A female black lab. In the photograph from lecture, she is holding a DNA shaped chew toy. She came from an all-black litter. Genotype is probably Ee BB.

question

Kennel

answer

A group of dogs.

question

Kid

answer

A baby goat or camelid.

question

Kidding

answer

Kid birthing.

question

Kit

answer

A baby rabbit.

question

Kitten

answer

A baby cat.

question

Lamb

answer

A baby sheep.

question

Lambing

answer

Lamb birthing.

question

Law of independent assortment

answer

Alleles controlling separate traits segregate independently.

question

Law of segregation

answer

Allelic pairs segregate during gametic formation and the third paired condition is restored by random fusion of gametes at fertilization.

question

Lethal genotypes

answer

A genotype which is lethal to the organism early on. Produces a 1:2 ratio, if the organism dies before birth. The aa has a fitness of zero; no aa individuals survive. Example: white colour locus on horses.

question

Linkage

answer

Two or more loci are on the same chromosome. Affects independence and F2 ratios.

question

Linkage disequilibrium

answer

The ratio of gametes decreases or increases until they reach equilibrium. For coupling, AB and ab decrease and Ab and aB increase. For repulsion, AB and ab increase, and Ab and aB decrease.

question

Litter-birth species

answer

Have many offspring at once. Includes cats, dogs, and pigs. Each individual offsprign counts as one observation, or mating.

question

Mammals

answer

Many domestic mammals are prey species which had to avoid colour-blind predators; they benefitted from being dull in colour.

question

Mare

answer

A female horse.

question

Melanocytes

answer

Produces fur pigment, but in cats it is also involved in electrical transmission from the ear to the brain. Defective melanocytes from a mutation can lead to white cats with blue eyes, which are deaf.

question

Melatonin

answer

Produces pigment in fur. Also related to melanin, a sleep-related hromone. This is why black labs are more calm than chocolate labs; they have a different type of melatonin and melanin.

question

Mendelian genetics

answer

Genetics up until the 1900s. Two homozygotes are crossed, and the heterozygote F1 generation produces a classic 1:2:1 ratio of genotypes when self-crossed.

question

Migration

answer

The movement of alleles from one population to another. May be movement of gametes or individuals. Proportion of alleles in the new population depends on the immigration rate and allele frequencies of the populations.

question

Minimum improvable population

answer

N must be greater than 500 to be able to improve a population with breeding.

question

Minimum viable population

answer

N must be greater than 12 to avoid having inbreeding in a population.

question

Mutation

answer

A function of natural selection. Alters allele frequencies at a low rate; a slow process. Most mutations do not result in viable organisms.

question

Natural selection

answer

Selection where the environment "decides" selection. Individuals adapt to the environment or perish. Evolution occurs through subtle pressures. Bottlenecks arise through moderate pressures. Extinction occurs from massive pressures.

question

Norfolk Terrier

answer

A breed of dog which Prof. Robinson used to breed.

question

Overdominance

answer

Selection for Aa.
Keeps both allelse. Fitness of AA is (1 - s₁). Fitness of Aa is 1. Fitness of aa is (1 - s₂).

question

Ox

answer

Plural: oxen
A neutered male cattle, neutered later in life. Used as draft animals due to their large size and weight. More difficult to train and control than a horse.

question

p

answer

Frequency of A
p = P + 0.5H

question

P

answer

Frequency of AA.

question

Piglet

answer

A baby pig.

question

Pig

answer

In 1995, they used marker assisted selection to remove a recessive allele which caused lactic acid build up in meat during distress; the meat would dissolve into a fluid. The University of Toronto had the royalties for the test, even though many University of Guelph people worked on it. The program only lasted a few generations because the allele was quickly bred out of pigs in Ontario.

question

Pleiotropy

answer

One locus affects two or more traits. Example: the locus for coat colour in cats also affects deafness. Affects independence and F2 ratios.

question

Polymorphism

answer

The difference in the sequence of DNA between two alleles. Example: a single nucleotide polymorphism was found which differentiated Meishand and Large White pigs.

question

Proportional rate of inbreeding (?F)

answer

The rate of inbreeding per generation. The proportionate rate of increase in homozygosity.

question

Puppy

answer

A baby dog.

question

q

answer

Frequency of a
q = Q + 0.5H

question

Q

answer

Frequency of aa.

question

Quantitative genetics

answer

An important skill for molecular geneticists. Traditionally based on population genetics.

question

Quantitative trait

answer

A trait with continuous phenotype. There is variability. Many genes all interacting. There are too many interactions to study them.

question

Queen

answer

A female cat.

question

r

answer

The frequency of AB gametes.
f(AB) = f(A) x f(B)

question

Ram

answer

A male sheep.

question

Random mating

answer

One of the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies do not change. Often it is not realistic.

question

Relatives

answer

Have alleles in common, and tend to be more similar than two random individuals from a population.

question

Repulsion

answer

Ab / aB
A form of autosomal linkage. There are more Ab and aB gametes than AB and ab gametes. Dominant or recessive alleles have stronger affinity. d is negative.

question

Rule of addition

answer

Add the chances of events occurring in different orders.

question

Rule multiplication

answer

Multiply chances of events to get the chance that both events will happen.

question

s

answer

The frequency of Ab gametes.
f(Ab) = f(A) x f(b)

question

Salmon

answer

Some species naturally have discrete generations. They spawn and then die.

question

Selection

answer

The process that determines which individuals become parents of the next generation. Individuals differ in variability and fertility, and produce different numbers of offspring, based on fitness, adaptive value, and selective value. Anything which influences the number of offspring generated by individuals. Defines successful individuals in a population. Reduces genetic variation. Includes natural and artificial selection.

question

Sex linkage (birds)

answer

Z_ = female
ZZ = male

question

Sex linkage (mammals)

answer

XX = female
XY = male
The ratio of males and females will always reach equilibrium at 0.5.

question

Sex linked colour in chickens

answer

Chickens must be sorted by sex. The chicks are visually checked. A genetic method would be easier, but never caught on. S is the dominant allele and produces silver down feathered chickens. g is recessive and produces gold down feathered chickens. An S_ silver hen is crossed with a gg gold cock. All female offpsirng are g_ gold, and all male offspring are Sg silver.

question

Single-birth species

answer

Rarely have twins. Includes humans, cattle, and donkeys.

question

Sir Francis Galton

answer

First to explore relatedness, degrees of similarity by relatedness. Promoter of eugenics. Published a book looking at the inheritance of intelligence. Coined the phrase "nature vs. nurture".

question

Sow

answer

A female pig.

question

Stallion

answer

A male horse.

question

Steer

answer

A neutered male cattle, neutered early in life.

question

t

answer

The frequency of aB gametes.
f(aB) = f(a) x f(B)

question

Tabular method

answer

A method of calculating the inbreeding coefficient
1. Establish birth order
2. Make a table
3. Write parents above
4. Put a 1 in diagonal cells and additive relationship in base generation.
5. Diagonal entires are 1/2 entries in the row corresponding to the column of the first parent + 1/2 entry in row corresponding with the second parent.
6. Finish all the rows

question

Test cross

answer

Cross a dominant phenotype individual with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype.

question

Tom

answer

A male cat.

question

u

answer

The frequency of ab gametes.
f(ab) = f(a) x f(b)
Also, the migration rate for males.

question

v

answer

The migration rate for females.

question

v

answer

The migration rate for females.

question

Weaner

answer

A young pig after weaning.

question

Wether

answer

A neutered male sheep or goat.

question

Whelping

answer

Puppy birthing.

question

Wild type

answer

Most mutant alleles are recessive, but can persevere in a population if the heterozygote has a fitness level at or above the wild type.

question

Wolves

answer

Hung out around human garbage piles, and eventually became familiar with humans. Were domesticated into dogs. Humans fed the wolves, and the wolves protected humans.

question

Yearling

answer

A young horse or cattle.

question

Yellow lab

answer

ee _ _
If the dog has a black nose, it is ee B_. If the dog has a liver nose, it is ee bb.

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