Flashcards and Answers - Public Speaking Final

Q: When addressing a divided audience, the persuasive speaker should

address objections to the speaker\'s position.

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Reasoning from examples is ________ reasoning.

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inductive

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When addressing a divided audience, the persuasive speaker should

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address objections to the speaker's position.

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Nicole's informative speech on starting a fantasy football league has three main points. Look them over and select the type of organizational pattern that best fits this structure. I. Seek out interested people II. Define the rules for earning points III. Hold a fantasy draft

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Chronological

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Which of the following is NOT one of the four delivery methods discussed in your textbook?

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Improvisation

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Robert is preparing her digital slide show for her informative speech. According to your book which type of special effect is the best choice?

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Robert should avoid using special effects

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"The assignment was to collect six sources, don't you think?" is an example of a(n) ___________.

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Tag question

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Eleanor states in her speech, "Seventeen million children in the United States experience hunger each day. How do you suppose it feels to go to bed hungry?" What language technique is Eleanor using to spark her audience imagination?

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invitation to imagine

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"You had better keep your nose to the grindstone if you are going to finish on time!" This is an example of __________.

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an idiom

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According to your textbook, the attention-getter for a speech to persuade should include all of the following EXCEPT __________________.

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Explain your connection to the topic.

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Which of the following is not one of the main parts of a speech?

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signpost

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Which of the following was NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety?

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The speaker's appearance

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According to your textbook the first step in preparing to research your topic is to _______________________________.

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Examine your own experience(s)

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If Max wants his audience to believe that he is qualified to speak on a certain topic, he should focus on which of the components of credibility discussed in your textbook?

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Competence

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When you ask yourself, "What is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech?" you are beginning the process of

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phrasing your thesis.

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When George thinks to himself, "How can Jude possibly believe in that?" he is experiencing ____.

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ethnocentrism

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When John has finished listening to Lucy's speech, he challenges her by opening his comments with, "I am sure you are wrong about the statistics you used to support your point about the dangers of cloning." This creates which kind of communication climate?

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defensive communication climate

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Which of the following are principles of dialogic ethics?

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A. create a supportive communication climate B. convey a positive attitude toward learning C. demonstrate respect for others

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Unlike in everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects youto ________.

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be an authority on you subject

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Paul decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called __________.

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relabeling

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_______________ theory believes people become anxious when faced with unfamiliar situations.

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uncertainty reduction

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Which of the following is not one of the "arts of public speaking?"

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Feedback

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Which of the following was NOT part of Cicero's "five arts of public speaking?"

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Research

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Public speaking in the time of the Greeks was called

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rhetoric.

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The interests, needs, and expectations of your audience have little or no bearing on your speech.

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false

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According to the Roman statesman Cicero, there are five "arts of public speaking."

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true

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The digital divide refers to the differences between on-line communication and personal communications technology.

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false

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Clearly documenting reliable sources to support your speeches is not as important as it used to be.

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false

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Being a better listener will make you a better public speaker.

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true

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According to your textbook, the process of communication is impacted by noise.

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true

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Gathering and analyzing information is important in speechmaking because contemporary audiences expect relevant and up-to-date information from public speakers.

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true

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According to your textbook, mindfulness involves consciously focusing on a situation and maintaining awareness of what you say and how others respond.

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true

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Aristotle emphasized the importance of adapting speeches to the specific situation and audience.

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true

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Aristotle is attributed with labeling the three proofs: logos, ethos and pathos.

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true

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The type of proof "logos" refers to appeals to the audience's emotions.

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false

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Early models of human communication suggest information moves in a singular direction, from sender to receiver.

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true

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The current models of human communication must take into account the communication environment in which the communication takes place.

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true

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The channel refers to the mode or medium of communication.

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true

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The message in the model of communication includes verbal but NOT non-verbal communication.

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false

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Current models of communication should seek to account for the "pervasive communication environment."

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true

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The term "ethics" refers to

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right and wrong

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Which of the following is not one of the "arts of public speaking?" A. Style B. Feedback C. Arrangement D. Delivery

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Feedback

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Which of historical age was noted for the development of mass media, such as newspapers and radio?

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industrial

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Common patterns of organizing a speech include all of the following except: A. chronological. B. cause-and-effect. C. problem-solution. D. spatial.

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All of the above are correct

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Distance speaking occurs in the following context:

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communication by internet

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When a speaker remains fully aware of their audience's expectations and situations, they are ___________________ speakers.

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audience-centered

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Technology is not available to everyone, particularly in developing countries. This lack of equitable technology distribution across age, race, education level, and internet connection speed is called the _______________.

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digital divide

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_______________ refers to the rules or standards within a culture about what is right and wrong.

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ethics

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Which is not one of the proofs or appeals used in public speaking identified by Aristotle? A. ethos B. pathos C. mythos D. logos

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mythos

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Public speaking is considered

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an art

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According to the Roman statesman Cicero, you need this to form the groundwork for learning about public speaking.

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A. Memory B. Delivery C. Invention D. Arrangement E. Style

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The linear or transmission model of communication consists of

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communication in a single direction

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Which of the following is not one of the eight elements of communication?

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rhetoric

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Which of the following is one of the major spheres of communication constantly available to use?

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A. mass media B. information technology C. personal communications technology D. face-to-face

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Which of the following is NOT an element of the audience's view of the speaker's credibility? A. Competence B. Friendliness C. Trustworthy D. Organized

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organized

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Rhetoric was the major work of which philosopher?

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aristotle

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Which of the following was NOT part of Cicero's "five arts of public speaking?" Invention, research, style or delivery

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research

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Explain "audience-centered communication" and give an example.

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Adapting speeches to the specific situation and audience. Example: when attempting to get people more involved in recycling aluminum and other metals, stress the economic benefits when addressing high school students. Stress the benefits to the environment and general economy when addressing a civic organization.

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Explain the three proofs (types of support a speaker uses for a specific audience and occasion) which Aristotle identified as logos, pathos and ethos. Use examples if needed for clarification.

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Logos refers to rational appeals based on logics, facts and analysis. Pathos refers to an appeal to our emotions. Ethos appeals rest on the speaker's credibility or character.

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Much has changed for public speakers over the past 2000 years or so. In your own words, touch on at least four of the six changes mentioned in your textbook.

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1.) Who has the opportunity or authority to speak.2.) What makes an audience consider a speaker reliable or credible. 3.) Sources of information a speaker may access. 4.) The different ways a speaker may deliver a speech. 5.) The speakers' ethical challenges. 6.) An audiences' expectations.

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Transferable skills can be transferred from one context or occasion to another. Name at least four of the six skills you will learn in you public speaking class.

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1.) Being more confident and managing anxiety. 2.) Being a better listener. 3.) Adapting to different audiences and building your credibility. 4.) Finding and using reliable information. 5.) Organizing ideas and information effectively. 6.) Presenting ideas and information effectively.

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Name as many of the eight elements of communication as you can and a one line explanation of each.

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1.) Speaker-person who assumes central role in a speech. 2.) Message-both verbal and non-verbal communication speaker uses. 3.) Channel- mode or medium of communication speaker uses. 4.) audience-intended recipients of speaker's message. 5.) Noise-something which interferes with the understanding of the message. 6.) Feedback-responses from listeners picked up by speaker 7.) Context-circumstances or situation within which a speech occurs. 8.) Environment-all the external surroundings which influence a public speaking event.

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In order to give an effective speech, the speaker needs to eliminate his/her speech anxiety.

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false

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If your confidence in your speaking skills is relatively low, then your level of speech anxiety will likely also be relatively low.

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false

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Your temperament may influence your level of speech anxiety.

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true

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Visualization involves seeing yourself making mistakes during your speech so that you can correct them ahead of time.

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false

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Assigning positive words or phrases to the physical reactions and feelings associated with speech anxiety involves relabeling.

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true

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Speech anxiety can come from a number of sources of uncertainty including understanding the role of the speaker.

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true

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According to your textbook, developing good breathing techniques can help you relax prior to giving a speech.

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true

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According to your textbook, one suggestion for building one's confidence is a process called "visualization."

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true

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According to your textbook, research suggests that practicing your speech in front of audiences is likely to increase your speech anxiety.

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false

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According to your textbook, knowing your introduction and conclusion can boost your confidence and reduce anxiety.

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true

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Changing the words you use, such as substituting "opportunities for improvement" rather than "weaknesses", is called Can-do Language.

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true

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The "illusion of transparency" suggests that people believe that their internal states, like speech anxiety, are easily observable by others.

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true

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If you practice the tips in your textbook you, like most people, can eliminate all speech anxiety.

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false

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Ideally you want to eliminate all of your speech anxiety.

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false

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_______________ theory believes people become anxious when faced with uncertain or unfamiliar situations. A. transmission B. social exchange C. uncertainty reduction D. speech

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uncertainty reduction

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Ryan decided instead of being fearful and apprehensive about his upcoming speech, he would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called

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relabeling

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Unlike in everyday conversations, your public speaking audience expects you to ________.

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be an authority on your subject

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Janet could not get a sense of how her audience was responding to her speech. This generally made her feel ___________.

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anxious

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The "spotlight effect" refers to ____________.

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thinking the audience is observing you more carefully than they really are

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Even though Sally started her speech with great apprehension, she used her heightened emotions and increased sensitivity to her surroundings to better her presentation. Which term best describes this reaction?

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intelligent fear

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If you have a positive attitude toward public speaking, you ___________.

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A. welcome the chance to entertain others B. view public speaking as an opportunity C. look forward to sharing information

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When Carlos was preparing his speech, he carefully saw himself completing each step in a positive, detailed, systematic way. This approach is called __________.

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visualization

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Diaphragmatic breathing, meditation breathing, and tension-release breathing exercises are part of what technique used to prepare for a speech?

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relaxation

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Which of the following would tend to increase the level of speech anxiety when presenting your speech?

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choosing a topic about which you know little

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If Lucinda wants to help reduce her anxiety about giving a speech, she should _________.

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practice her speech in front of an audience

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Kelly was sure that her audience would notice every mistake she made during her speech. This belief is known as ______________.

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the spotlight effect

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Which of the following should you not do during your speech? A. focus on your audience B. display a positive attitude C. apologize for mistakes D. pay attention to audience feedback

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apologize for mistakes

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Speech anxiety is ___________.

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something that can be managed and controlled

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In order to deliver a good speech it is essential to ___________.

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thoroughly plan, prepare and practice your speech

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According to your textbook, __________________________ refers to the fear of speaking in front of an audience.

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speech anxiety

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Which of the following was NOT listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety? A. The speaker's role B. Your appearance C. How others will evaluate you D. The technology

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your appearance

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Which of the following is an example of Can-Do Language? A. Challenges rather than problems B. Trouble rather than mistakes C. Criticism rather than feedback D. Failure rather than success

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challenges rather than problems

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Judith has just completed her first public speech. She congratulates herself on her performance, even though she made a few small mistakes. In addition, she thinks about what speech anxiety techniques really helped her to relax prior to the speech. Judith is engaging in what type of confidence building strategies?

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after the speech strategies

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According to the Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety (PRPSA) scores between _________ indicate moderate speech anxiety.

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98-131

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According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT listed as a strategy for building your (speaking) confidence? A. Visualization B. Relabeling C. Envisioning D. Relaxation

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envisioning

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"Imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of events in a positive, concrete, step-by-step way," is the definition for which strategy for building your public speaking confidence?

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visualization

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According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT listed as a strategy for building your confidence before the day of your speech?A. Plan and prepare your speech early B. Choose a topic you care about C. Practice your speech D. Observe your fellow student's speeches

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observe your fellow student's speeches

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List seven types of speech anxieties or uncertainties which affect public speakers and the questions they force the speakers to ask themselves.

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1. the speaker's role-what should I do? 2. my speaking abilities-what am I able to do? 3. my ideas-how well do I know my topic? 4. the audience's response-how will others react? 5. the setting-how familiar/unfamiliar is the space? 6. the technology-will the technology work? 7. how others will evaluate me-what impressions will I make?

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Discuss why visualization, re-labeling, and relaxation are three methods you can use to view public speaking in a more positive way.

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Visualize yourself giving a successful speech by thinking through the sequence of events that will make up the speech in a positive, detailed, concrete, and step-by-step way. Focus on the positive! Re-labeling negative words and phrases and anxious feelings with positive ones can help you manage you speech anxiety. Using relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises can help reduce nervousness and reduce the physical symptoms of stress, thus increasing your confidence.

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In what ways is choosing the topic of your speech important to the success of your speech?

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If you are interested in your topic, you will focus more on it and less on yourself. Choosing a topic you are passionate about will put you at ease and make you more comfortable speaking. If certain topics make you anxious, then you should avoid them.

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seven ways to manage your anxiety on the day of you speech.

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1. Dress for the occasion. 2. Keep all your notes and materials organized. 3. Arrive early. 4. Practice your breathing techniques. 5. Warm up your voice. 6. Make sure all technical aspects of you speech are ready. 7. Concentrate on the other speakers and speeches.

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In what ways can you turn your fear of public speaking into something positive?

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Your fears can motivate you to prepare better for your speech by making you more focused on things like researching, organizing, and practicing thoroughly for your speech. This will in turn make for a better speech and a much more positive experience for the speaker.

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Discuss the two main causes of speech anxiety, giving examples of each cause.

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The two main causes are temperament and how a person has learned to respond to uncertainty in situations. Examples include: people who are generally uncomfortable in social situations, may have low self esteem, are shy, and enjoy activities on their own. Situations that may cause uncertainty are those that aren't experienced every day, such as job interviews or public speeches.

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Taking notes with a laptop computer while listening to a speech is a much better alternative to writing your notes on paper.

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false

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Ethical public speaking requires a dialogue between speakers and listeners.

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true

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There are actually four different types of listening.

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true

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Ethnocentric listeners usually respond positively to a speaker who does not share their cultural background.

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false

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Several communication organizations provide guidelines for ethical communication.

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true

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Dialogic ethics require speakers engage in one-way communication.

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false

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Being tolerant is NOT a part of ethical communication.

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false

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According to your book, words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious and sexual minorities are termed hate speech.

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true

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Effective public speakers do NOT need to provide oral citations of their sources.

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false

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"Fair use" allows for you to use someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owner's rights.

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true

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11. It is important to offer oral citations of your sources in your speech.

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true

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12. It is important to practice ethnocentrism when preparing for one's speech.

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false

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13. According to your textbook, "ethnocentrism" is the position that our world view is better than anyone else's.

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true

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14. Conflict always produces negative outcomes.

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false

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15. If you do not intend to plagiarize a source, it is not considered plagiarism.

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false

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16. According to your textbook, listening is the physical process of receiving sounds.

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false

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17. Listening is NOT a part of ethical communication.

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false

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18. Ethical communication refers to

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the moral aspects of speaking and listening

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19. When Bill has finished listening to Sally's speech, he challenges her by opening his comments with, "I am sure you are wrong about the statistics you used to support you point about the dangers of cloning." This creates which kind of communication climate?

answer

B. defensive communication climate

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Ethical speakers and listeners have what in common? A. a mutual respect for themselves and each other B. logical interaction with each other C. accuracy D. All of these answers are correct.

answer

all of these are correct

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Which of the following are principles of dialogic ethics? A. create a supportive communication climate B. convey a positive attitude toward learning C. demonstrate respect for others D. all of these answers are correct.

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all of these are correct

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22. Cathy's speech at her college campus sorority attacked and degraded the Mexican students. This type of speech is called ________.

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hate speech

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23. When you email an expert for information on you topic, how should you deal with that information in your speech?

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you should ask permission and name your source in your speech

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24. When giving his speech on the Civil War, Carl quoted a section of President Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" without crediting Mr. Lincoln. Carl is guilty of _______.

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plagiarism

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25. The practice of using limited portions of an author's work and crediting the source is called __________.

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fair use

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26. Effective public speakers provide oral citations during their speeches. Oral citations are

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brief references to their sources

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27. How can you provide effective feedback to a speaker?

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A. identify what the speaker did well B. offer specific examples of areas for improvement C. demonstrate that you listened carefully to the message

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28. While researching her speech on the Salvation Army, Jean found a particularly useful quotation. During her speech, she put the quote into her own words. In doing so, Jean is _________________ the quotation.

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paraphrasing

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29. When Dave thinks to himself, "How can Roberta possibly believe in that?" he is experiencing ____.

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ethnocentrism

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30. Which of the following is an example of gender neutral language?

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salesperson

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31. When you go to a comedy club for entertainment, you are engaging in _______.

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appreciative listening

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32. Fred's headache was causing him to have trouble concentrating on his classmate's speech. This type of distraction is called ________.

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an internal noise

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33. According to your textbook, the psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another is referred to as the ________________.

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communication climate

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34. According to your textbook, a recent study found that over _________ of college students reported copying information directly from an internet source without providing a reference.

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one third

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35. Jason was extremely nervous about an upcoming test in his science class. During the class period prior to the text, Jason found himself having trouble focusing on the content of the professor's lecture. Jason was experiencing __________________.

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listening anxiety

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36. Selecting, assigning meaning to, responding to and recalling sensory stimuli is part of what process?

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listening

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37. An example of an open-ended question is:

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how are you feeling today?

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38. Zane is listening to his sister talk about her feelings after a rough day she had at school. He is likely engaging in what type of listening?

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empathic

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39. Rob is going to a concert to hear his favorite band play. While there he will likely be engaged in what type of listening?

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appreciative

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40. Bengie is busy trying to prepare for her upcoming speech but she keeps getting distracted by thoughts of other assignments she has to complete. She is likely experiencing ____________ noise.

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internal

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41. What communication principles are put forward by the dialogic ethics perspective? What qualities does ethical communication rely upon?

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ANS: facilitate a supportive communication climate, demonstrate mutual respect, promote sincere and honest communication, convey a positive attitude towards learning, appreciate individual differences, accept conflict, provide effective feedback to speakers

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42. What is the basic principle embodied by the First Amendment and how does this affect public speaking in this country?

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ANS: That freedom, diversity, and tolerance for differing viewpoints are essential to a democracy. It gives you the freedom to speak your mind on controversial topics and the responsibility to reflect an informed perspective when speaking.

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43. Define "plagiarism" and explain why it is more of a problem now than it was when your parents were students.

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ANS: Plagiarism refers to taking someone else's ideas and work, including speeches, papers and images, and presenting them as you own, whether intentionally or unintentionally. It's more of a problem because of the ease of access to information on the Internet.

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44. Applying the ethics of communication requires you to respect cultural differences. What is "culture" and what does communication have to do with developing it?

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ANS: Culture refers to shared beliefs, values, and activities among a group of people. Differences and commonalities of a culture are constructed, reinforced, and revealed through communication. Communication with family, friends, and neighbors socializes us into our own cultures.

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45. Briefly explain the meaning of ethnocentrism and how it influences the way we evaluate other communicators.

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ANS: Ethnocentrism is the belief that our view of the world is better than anyone else's view. Ethnocentrism influences how we evaluate other communicators because we tend to see people as less competent and credible. Ethnocentric people tend to think their way of doing things is always better. Ethnocentrism skews our perspective.

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46. How might you avoid plagiarism while preparing and delivering a public speech?

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ANS: Understand the definition of plagiarism, take accurate note, paraphrase, cite sources in your speech,

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1. Having a well-defined purpose is not especially important in public speaking.

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false

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2. Where and when you are giving a speech has very little to do with selecting your topic.

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false

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3. Brainstorming for topic ideas should be done well before your speech date and should be done over several sessions.

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true

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4. Phrasing the thesis of your speech clearly helps you to identify exactly what you want to say to your audience.

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true

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5. Your working outline is made up of your topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, and main points and should not be changed for any reason.

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false

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6. When giving a speech to inform your goal is to reinforce, modify or change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions or values.

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false

question

7. When giving a speech to entertain your goal is to reinforce, modify or change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions or values.

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true

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8. The general purpose of a speech is usually to inform, to persuade or to entertain.

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true

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9. According to your textbook, "brainstorming" is a useful technique for generating a lot of ideas.

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true

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10. Part of the brainstorming process involves evaluating the ideas generated.

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false

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11. Before selecting the topic for your speech it is important to consider the audience you are speaking to.

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true

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12. When choosing your topic it is important to consider your audience but NOT the setting of the speaking event.

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false

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13. The specific purpose of your speech tells the audience what you want to achieve in your speech.

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true

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14. Your thesis summarizes your plan for achieving the specific purpose of the speech.

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true

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15. The thesis of your speech contains a summary of the main points of your speech.

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false

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16. Complete sentences are an important part of your working outline.

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false

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17. Susan checked the headlines of her local paper and looked through current magazines to come up with ideas for her speech topic. This is part of a process called ___________.

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brainstorming

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18. When you ask yourself, "What is the central idea I want my audience to get from my speech?" you are beginning the process of

answer

phrasing your thesis

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19. After Brandon brainstormed for ideas associated with his topic, he identified themes and then grouped those themes by category. These categories will become the ________ of Brandon's speech.

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main points

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20. Which of the following outlines would be the last you would use when preparing a speech?

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presentation outline

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21. The general purpose of your speech typically corresponds with one of the most common types of speeches. These types of speeches include _______.

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A. persuasive B. entertaining C. informative

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22. If the topic of your speech is woodworking and your specific purpose is to teach your audience how to build a birdhouse then the general purpose of your speech is ________.

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to inform

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23. In a good speech outline, ideas that make up any main heading or subheading have a logical connection to one another. This is called ________.

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internal consistency

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24. Once you have a list of ideas for your topic, it is a good idea to

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distill each idea down to a single word

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25. The thesis of your speech should

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A. be written as a single declarative sentence. B. capture the essence of you speech. C. incorporate the main points you plan to address.

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26. Your thesis statement will refine your topic and provide

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guidance for research

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27. When you combine your general purpose, topic, and audience to identify the particular objective you want to accomplish, you have formed the _______ of your speech.

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specific purpose

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28. Which of the following is not part of a working outline?

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brainstorming

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29. Mary's speech inspired many people in her audience to give blood at the earliest opportunity. This type of speech would fall into which of the following categories?

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persuasive

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30. In brainstorming for topics you should

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write down every idea- whatever comes to mind

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31. In selecting topic ideas you should

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A. consider the audience. B. consider the setting and type of event. C. consider resource availability.

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32. Which of the following types of speeches is appropriate when the speaker wants to change the audience's attitudes towards a topic?

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persuading

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33. Which of the following is NOT discussed as rule for the brainstorming process?

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evaluate the ideas

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34. According to your textbook, when evaluating and selecting your topic it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT ______________.

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consider what others are speaking on

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35. Yvette's specific purpose for her speech is "to educate the audience about nano technology," this speech likely has which general purpose?

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to inform

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36. Jimmy's specific purpose for his speech is "to advocate for more recycling on campus," this speech likely has which general purpose?

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to persuade

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37. Choose the correct order from broadest to narrowest focus on your topic.

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general purpose, specific purpose, thesis

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38. According to your textbook, which of the following outlines should you write first?

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working

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39. What four key moves make up the early part of speech preparation?

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ANS: 1.) Determine your general purpose. 2.) Evaluate and select your speech topic. 3.) Combine your general purpose and topic to identify your specific purpose. 4.) Phrase the thesis of your speech as you develop your topic

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40. The general purpose of your speech typically corresponds with one of the three most common types of speeches. Name these types of speeches and briefly explain them.

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ANS: 1.) Informative-speeches to inform describe, explain, or demonstrate something. They increase a listener's knowledge about something. 2.) Persuasive-speeches to persuade attempt to reinforce, modify, or change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors. 3.) Entertaining-speeches to entertain seek to captivate the audience and have it enjoy the speech.

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41. Briefly describe the process of brainstorming for possible topics. Include some of the things you should and should not do and some of the key questions to ask yourself during the process.

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ANS: Brainstorming is a free-form way of generating ideas without evaluating them. Generate as many ideas as possible. Write down every idea. Be as creative and imaginative as possible. Ask yourself, what do I talk about with my friends? What am I passionate about? What are my interests? What unique and interesting experiences have I had?

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42. For the following speech topic, construct a general purpose statement and a specific purpose statement. Topic: Building Effective Study Habits

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ANS: 1.) General Purpose: To inform 2.) Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about five important study habits that will help them achieve higher grades in college.

question

43. The working outline provides a tentative plan for your speech which may or may not change as your speech develops. What forms the basis of your working outline?

answer

ANS: Your topic, general purpose, special purpose, thesis, and main points.

question

1. Successful speakers speak about what they know, regardless of the make-up of their audience.

answer

false

question

2. When giving your speech, concentrate on your delivery, notes, etc. Knowing how the audience is reacting will only distract you from delivering a good speech.

answer

false

question

3. A person's standpoint will influence their values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

answer

true

question

4. Asking closed-ended questions on your audience research questionnaire is a good way to generate quotes you may be able to use in your speech.

answer

false

question

5. Individuals coming from different cultures will always fall into different demographic categories.

answer

false

question

6. Taking an "audience-centered" approach to your speech means that they will be physically seated in a full circle with you speaking in the center of the circle.

answer

false

question

7. According to your textbook, the target audience is the particular group or sub-groups a speaker wants most to impact.

answer

true

question

8. According to your textbook, when speaking to a diverse audience it is important to promote a supportive communication climate that welcomes differing perspectives on topics and issues.

answer

true

question

9. According to your textbook, demographics focus on the psychological data such as standpoints, values, beliefs and attitudes of an audience.

answer

false

question

10. Open-ended questions are designed to elicit more in-depth information.

answer

true

question

11. Close-ended questions are designed to elicit more in-depth information.

answer

false

question

12. According to your textbook, the setting or location in which you will be giving your speech should NOT factor into how you adapt to the audience.

answer

false

question

13. According to your textbook, generally speaking, captive audiences are less motivated to listen than voluntary audiences.

answer

true

question

14. Competence refers to the qualifications a speaker has to discuss their chosen speech topic.

answer

true

question

15. According to your textbook, audience research questionnaires can be useful in gathering data about your audience.

answer

true

question

16. As he spoke, his audience perceived Daniel to be competent about his topic, honest and sincere, and to be a dynamic speaker. These perceptions greatly increase Daniel's ______________.

answer

credibility

question

17. Asha's audience questionnaire was designed to gain information about her audiences' age, sex, race, educational level, income level, and religious affiliation. This type of data is called ________.

answer

demographics

question

18. Blake was asked to speak at his local Kiwanis club meeting. In this case, his best source of audience information would likely be

answer

the person who invited him to speak

question

19. Analyzing and adapting to the audience is crucial to all public speakers. This approach to preparing and delivering you speech is called ________.

answer

an audience centered approach

question

20. Demographic information about an audience can best be obtained through

answer

A. consulting people familiar with that audience. B. using a questionnaire. C. personal observation.

question

21. A person's standpoint can best be described as

answer

their perspective on the world

question

22. A seventeen-year-old African-American from the south side of Chicago and a forty-five-year old Caucasian businessman from Boston would likely have very different ______ based on demographics.

answer

standpoints

question

23. When you judge something as good or bad, right or wrong, or attractive verses unattractive, you are expressing your __________.

answer

values

question

24. An individuals' psychographic factors-standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes—can all be better understood by using _____________________.

answer

an audience research questionaire

question

25. Should the U.S. continue to pursue the use of nuclear power as an energy source in the future? This type of audience research question is called _____________.

answer

closed ended

question

26. Which of the following question is closed-ended in nature?

answer

how long have you lived at this address?

question

27. Bill's speech about the effects of recycling on the environment made extensive use of data and quotes gathered from his audience. These data and quotes will most likely ______________ the likelihood that his audience will be persuaded by his speech.

answer

increase

question

28. When using an audience research questionnaire, you can clarify audience positions and obtain additional useful information by

answer

asking both open ended and closed ended questions

question

29. Information in the responses to an audience research questionnaire that reflects trends and comparisons is called __________.

answer

summary statistics

question

30. Which of the following are factors to consider during speech preparation and delivery?

answer

A. the location of the speech B. the time of day when delivering the speech C. the occasion of the speech

question

31. Your textbook encourages a(n) _______________-centered approach to public speaking.

answer

audience

question

32. Lisa believes that females are the ones she most wants to persuade with her speech on detecting breast cancer. As such, women would be considered her _________________.

answer

target audience

question

33. Which of the following was NOT discussed in your textbook as an effective technique for adapting to diverse audiences?

answer

dress accordingly

question

34. Which of the following questions is open-ended in nature?

answer

how do you feel about your job promotion?

question

35. __________________ refers to the location or place from which an individual views, interprets and evaluates the world.

answer

standpoint

question

36. According to your textbook, how a person feels about something is the definition of ____________.

answer

audience attitudes

question

37. According to your textbook, adapting to the setting requires you to consider all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

answer

the audience

question

38. According to your textbook, which of the following audiences would most likely be considered a "captive audience?"

answer

a sociology class at your college

question

39. Which was Aristotle's term for speaker credibility?

answer

ethos

question

40. Which of the following components of credibility measures the degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker?

answer

sociability

question

41. If Kwon wants his audience to believe that he is qualified to speak on a certain topic, he should focus on which of the components of credibility discussed in your textbook?

answer

competence

question

42. Research reveals five effective techniques for adapting to diverse audiences. Name at least three of these techniques.

answer

ANS: 1.) identify commonalities 2.) establish credibility 3.) include supporting materials relevant to specific audience groups 4) use appropriate language 5.) continuously attend to all segments of you audience

question

43. Define "demographics" and explain how effective communicators use demographics to prepare a more effective speech.

answer

ANS: Demographics are key characteristics of populations-such as age, sex, income level, religious affiliation, etc. Demographics are used to identify your target audience. Also, knowing the demographics of your audience gives you an idea of their needs and interests and how you can adjust your topic accordingly.

question

44. How does an individual typically develop their standpoint, or perspective on the world, and what are some of the psychological traits influenced by that standpoint.

answer

ANS: Standpoints stem from an individuals' position in society based on demographics, such as sex, age, and socioeconomic status. Standpoints influence your values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

question

45. Tie the following terms together into a cohesive paragraph incorporating how they are inter-related and how they affect speech preparation: audience research questionnaire, closed-ended questions, open-ended questions, summary statistics, direct quotes.

answer

ANS: An audience research questionnaire can help you learn more about who your audience is, what they know about your topic, and their feelings about it. It can also give you data and comments you can use in you speech. Closed-ended questions and open-ended questions are the two basic types of questions used in an audience research questionnaire. Closed-ended questions give the respondent a set of possible answers from which to choose. This will elicit very specific information about your audience. Open-ended questions glean more in-depth information by asking respondents to answer in their own words. Summary statistics reflect trends and comparisons and are obtained mainly through responses to closed-ended questions. Direct quotes are comments written in response to open-ended questions. Summary statistics and direct quotes are valuable in getting the audiences' attention, supporting your topic, making transitions, and concluding your speech.

question

46. What are the four dimensions of credibility which work together to give the audience an overall impression of the speaker? Why is the audiences' impression important?

answer

ANS: 1.) competence. 2.) sociability. 3.) trustworthiness. 4.) dynamism The audience's impression of the speaker will greatly influence whether or not the audience will listen to and/or believe the speaker.

question

47. Why is it important to be an "audience-centered" speaker?

answer

ANS: 1) the audience will pay attention to you; 2) the audience will connect with your message; 3) the audience may be persuaded by your speech; 4) the audience will more likely listen to you; 5) you are more likely to achieve your speaking goals; 6) the audience may remember your message better

question

1. As you conduct your research, try to focus on one perspective in order to reinforce your assumptions.

answer

false

question

2. Most search engines are able to access all of the websites on the Internet.

answer

false

question

3. You should choose your keywords carefully and consider alternatives to your original choice in order to produce a range of results.

answer

true

question

4. Libraries are no longer useful in the age of internet research.

answer

false

question

5. Search engines use sophisticated software programs that hunt through computer documents to locate those associated with particular keywords.

answer

true

question

6. Information found in an encyclopedia is an example of a primary source.

answer

false

question

7. According to your textbook, in researching your speeches you generally want to use primary sources.

answer

true

question

8. According to your textbook, due to the advances in technology and information on the Internet, books are not a key source of information for your speech.

answer

false

question

9. According to your textbook, today's audiences expect speakers to integrate audio, visual and multimedia resources into their speeches.

answer

true

question

10. According to your textbook the "deep web" contains websites that are usually accessible through search engines like Google.

answer

false

question

11. When conducting an interview to gather research for your speech your first step is to select the interviewees.

answer

false

question

12. According to your textbook it is best to go to an interview with prepared questions.

answer

true

question

13. According to your textbook, when writing interview questions, in general, your questions should be neutral and open-ended.

answer

true

question

14. According to your textbook, when evaluating your research materials you need to check the validity of the information.

answer

true

question

15. It is important to include a conclusion preview in your interview guide.

answer

true

question

16. Accessing the real-time web provides you with current information for your speech.

answer

true

question

17. Blogs often contain videos and audio files as well as text.

answer

true

question

18. When documenting sources in your bibliography you need to list the author's last name and then their first initial—NOT full first name—when using MLA STYLE.

answer

false

question

19. When documenting sources in your bibliography you need to list the author's last name and then their first initial—NOT full first name—when using APA STYLE.

answer

true

question

20. One of the questions Nick asked during his interview with a nuclear physicist was, "Wouldn't you agree that the benefits of nuclear power out way the risks?" This is what type of question?

answer

leading

question

21. When researching your topic, you want information that has currency. This means ___

answer

information that is up to date

question

22. Questioning the logic of an authors' conclusions or whether or not they provide adequate evidence is questioning the _________ of the authors' information.

answer

validity

question

23. Cindy mentioned her professor during her speech as a source of information. This mention is called _______.

answer

an oral citation

question

24. Which of the following will help make researching your topic a more productive experience?

answer

A. keeping accurate records B. scheduling research time C. starting early

question

25. Which of the following print mediums contains the most current information about most topics?

answer

newspapers

question

26. Sally wants to use the computer to research her speech topic. To do so, she will need to develop ________ to properly guide the search engines she will use.

answer

particular keywords

question

27. As a general rule, your interview questions should be

answer

neutral and open ended

question

28. Which of the following is an additional resource for you to utilize during your research?

answer

A. deep web B. blogs C. real-time web

question

29. A source's complete citation, including author, date of publication, title, place of publication, and publisher is called________________.

answer

bibliographic information

question

30. Metasearch engines should be used when you want to find:

answer

general information about your topic

question

31. The following type of information is found in the Real-time Web:

answer

A. videos B. photos C. microblogs

question

32. Becoming an expert on your topic will

answer

A. reduce your speech anxiety. B. allow you to determine the reliability of what you know. C. allow you to determine the credibility of your original source.

question

33. You should __________________________before using any files that you have downloaded from the Internet.

answer

read the copyright information

question

34. The portion of the World Wide Web composed of specialty databases that are not accessible by traditional search engines is called_________.

answer

the deep web

question

35. Which of the following is NOT discussed in your textbook as a step in the research process?

answer

constructing your own research

question

36. According to your textbook the first step in preparing to research your topic is to _______________________________.

answer

examine your own experiences

question

37. Which of the following is a primary source of information about Dr. Tracy Adams research?

answer

a journal article written by Dr. Adams about her research

question

38. According to your textbook, which of the following would NOT be considered a reference work?

answer

government publications

question

39. Sarah is preparing to interview film director Ed Buhr about his latest work. If Sarah wants to ask unbiased and impartial questions to solicit a forthright answer she should ask ____________ types of questions.

answer

open ended

question

40. As Mary is finishing her research interview, she quickly summarizes the main points of the interview and thanks the interviewee for her time. Mary was using which of the following interviewing strategies?

answer

closure statement

question

41. Which of the following documents a book in proper format using APA style?

answer

A. Moran, M. (2008). Do it wrong quickly: How the web changes the old marketing rules. Upper Saddle River, NJ: IBM Press.

question

42. Which of the following documents a journal article in proper format using MLA style?

answer

. Pais, Joana. "Speech Anxiety and Rapid Emotional Reactions to Angry and Happy Facial Expressions." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 48 2007: 321-328.

question

43. Name the three phases of the process all ethical and credible speakers must use when researching a speech.

answer

ANS: 1.) preparing for the search (determining what you know). 2.) gathering the information. 3.) evaluating the information found.

question

44. What are the four primary sources of information used when gathering information for a speech?

answer

ANS: 1.) library. 2.) organizations. 3. ) Internet. 4.) research interviews with experts

question

45. What are "keywords?" Why are keywords important-especially when doing research on the Internet?

answer

ANS: Keywords are terms associated with a topic and used to search for information related to that topic. You want your websites' content to be closely related to your keywords so the information you find will be relevant. The better your keywords represent your topic, the more relevant the information you find will be.

question

46. Briefly discuss what types of questions are used in conducting an interview seeking information from an expert on your topic.

answer

ANS: Primary questions are used to introduce a new topic or subtopic. Secondary questions ask an interviewee to elaborate on a previous answer. Open-ended questions allow the interviewee to elaborate on their response. Closed-ended questions are used to seek specific pieces of information. The questions you will want to ask most are neutral questions, which are unbiased and impartial, simply seeking a direct answer.

question

47. When evaluating your research materials, you should apply three criteria: reliability, validity, and currency. Explain what these criteria mean.

answer

ANS: Validity refers to the soundness of the logic underlying the information. Reliability refers to the consistency and credibility of the information. Currency refers to the recency of the information-how current it is.

question

48. Explain the different types of search engines available to help you find information for your speech on the Internet.

answer

ANS: 1) metasearch engines; 2) search engines; 3) websites; 4) web directories; 5) the deep web; 6) real-time web directories

question

1. Personal narratives are based on the speakers own life experiences.

answer

true

question

2. Most words have several connotative meanings and infinite denotative meanings.

answer

false

question

3. Speakers often use analogies to help an audience understand something new to them.

answer

true

question

4. Facts and statistics used as supporting materials are never subject to interpretation and manipulation.

answer

false

question

5. One popular media source is as good as another for enhancing a speaker's credibility.

answer

false

question

6. According to your textbook, supporting materials provide the substance of your speech - they provide the evidence for your ideas.

answer

true

question

7. According to your textbook, mythos refers to appeals to cultural beliefs and values.

answer

true

question

8. According to your textbook, testimony dramatizes a topic and help the audience identify with the speaker's ideas.

answer

false

question

9. According to your textbook, examples are illustrations or cases that represent a larger group or class of things.

answer

true

question

10. Hypothetical examples are based on actual events.

answer

false

question

11. According to your textbook, connotative meanings are the ones you would find in a dictionary.

answer

false

question

12. Institutional narratives are stories from organizations or corporations.

answer

true

question

13. Analogies and similes are the same thing.

answer

false

question

14. Metaphors rely on an implicit comparison while similes make an explicit comparison.

answer

true

question

15. Using testimony to support your claims only works if listeners believe in the source's credibility.

answer

true

question

16. Choosing effective media content—video clips, still photos, audio clips- can make your speech more dynamic and stimulating.

answer

true

question

17. Mary incorporated a story from her childhood into her speech. This type of supporting material is called______________.

answer

narrative

question

18. "Looking for wild asparagus is like hunting for mushrooms; they are relatively hard to find, but well worth the effort when you do find them." This type of comparison is called______.

answer

an analogy

question

19. When Jake defines a word in his speech by using a definition he found in a dictionary, he is giving that word a _______________.

answer

denotative meaning

question

20. When a speaker defines something by explaining how it works or what it does, this is called what?

answer

definition by function

question

21. Using definitions in your speech may

answer

A. help clarify your topic. B. help audience members and the speaker think about the topic in similar ways. C. cause problems if not properly used.

question

22. Because they appeal to logic, audience members generally find ______convincing in persuasive situations.

answer

facts and statistics

question

23. Which of the following is viewed by people as having the most credibility?

answer

local daily newspapers

question

24. Hypothetical examples are based on _______.

answer

conjecture

question

25. Cultural stories transmit basic values and ways of behaving and best represent which type of appeal?

answer

mythos

question

26. Which of the following four terms does not relate to the other three? A. stories B. definitions C. anecdotes D. narratives

answer

definitions

question

27. Carol's reference to the impact of visitors to the Rocky Mountains in her speech about the fragile eco-system of the mountains is considered a _____.

answer

specific example

question

28. In Dave's speech about the history of civil rights in the U.S., he used quotes from Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr. Dave used ______ to support his points.

answer

expert testimony

question

29. If you want to quantify the magnitude of a problem in your speech, you may want to use ______?

answer

statistics

question

30. When using media credibility to improve your speech, remember that the most popular news source for Americans is ________?

answer

television

question

31. Which type of example gives listeners the most detail?

answer

specific examples

question

32. According to your textbook which of the following types of supporting materials mostly likely enhances the speaker's credibility?

answer

testimony

question

33. Which of the following refers to emotional appeals?

answer

pathos

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of narratives discussed in your textbook? A. Your own stories B. Stories about others C. Institutional stories D. Irrelevant stories

answer

irrelevant stories

question

35. Which of the following types of narratives best represent mythos?

answer

cultural stories

question

36. ___________________ meaning is unique and associated with a word based on a person's own experiences.

answer

connotative

question

37. "Josh was flopping like a fish on a line" is an example of ______________.

answer

simile

question

38. "Into each life a little rain must fall" is an example of:

answer

a metaphor

question

39. The average price of a home in your town is most likely what type of evidence?

answer

statistic

question

40. When including a story/narrative in your speech, what types of decisions do you need to make about how you tell the story?

answer

ANS: You must choose what information to include and what to leave out, where to begin and end the story, and how much of the story's moral or main point you want your audience to figure out for themselves.

question

41. Name the five types of supporting materials discussed in this chapter.

answer

ANS: narratives, examples, definitions, testimony, facts and statistics

question

42. Speakers commonly use two types of definitions: definitions by function and definitions by analogy. Explain the difference.

answer

ANS: When speakers define something by its function, they explain what it does or how it works. An analogy explains something by comparing it to something else it resembles. Analogies are often used to explain something new to an audience.

question

43. Explain the differences between general examples, specific examples, and hypothetical examples.

answer

ANS: General examples provide little detail; the speaker expects the audience to be familiar with the situation, object, person, or event cited. Specific examples supply the audience with much more detail. Hypothetical examples stem from conjecture or supposition. Speakers ask the audience to imagine something.

question

44. When speakers present their ideas, they rely on 3 types of appeals. What are these types of appeals?

answer

ANS: Emotional appeals or pathos, logical appeals or logos, and appeals to cultural values and beliefs or mythos.

question

45. Explain how popular media can be used effectively in your speech.

answer

ANS: 1) choose sources that are credible with people; 2) Keep factual information separate from opinion or bias; 3) Use more locally produced media than national media; 3) Make sure your sources are up-to-date; 4) Cite your sources.

question

1. Speeches that rely on a problem-solution pattern of organization link points together based on their physical relationships.

answer

...

question

2. A transition that indicates a key move in a speech, making its organization clear to the audience is called a signpost.

answer

...

question

3. The complete-sentence outline provides a very broad and general description of your ideas and how they are related to each other.

answer

...

question

4. The body of a speech includes the introduction, main points, and the conclusion.

answer

...

question

5. The main points of your speech should be about equal in importance relative both to your topic and to the other points.

answer

...

question

6. Every speech has three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion.

answer

...

question

7. "Signposts" wrap up the speech with the speaker reviewing the main points, restating the thesis and providing closure.

answer

...

question

8. "Transitions" are structures for ordering the main points of speech.

answer

...

question

9. Spatial organization links points together based on their physical relationships, such as their locations.

answer

...

question

10. A speech of tribute is likely to follow the narrative organizational pattern.

answer

...

question

11. "Cause-and-effect" pattern of organization can be used for either Informative or Persuasive Speeches.

answer

...

question

12. "Transitions" is the formal term for a word, phrase, or sentence used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together.

answer

...

question

13. "Signposts" are a kind of transition that let your audience know where you are in your speech and where you are going.

answer

...

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