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Puritan Beliefs

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God, not Pope, as supreme authority. Personal interpretation of the Bible without the intervention of a priest figure. embraced simplicity in religious worship condemned as idolatry many Catholic practices did not celebrate many traditional religious holidays because they are not explicitly commanded in the Bible.

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William Bradford

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A Pilgrim who arrived in America on the Mayflower in 1620 and later became governor of Plymouth Colony He chronicled the hardships of the Pilgrims' voyage and settlement in the New World in his journals, Of Plymouth Plantation, an excellent example of Puritan Plain Style writing.

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How it started

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Began in England in the 1500's as part of the English Reformation

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English Reformation

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16th century England breaks away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and Pope

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ban of Christmas

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Because Christmas is a human invention and not in the Bible is closely linked to pagan beliefs involves the Catholic idea of "mass"

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James I

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Elizabeth I's successor, began to actively persecute Puritans and demanded that anyone who did not support the Anglican Church be tortured or killed.

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Separatist Puritans

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did not join the Anglican Church, which they felt was just the Catholic Church in disguise with the King as Pope, and suffered more persecution

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Puritans

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willingly joined the Anglican Church in the belief that it could be reformed from within

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The Pilgrims

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a group of Separatist Puritans who left for the New World in 1620 on The Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony

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The Mayflower Compact

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the governing document based on majority rule religious tolerance

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The First Thanksgiving

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In1621 Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of "thanksgiving" and prayer to celebrate the first harvest.

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The "Starving Time"

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Harsh winters made it hard for Puritans to grow crops.

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Samoset and Squanto

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Native Americans who taught Puritans how to farm

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Puritan Literary Genres

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theological studies, hymns, sermons, personal narratives, narrative accounts, biographies, autobiographies, histories, diaries, and journals. Poetry had a spiritual or reflective purpose and glorified God. Drama and fiction, considered to be for entertainment and thus sinful, were forbidden.

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Puritan Style

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Puritan Plain Style reflects the spare style of their lives—simple, straightforward, and unadorned. Contains little or no figurative or poetic language Characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to everyday, ordinary objects and situations

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purpose of literature

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a) moral instruction and b) to make light of God's presence in the material world.

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"Shining City Upon the Hill"

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Puritans coming after the Pilgrims founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. Led by John Winthrop, they deemed this settlement the "City Upon the Hill," a utopian place

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Providence

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God plays a role in everything from history to everyday life. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.

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Grace

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Granted by God alone and cannot be earned by the individual through merit, prayer, or good works God arbitrarily chooses the elect, a special few, to receive grace through predestination

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Pure thought and behavior

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evidence that God's grace had been granted

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Sinful thought and behavior

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evidence that God's grace had NOT been granted

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Edward Taylor

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Puritan minister whose poetry represents his personal search for God.

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Theism

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God is the center of the universe and life and society are founded on faith in God

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Theocracy

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a type of government based on God's law with God as the "head of state" in which the church controlled the government

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Original Sin

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Born innately evil and imperfect through the spiritual deformity sin inherited from Adam, the original sinner. Perfectible only through God's grace through which he is saved. Our focus should thus be on the afterlife rather than on earthly, physical life.

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Puritan Beliefs:Community

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believed in a "Three-Way Covenant" in which the community played a central role.

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The First Covenant

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between the individual and God—self-examination for signs of God's grace

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The Second Covenant

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between the individual and the community, or congregation—the individual must follow the community rules and beliefs and accept punishment by community for transgression; the entire community could be punished for one person's sins.

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The Third Covenant

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between the congregation and the state= theocracy

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Puritan Beliefs: Education

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"The Godly" needed to be able to read and interpret the Bible. Harvard College established in 1635 as a Puritan divinity school Puritans began free public education in America.

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Puritan Beliefs: Work Ethic

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The Protestant work ethic and capitalism go hand in hand, for Puritans believed that God rewarded hard work and that "idle hands are the devil's work."

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Glory of Nature

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On the one hand nature is emblematic of God's purposes; it is the living work of God and the glory of His creation.

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Darkness of Nature

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On the other hand, nature, particularly in the form of the forest and wilderness, represent sin, Satan, and fear.

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The Forest

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associated nature, and particularly forests, with evil, the devil, sin, and witchcraft.

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The Devil

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The Devil worked with legions of helpers called witches. A person became a witch by entering into a covenant with the Devil. Witches would attack innocent people, often by entering a person's body without that person knowing it.

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Puritan Beliefs: Sin

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Anything pleasant = sinful, i.e.: dance, fashion, and children's play. Women = very prone to sin The sinner was required to publicly confess sin then perform an act of penance.

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The Seven Deadly Sins

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Envy Sloth Gluttony Wrath Pride Lust Greed

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Puritan Beliefs: Witchcraft

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Puritans believed in witches due to their literal interpretation of Bible. Both women and men could be witches, but women were more likely to be so.

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Puritan Beliefs: Women as Subordinate

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as descendants of Eve who was formed from Adam's rib, were designed to be man's complement and companion, inferior to men because Eve caused Adam's fall a symbol of shame punished by God through painful and often deadly childbirth

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John Winthrop

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Puritan leader. Thought women should be completely devoted to their husbands and God

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Puritan Women

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Strict roles as wives and mothers, Confined to the home, Educated only in order to read the Bible; not considered intelligent or capable of understanding Not allowed to vote or have a role in the church Denounced as whores or witches, punished publicly, and/or banished from community if they rebelled

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Anne Bradstreet

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her poetry often reinforces Puritan views, she also expresses ambivalence. To justify her writings to the community, she often purposely diminishes her worth as a poet by using self-effacing apologies.

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Anne Hutchinson

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Advocated religious freedom and the direct connection between the individual and God. Banished from the community

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The Quakers

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were commended by the Puritans

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The Salem Witch Trials of 1692

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Over 100 people were accused of witchcraft and 20 put to death, in addition to two dogs.

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Cotton Mather

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Puritan minister and writer who initially supported the execution of reputed witches, as well as urged judges to consider spectral evidence. Wonders of the Invisible World he chronicles the Salem witchcraft cases.

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The Decline of Puritanism

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Enlightenment era, which rejected humankind's total depravity and relied on reason over faith. Materialism and a more prosperous lifestyle

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The Great Awakening

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revivalist movement that sought to bring Puritans back into the fold

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Jonathan Edwards

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The most famous of the Great Awakening preachers Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)

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American Dream

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the belief that we can forge new paths and attain our goals

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William Byrd

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A Southern planter and slave-holder educated in England as a youth, Byrd is known for his Secret Diaries, which record his daily thoughts and activities

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The Enlightenment

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put great emphasis on science and critical thinking

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Newton and Locke

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the universe is arranged in an orderly system that humans can understand through logic and scientific thinking

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Reason over Faith

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True knowledge is found through scientific investigation and critical thinking.

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Deism

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God who set the earth in motion to run itself and then absented himself, an emphasis on life on earth rather than in the hereafter

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Humanism

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Human progress occurs through the good works and efforts of man, rather than God. Man, not God, is the center of the universe.

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The Social Contract

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agree to surrender certain freedoms in exchange for government protection of "natural rights" When our natural rights are denied or not adequately protected by government, we have the obligation and duty to rebel

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Neoclassicism

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a literary and artistic movement that emulates the styles and rules of ancient Greece and Rome Return to Classism

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"Neoclassical"

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revival of Greek classical style in art and literature

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American Neoclassical ideal

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revitalized classical models with an American "twist," i.e.: tobacco leaf and cornstalk decorations on the Senate building columns of the Capitol

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"new Rome"

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As America broke away from British aristocracy, it took ancient Rome as a model for its own values

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Revolution

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A revolutionary spirit gained momentum all over Europe and spread to the American colonies.

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Enlightenment Literary Forms

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pamphlets and speeches using persuasive discourse autobiographies and narrative accounts epistles (letters as literature) and almanacs (books of facts) aphoristic style political documents like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

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Benjamin Franklin

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Franklin articulated and reinforced the following American values—set in motion by the Puritans: The "Self-Made Man" American Individualism The American Dream The "Auto-American Biography"

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The Self-Made Man

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Relying on his own cleverness and hard work to rise from his station as a poor indentured servant and apprentice to a successful businessman. Franklin served as a model of the "self-made man" and a familiar lesson in the American Dream.

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Auto-American Biography

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Franklin's Autobiography served as a model that inspired many later Americans and helped define the autobiographical genre.

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Aphorism

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a pithy observation that contains a general truth or opinion; similar to a proverb

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Political Oratory

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Orators graced their speeches with rhetorical devices in order to capture their audiences.

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Patrick Henry

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Orator and politician who opposed the Stamp Act of 1765 and led the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770's "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" an anti-federalist who opposed the Constitution because he felt that it endangered states' rights and individual freedoms

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Thomas Paine

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Wrote Common Sense (1776), a widely read pamphlet promoting American independence Also wrote The American Crisis (1776-83), a pamphlet series advocating the Revolution

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Romanticism

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mystical appreciation for natural beauty; wrote on such natural phenomena as rainbows, atoms, and spiders

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Phillis Wheatley

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First published African American Woman. wrote in the Neoclassical style, which relied on carefully controlled iambic pentameter couplets and impersonal themes

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Olaudah Equiano

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Equiano was kidnapped as a boy and sold to British slave traders. Ultimately purchased his freedom and settled in England, where he wrote his autobiography and slave narrative, The Interesting Narrative

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The Middle Passage

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Journey of the triangular trade that brought people from africa to america

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Hector St. John Crevecoeur

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While he was in France during the war, he published Letters from an American Farmer (1782), which presents a complex—and often contradictory and ironic—portrait of America.

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Utopia

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The American Dream Economic, social, political, and religious freedoms Equality of individuals Identity as a "new man" The "melting pot" The pursuit of the material to achieve the spiritual

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Dystopia

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Horrors of slavery Treatment of Native Americans Barbarity of the wilderness and frontier Terrors of the Revolution

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Legacy of the Enlightenment

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Humanistic tradition Equality, personal freedoms and rights, democracy Reason over faith Religious freedom; separation of church and state

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Literary Legacy of the Enlightenment

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A small body of emergent American national literature: political documents, some poetry, speeches, essays, and narratives—but not yet fiction or drama The groundwork for the ideas of Romanticism

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parallelism

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Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.

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isocolon

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A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.

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antithesis

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the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance

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anastrophe

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Inversion of the natural or usual word order

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parenthesis

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An insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence.

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apposition

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ex: It was the mountian, her home.

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ellipsis

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omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences

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asyndeton

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A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions Lots of commas

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polysyndeton

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using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted Lots of "and"s

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Alliteration

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repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence.

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Anacoluthon

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lack of grammatical sequence; a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence.

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Anadiplosis

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the rhetorical repetition of one or several words; specifically, repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next.

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Anaphora

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the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines.

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Anastrophe

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transposition of normal word order; most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control. Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton.

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Antistrophe

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repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses.

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Antithesis

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opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction.

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Aporia

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expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do.

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Aposiopesis

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a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt, seemingly overcome by passion (fear, excitement, etc.) or modesty.

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Apostrophe

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a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present.

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Archaism

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use of an older or obsolete form

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Assonance

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repetition of the same sound in words close to each other.

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Asyndeton

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lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.

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Brachylogy

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a general term for abbreviated or condensed expression, of which asyndeton and zeugma are types. Ellipse is often used synonymously. The suppressed word or phrase can usually be supplied easily from the surrounding context.

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Cacophony

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harsh joining of sounds.

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Catachresis

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a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere.

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Chiasmus

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two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X).

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Climax

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arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power. Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next.

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Euphemism

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substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant.

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Hendiadys

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use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea.

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Hypallag

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transferred epithet; grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify. More common in poetry.

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Hyperbato

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separation of words which belong together, often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image.

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Hyperbole

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exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect

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Hysteron Proteron

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inversion of the natural sequence of events, often meant to stress the event which, though later in time, is considered the more important.

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Irony

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expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another.

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Litotes

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understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed. (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis.)

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Metaphor

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implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.

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Metonymy

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substitution of one word for another which it suggests.

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Onomatopoeia

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use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of sound to sense.

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Oxymoron

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apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another.

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Paradox

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an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet have some truth in it.

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Paraprosdokian

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surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series

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Paronomasia

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use of similar sounding words; often etymological word-play.

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Personification

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attribution of personality to an impersonal thing.

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Pleonasm

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use of superfluous or redundant words, often enriching the thought.

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Polysyndeton

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the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses.

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Praeteritio (paraleipsis)

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pretended omission for rhetorical effect.

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Prolepsis

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the anticipation, in adjectives or nouns, of the result of the action of a verb; also, the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent.

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Simile

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an explicit comparison between two things using "like" or "as."

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Syllepsis

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use of a word with two others, with each of which it is understood differently.

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Synchysis

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interlocked word order.

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Synecdoche

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understanding one thing with another; the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part.

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Synesis

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the agreement of words according to logic, and not by the grammatical form; a kind of anacoluthon.

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Tautology

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repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence.

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Zeugma

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two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them.

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