Public Speaking Ch. 1 - Flashcards

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Why Study Public Speaking

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Empowerment, Employment,

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Public speaking has much in common with conversation

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Public Speaking is planned

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Public Speaking is Formal

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The Roles of Public Speakers and audiences are clearly defined

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Components of Effective Public Speaking

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Plan you speech, focus and vocalize your thoughts, Adapt your speaking to your listeners, Use standard english vocabulary and grammar, use more formal nonverbal communication

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A model of communication as action

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Source, Message, Channels, Receiver, Noise

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Source

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A public speaker is a source of information and ideas for an audience. The job of the source or speaker is to encode, or translate, the ideas and images in his or her mind into verbal or nonverbal symbols a code that an audience can recognize.

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Message

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The message in public speaking is the speech itself both what is said and how it is said.

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Channels

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A message is usually transmitted from sender to receiver via two channels visual and auditory

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Receiver

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The receiver of the message is the individual audience member, whose decoding of the message will depend on his or her own particular blend of past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and values

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Noise

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External, Internal Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called noise

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External

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If your 8 a. m. public speaking class is frequently interrupted by the roar of a lawn mower running back and forth under the window, it may be difficult to concentrate on what you instructor is saying.

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Internal

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It may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver

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Communication as interaction

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Feedback, Context

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Feedback

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But public speaking speaking is still interactive. Without an audience to hear and provide feedback, public speaking serves little purpose.

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Context

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The context of a public speaking experience is the environment or situation in which the speech occurs.

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Communication Process

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The speaker is the source of information, message is the speech, the message is transmitted through visual and auditory channels, the receiver decodes the message, noise interferes with the message

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Rhetoric

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Is another term term for the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

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Declamation

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Instead, they practiced the art of declamation the delivery of an already famous address

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Elocution

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The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.

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History of PS = Fourth centurty B C

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Greek rhetoric flourishes age of aristotle

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Fifteenth century

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European clergy are the primary practioners of public speaking

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Eighteenth century

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American patriots make impassioned public pleas for independence

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Nineeenth century

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statesmen debat states rights abolitionists and suffragists speak out for change frontier lecture circuits fourish

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Twentieth century

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Electronic media allow speakers to reach vast audiences

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Twenty first century

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A new era of speechmaking begins, using rapidly evolving technology and media, but drrawing on a rich heritage of providing information, influencing thought and action, entertaining, and paying tribute via the spoken word

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Diverse Audiences: A Coherent Framework

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A Unifying Principle

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The audience

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is the most important element in the communication process

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You are going to feel more nervous than you look, Almost every speaker experiences some degree of nervousness

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Anxiety can be useful

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Build Your Confidence

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Don't Procrastinate Preparing you speech, know your audience

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Select an appropriate topic

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Be prepared, Develop an deliver a well organized speech, know your introduction and your conclustion, Recreate the speech environment when you practice, Use deep breathing techniques

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Channel your nervous energy

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Visualize you sucess

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Give yourself a mental prep talk

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Focus on your message rather than your fear

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Look for positive listener support for your message

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After your speech, focus on your accomplishment, not you anxiety

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Seek speaking oppurtunities

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Consider your Audience

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If your first speech assignment is to introduce yourself, your speech topic has been selected for you - you are the topic

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Who is the audience

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What are my interests, talents, and experiences

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What is the occasion

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There are three general purposes for speeches: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain

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Specific purpose

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a concise statemant indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech.

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You should now be able to write the central idea

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identifies the essence of your message

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Main Idea

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Effective speakers are good thinkers, they say something. they know how to play with words and thoughts to develop their main ideas

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Invention

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The ancient romans called this skill invention the ability to develop or discover ideas that result in new insights or new approaches to old problems.

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Does the central idea have logical divisions Can you think of several reasons why the central idea is true Can you support the central idea with a series of steps

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Classical rhetoricians early students of speech called the process of developing an orderly speech disposition

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Ethics are the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong

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These center around one main concern: In a country in which free speech is protected by law, the right to speak freely must be balanced by the responsibility to speak eethically

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in 1791, the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution was written to garuntee that congress make no law abridging the feedom of speech

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in 1989, the supreme court defended the burning of the u. s. flag as a speech act protected by the first amendment

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Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning

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Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences, Be Honest

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Don't Pagiarize

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Copying others work

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Plagiaphrasing

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lacing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source that you do not credit

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Do your own work, Acknowledge your sources

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Take careful notes, cite sources correctly

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Oral Citation

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can be integrated more smoothly into a speech

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Be sensitive to and tolerant of differences, listen critically

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Effective Listening

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Select, Attend, Understand, Remember

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Select

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To select a sound is to single out a message from several competing messages

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Attend

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To attend to a sound is to focus on it.

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Understand

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To understand something, people assign meaning to the information that comes their way

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Remember

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To remember is to recall ideas and information

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Barriers to effective listening

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Information overload, we hear so much information that we get tired of listening

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Personal Concerns

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Your own thoughts are among the biggest competitors for your attention when you are a member of an audience

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Outside Distractions

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Fluorescent light is flickering overhead

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Prejudice

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Your buddy is a staunch Democrat, He rarely credits a republican with any useful ideas.

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Such positive prejudices can also inhibit your ability to listen accurately to a message

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Differences Between speech rate and thought rate

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Eventually, you stop listening, Your extra time allow you to day dream and drift from the message

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Receiver Apprehension

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Fearful of listening to information

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How to Become a Better Listener

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Listen with your Eyes as well as you ears, accurately interpret nonverbal messages, adapt to the speaker's Delivery

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Listen Mindfully

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Monitor your emotional reaction to a message Avoid jumping to conclustions Be a selfish listener

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Listen skillfully

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Identify your listening goal, listening for pleasure, listening to Empathize, Listening to Evaluate, listening for information, listen for major ideas, listening to evaluate, listening for information, listen for major ideas, Practice listening,

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Practice Listening

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Understand your listening style, there are at least four different listening styles preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages

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People Oriented Listeners

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You're a people oriented listener if you are comfortable listening to people express feelings and emotions

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Action oriented Listeners

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If you like information tat is well organized, brief, and accurate but don't like long stories or disgressions from the main ideas, youre likely an action oriented listener

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Content Oriented Listeners

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Content oriented listeners prefer to listen to complex information that is laced with facts and details

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Time Oriented Listeners

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You're a time oriented listener if you like your messages delivered succinctly

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Become an active listener

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Resort Rephrase Repeat

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Critical listening

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The process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or iimportance of the information you hear

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Critical thinking

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a mental process of making judgments about the conclustions presented in what you see, hear, and read

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Facts

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Information that has been proven true by direct observation

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Inference

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a conclustion based on partial information or an evaluation hat has not been directly observed

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Evidence

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Consists of the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion

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Logic

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is a formal system of rules applied to reach a rational conclustion

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Reasoning

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The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence within the logical framework of the arguments

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Rhetorical criticism

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The process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appriateness of messages

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Symbols

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are words, images, and behaviors that crate meaning for others

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Rhetorical Strategies

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are methods and techniques that speakers employ to achieve there speaking goals

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Giving Feedback to others

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Be Descriptive - in a neutral way, describe what you saw the speaker doing

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Be Specific

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When you describe what you see a speaker doing, make sure your descriptions are precise enough to give the speaker a clear imaje of your perceptions

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Be positive

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Begin and end your feedback with positive comments

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Be constructive

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Give the speaker some suggestions or alternatives for improvement

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Be sensitive

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Own your feedback by using I statements rather than you statements

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Be realistic

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Provide usable information.

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Becoming an Audience Centered Speaker

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The key elements in communication are source, receiver, message, and channel

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Gathering Information Informally

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The simplest way to gather information about your audience informally is just to observe them and ask questions before you speak.

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Demographics

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are statistical information about population characteristics such as age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and ideological or religious views of an audience.

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Gathering Information Formally

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Rather than relying only on inferences drawn from casual observation and conversations with others, you may, if time and resources permit, want to conduct a more formal survey of your listeners

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Audience Analysis

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is the process of examining information about the listeners who will hear your speech

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Common ground

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To establish common ground with your audience is to identify ways in which you and your listeners are alike.

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Audience Adaptation

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The process of ethically using information youve gathered when analyzing you audience to help your audience clearly understand your message and to help you achieve your speaking objective

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Consider Your Audience, Consider Your speech goal, consider your speech content

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Consider Your delivery

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Analyzing Your Audience Before You Speak

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Demographic audience analysis, Psychological audience analysis, Situational audience analysis

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Demongraphic Audience Analysis

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Age, Gender

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Gender

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the culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one's self as feminine or masculine

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Be inclusive

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make sure your speech relates to all your listeners, not just to one gender.

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Culture

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a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people

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Ethinicity

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Portion of a persons cultural background that relates to a national or religious heritage

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Race

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His or her biological heritag

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Ethnocentrism

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an assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures

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Individual Culture

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Australia, Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Belgium, and Denmark, value and respond positively to appeals that encourage personal accomplishment and single out individual achievement.

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Collectivistic Culture

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Japan, Thailand, Columbia, Taiwan, and Venezuela are among those that have more collectivistic cultures, more likely to value group or team rewards. Community is an important value for those from collectivistic cultures

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High Context Culture

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Arab, japan, asia, and southern europe, = Delivery

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Low Context Culture

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Switzerland, Germany, the united states, and australia = words

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Tolerance of Uncertainty

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Great Britain and Indonesia, more comfortable with vagueness and are not upset when all the details aren't spelled out

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Need of Certainty

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Russia, Japan, france, and costa rica = prefer to have details

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High Power Culture

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Clearly defined lines of authority and respnsibility,Philippines, Mexico, benezuela, india, brazil, and france

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Low Power Culture

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Austria, Israel, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, and Great Britain, are more comfortable with blurred lines of authority and less formal titles, have an equitable approach to power distribution

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Long Term Orientantion to Time

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Asian cultures, and some from south american cultures such as that of Brazil often value patience, persistence, and deferred gratification more than do people from cultures with a short term orientation to time

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Short term time orientation

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which is often a characteristic of industrialized western cultures such as those of canada and the united states, are very attuned to time and management. Short term cultures value quick responses to problems

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Group Membership

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Religous, Political, Social, Work, Service

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Socio-Economic Status

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a persons perceived importance and influence based on such factors as income, occupation, and education level, In europe, asia, the middle east, and other parts of the world, centuries old traditions of acknowledging status differences still exist today. Status differences exist in the United States but are often more subtle = Income, Occupation, Education adapt to diverse listeners

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Target Audience

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a specific segment of your audience that you most want to address or influence

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Use Diverse Strategies for a Diverse Audience

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Another approach you can adopt, either separately or in combination with a target audience focus, is to use a variety of strategies to reflect the diversity of your audience

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Identify Common Values

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People have debated for a long time whether there are universal human values

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Analyzing your audience

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Rely on visual materials that transcend language differences

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Psychological Audience Analysis

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Explores an audiences attitudes toward a topic, purpose, and speaker, while probing the underlying beliefs and values that might affect these attitudes

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Attitude

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reflects likes or dislikes. Do you like food, Are you for or against capital punishment, Should movies be censored, what are your views on nuclear energy

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Belief

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what you hold to be true or false, if you like health food, you hold a belief that health food has more vitamins and minerals than processed food

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Value

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is an enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong. More deeply ingrained than either attitudes or beliefs, values are therefore more resistant to change

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Credibility

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Others perception of you as trustworthy, knowledgeable, and interesting is one of the main factors that will shape your audiences attitude toward you

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Situational Audience Analysis

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includes an examination of the time and place of your speech, the size of your audience, and the speaking occasion

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Situational Audience Analysis

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Time, Location, Size of audience, occasion

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Identifying Non verbal Audience Cues

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Eye Contact, Facial Expression, movement, nonverbal responsiveness, verbal responsiveness

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Strategies for customizing your message to your audience

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Approriately use audience members names, refer to the town, city, or community, Refer to a significant event that happened on the date of your speech, refer to a recent news event, refer to a group or organization, relate information directly to your listeners

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Analyzing Your Audience after you speak

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Nonverbal responses, Verbal Responses, Survey Responses

Public Speaking Ch. 1 – Flashcards

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