Public Speaking Ch 3 – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Blake Terry
free speech
legally protected speech or speech acts
The right to speak freely must be balanced by the responsibility to speak _____.
ethically
ethics
the beliefs,values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
ethical debates in medicin
stem cell reasearhc, drug testing, cloning
Who said “ethical communication is funamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others”
The National Communication Association’s Credo for Communication Ethics
What should guide you during every step of the public-speaking process?
Ethical consideration
Ethical public speaking is inherently ______ _______.
audience centered
Balance you right to free speech with …
your responsibilities as an audience-centered speaker
When was the first amendment written?
1791
What is the sedition act and when was it passed? when did it expire?
provides punishment for those who spoke out against the government (1798) (1801)
What did congress suggest in 1919?
that speeches presenting a clear and present danger may be restricted
When and why was the American Civil Liberties Union formed?
1920; protect free speech
What did congress declare in 1940?
illegal to urge the violent overthrow of the federal govt
2 things that happened in 1964?
supreme court restricts definition of slander, Berekley Free Speech movement is born
Who said ,”Today it is difficult to imagine life in a university where there are serious restrictions on the rights of political advocacy”?
Berkeley’s Vice Chancellor Carol Christ, on the 30 year anniversary of the protest
What did the supreme court declare in 1989?
that the burning of the US flag is a “speech act”
What did the supreme court do in 1997?
struck down Communications Decency Act of 1996 in defense of free speech on the internet
What happened in 1998?
Oprah defended her right to free speech after being sued by 4 texas cattleman for saying she would never eat a hamburger again because of mad cow disease
in 2001…
terrorist attack sparks passage of the Patriot Act and debate over the balance between national security and free speech
What did the Patriot Act do?
broadened the investigative powers of gov’t agencies
what happened in 2006
montana pardons those convicted under the montana sedition act of 1918
what happened in 2010?
whit house correspondent helen thomas retires amid controversy over what some saw as her exercise of free speech
what happened in 2012?
freepseechdebate.com becomes a venue for global online discussion and devate about free speechq
who said “apparently, journalists are now only willing to defend free speech when it is safe”
CBS Foreign New Correspondent Terry Phillips
Define speech act
a behavior, such as flag burning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject ot the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
as boundaries of free speech expand, the importance of ____ _____ increases.
ethical speech
define ethical speech
speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant
an ethical speaker is one that has a ____ goal, uses ___ evidence and reasoning. is sensitive to and ____ of differences, is ____, and avoids _____.
responsible; sound; tolerant; honest; plaigarism
Always make the ___ of the speech crystal clear to the audience
goal
An unethical goal is…
demeaning, psychologically coercive, oppressive
Supreme court has protected free speech rights for both….
the ideas that people cherish and the thoughts they hate
Investigators Daniel Downs and Gloria Cowan reason that
free speech defenders may recognize the harm of hate speech but believe that freedom of speech is more essential than is censoring the speech content
Who uses false claims and manipulation of emotion for evidence in logical arguments?
unethical speakers
Who claimed communists were infiltrating everywhere?
McCarthy
Accomodation
sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people
A speaker who is sensitive to differences also…
avoids biased or offensive language
An exception to using false language is…
the use of hypothetical illustrations
What are hypothetical illustrations?
illustrations that never actually happened but might happen
Plagiarism
presenting someone else’s words or ideas as thought they were one’s own
Who said “authors do not present the work of another as if it were their own work. This can extend to ideas as well as written words”
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Patchwriting
lacing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source without giving credit to the source
What percentage of college students admit to having cheated at least once?
75-98 %
Todd Holm found what…
more than half of the studnets he surveyed acknowledged cheating in some way in a public-speaking class
2 ways students could cheat in public speaking
1. using at article and turning it into a speech
2. have another person edit their speech so extensively it is no longer their work
2. have another person edit their speech so extensively it is no longer their work
oral citation
the spoken presentation of such info about a source as the author, title, and year of publi9cation
written citation
the presentation in print of such information about a source as the author, title, year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide
Credibility
speaker’s believability
The audience perceives a credible speaker as …
competent, knowledgable, dynamic, trustworhty
