Public Health – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?
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Legislatures do not have the power to restrict the actions of public health agencies.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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The federal government sometimes uses the interstate commerce provision of the Constitution to protect the health of the population.
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Which of the following is not part of the FDA's responsibilities?
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Conduct research on basic physiology of diseases.
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The Supreme Court decision in the case of Jacobson vs. the Commonwealth of Massachusetts set a precedent allowing a state to restrict an individual's freedom for the common good. What specific issue did the case apply to?
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Smallpox vaccination
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The level of government that, according to the Constitution, has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is:
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State
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?
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The federal agency responsible for protecting the public from polluted water is part of the Department of Health and Human Services
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Which governmental organization is the main assessment and epidemiologic agency for the nation?
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CDC
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Public health law is determined by all of the following bodies except:
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Nongovernmental agencies
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Which of the following agencies is not part of the Department of Health and Human Services?
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EPA ( Environmental Protection Agency)
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Which of the following is responsible for licensing and certifying medical personnel and medical facilities?
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State health departments
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ch.4
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start
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Which of the following statements is NOT true of the 1976 Legionnaires' Disease outbreak?
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It was caused by a previously unknown virus
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about epidemiological studies of smoking?
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Findings of the Hammond-Horn study contradicted those of the British Doctors Study
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Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Framingham Heart Study?
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It found that it is normal and healthy for blood pressure to rise with age
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From an epidemiologic perspective, which of the following is NOT true of chronic diseases?
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They are more likely to be fatal than infectious diseases
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Which of the following is not required by law to report to the county or state health department when they encounter a notifiable disease?
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Patient
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John Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because
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He was the first to use epidemiology by recognizing a natural experiment was occurring.
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Which of the following is not true of epidemiology?
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It is primarily an experimental science
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Which of the following statements is not true of hepatitis A?
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It is usually fatal
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Which of the following statements is true of heart disease?
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Moderate alcohol consumption protects against heart disease.
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Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome is caused by:
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A contaminated food supplement
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chapter 5
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start.
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An epidemiologist investigating an outbreak of encephalitis in New York City reports that there have been 17 new cases this week. Which of the following terms best describes the number he reports?
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Incidence of encephalitis
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When epidemiologists are called on to investigate an outbreak of an infectious disease, what is the first thing they must do?
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Agree on a case definition
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Researchers want to identify the impact of cholesterol on the development of heart disease. They follow individuals who are vegan, vegetarian, and meat-eaters for 10 years and they record if any of them experience a heart attack. What kind of epidemiologic study was this?
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Cohort
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The Nurses' Health Study is what kind of study?
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Cohort
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Which of the following is not true of case-control studies?
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They usually use a placebo.
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The Long Island Breast Cancer Study tested the hypothesis that environmental pollution was causing the relatively high rates of breast cancer among residents of Suffolk and Nassau counties of New York. Epidemiologists identified a group of 1,420 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984 and 1986 and compared their residential histories over a 20 year period with those of a matched group of healthy women. What kind of epidemiologic study was this?
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Case-control
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Which of the following is part the 'who' question of disease distribution?
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Age Sex Race
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The Physicians' Health Study was what kind of study?
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Intervention
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Which of the following is not true of cohort studies?
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They usually use a placebo.
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Chapter 6
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start.
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It is hard to conduct studies with human participants because:
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It is hard to control human behavior People may not have the motivation to adhere to the study protocols People may lie about their behavior during the study
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In a case-control study that found an association between breast cancer and air pollution, 500 women who had recently been diagnosed were asked what industries were within a mile of their home twenty years ago. The controls were 500 healthy women. What is the most likely source of error in this study?
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Reporting bias
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Which of the following statements about the Tuskegee syphilis study is true?
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The subjects were deceived about the purpose of the study.
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Which of the following is a common source of error in a large cohort study?
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Confounding variables
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The contradiction between the Nurses' Health Study and the Women's Health Initiative as to the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy was caused by:
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Confounding variable
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In a cohort study that found an association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer, 20,000 middle-aged men were asked about their drinking habits and then tracked for five years to watch for the development of cancer. Researchers asked the men about their diet and exercise habits, but not about smoking. What is the most likely source of error in this study?
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Confounding variables
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Which of the following is a common source of error in a small epidemiologic study?
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Random variation
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In an intervention study to determine whether a vegetarian diet can help college women to lose weight, 500 residents of a women's dormitory were divided into two groups: one that ate in a vegetarian dining hall and one that ate a normal diet. Women were allowed to choose which group they wished to be in. After three months, the vegetarian group had lost an average of 10 pounds while the control group had not lost weight. What is the most likely source of error in this study?
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Selection bias
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Which of the following has been proven effective as a treatment for the disease indicated?
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Penicillin for syphilis
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What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
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A committee that ensures studies are well designed and ethical
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Chapter 7
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start.
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If you want to compare death rates in two cities with populations that are different from one another with respect to age, you should compare:
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age adjusted death rates
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To compare the mortality rate in Florida with that of Alaska, what should be done with the data?
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Calculate age-adjusted rates
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Which of the following is the definition of the birth rate?
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the number of live births per 1,000 people
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To avoid false positives in a screening program to detect pregnancy, a test must be:
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Highly specific
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You are doing a study of the senior class at a large university in New York City (3000 students), which involves collecting a lot of data on each student. Exactly half of the class is from the city, and the other half is from other places. You find, among other things, that students from the city are on average 5 pounds heavier than other students, and their blood pressure is 3 points higher. Which of the following conclusions cannot be drawn?
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Living in the city causes an increase in blood pressure.
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There is less room for error if a confidence interval is:
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Narrow
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Which of the following is true of cost-benefit analysis?
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It has found that immunization of children is worth the cost.
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Which of the following statements is not true?
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A screening test that is specific is likely to yield false positives.
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The birth rate of a population in the U.S. will be affected by all of the following except
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Death rate of the population
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Which of the following statements is true about risk assessment?
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It includes a judgment of the probability that a harmful event will occur.
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Chapter 8
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start.
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Data is collected on all of the following events as part of vital statistics except:
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Hospitalizations
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Which of the following statements is true of the BRFSS?
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The data is self-reported by the individuals who are interviewed
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Data that is _____ contains personally identifying information that cannot be shared without consent of the individuals.
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Confidential
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Census data can be used for all of the following purposes except:
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To track trends in illegal immigration
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Which of the following statements is not true about the data collected by governments?
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Collecting data is more expensive than it is worth.
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Which of the following pieces of data is not part of the vital statistics system?
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Cancer diagnoses
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Which of the following statements is not true about data relevant to infant mortality?
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Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant less than six months old.
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Which of the following population health surveys collects the most accurate data?
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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Which of the following statements is not true of the U.S. Census?
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It does not count illegal aliens.(most likey this one ) or It is conducted every 10 years.?
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Which of the following types of vital statistics data are most likely to be erroneous because of lack of knowledge by the person filling out the form?
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Death certificates
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Chapter 9
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start.
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Which of the following statements about measles is not true?
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Wild animals are a reservoir for measles
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Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
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Typhoid
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Which of the following is a method of interrupting the chain of infection?
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Immunization Hand-washing Quarantine
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Which of the following statements about infectious diseases is true?
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Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens.
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Typhoid Mary is an example of a human reservoir.
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True
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Which of the following diseases is not considered eradicable?
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Rabies
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Which of the following statements about the method of transmission of some infectious diseases is not true?
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AIDS is spread by a vector.
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Which of the following is not part of the chain of infection?
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Immunization
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Which of the following diseases is transmitted by a vector?
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Malaria
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All of the following factors contributed to the eradication of smallpox except:
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It is transmitted by a virus
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Chapter 10
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start.
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Which of the following statements is not true of HIV?
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HIV infection typically causes AIDS within a year.
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Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide.
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True
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HIV cannot be transmitted by which of the following routes?
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Donating blood
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Which of the following bacteria has a reservoir in water towers used for air conditioning?
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Legionnaire's disease
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Which of the following statements is not true of CJD?
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It has not occurred in the U.S.
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Which of the following practices is not effective in preventing HIV transmission?
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Immunization
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Which of the following bacteria has a reservoir in the intestines of cattle?
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E coli O157:H7
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All of the following viruses that originated in animals spreads readily among humans except:
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Monkeypox
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Which of the following statements is not true?
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AIDS can now be cured by combined treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors.
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The flu vaccine must be changed every year based on specific strains that are circulating worldwide
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True
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Chapter 11
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Start.
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Drugs called statins are used as a prevention of which of the following diseases?
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Cardiovascular disease
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Which of the following is not true of the major chronic diseases?
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They affect only old people
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Which of the following statements about diabetes is not true?
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It usually has painful symptoms
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The main sources of cholesterol in the American diet are
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Eggs, meat, and milk
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Some cancers are caused by viruses.
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True
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Which of the following statements about diabetes is not true?
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Diabetes increases the risk of cancer.
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Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is not true?
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In Americans, atherosclerosis typically begins at about age 50.
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The risk of which of the following diseases does not increase with age?
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Type 1 diabetes
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Which of the following cancers can be prevented by immunization?
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Cervical cancer
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Which of the following statements about cancer is not true?
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Chemical carcinogens have the same effect in all species of animals.
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Chapter 12
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Start.
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Which of the following is a goal of genomic medicine?
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To create specialized drug regimens based on genetic makeup
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Which of the following genetic diseases is caused by a recessive gene?
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Sickle cell disease
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According to the genetic screening guidelines from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), newborn screening should only be done when:
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It benefits the newborn It can confirm disease diagnosis Treatment is available for infants
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Which of the following statements about carrier screening programs is true?
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Tay Sachs screening has been enthusiastically accepted by Jews.
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Which of the following statements about newborn screening is true?
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The results of a newborn screening test are often ambiguous.
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Which of the following statements about teratogens is not true?
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Down syndrome is an increased risk in women with two X chromosomes.
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Which of the following is not considered a benefit of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act?
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It encourages people to participate in health-related behaviors
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Which of the following pathogens is not a known cause of birth defects?
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Influenza virus
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Which of the following genes cannot be identified in carrier screening programs?
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Down Syndrome
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According to the CDC, it is safe for pregnant women to consume small amounts of alcohol throughout their pregnancies.
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False
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Chapter 13
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start.
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Which of the following statements is true of education as a way of changing people's behavior?
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The Food and Drug Administration's practice of requiring labels stating the fat content of prepared foods has not reduced the prevalence of obesity in the United States
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Which of the following regulations by the government have not been shown to significantly reduce the prevalence of the targeted behavior?
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Laws requiring premarital screening for venereal diseases
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Which of the following actual causes of death is least under the control of individual behavior?
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Toxic agents
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Which of the following diseases is not known to be -- in part at least -- preventable by practicing healthy behavior?
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Arthritis
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Misuse of alcohol is associated with all of the following causes of death except:
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Obesity
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Which of the following statements is not true of the "war on drugs"?
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The fact that drugs are illegal does not discourage most people from using them.
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Poor diet and inactivity contribute to all of the following causes of death except:
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Infectious diseases
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Which of the following has not been a response to the 'war on drugs'?
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Reduced rates of drug use
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Comprehensive sex education in schools is ineffective in reducing rates of adolescent pregnancy.
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False
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Laws requiring childhood vaccines have little effect on deaths from infectious diseases.
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False
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Chapter 14
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start.
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High SES is not associated with which of the following factors that affect health behavior?
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High stress
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A program that is effective in getting people to change their health-related behavior must convey all of the following messages except:
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My friends would not support these new behaviors
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Which of the following statements is not true?
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The social environment affects health in part through its effect on behavior.
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The model that describes five stages of change of health behavior (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance) is called which of the following:
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Transtheoretical model
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Poor people have higher mortality rates for all the following reasons except:
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Genetics
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Which of the following statements was not true of the San Francisco AIDS prevention program?
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It led to a permanent reduction in HIV prevalence
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The most important predictor of overall health is
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Socioeconomic status
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Which of the following factors is associated with self efficacy?
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A sense of control over one's behavior
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Which of the following statements is not true about health promotion and disease prevention programs?
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Successful programs will be equally successful for all at-risk groups
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Recent thinking about promotion of health behavior focuses on which of the following factors?
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The social environment
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Chapter 15
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start.
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All of the following individuals played a role in forcing the tobacco industry to agree to the Master Settlement Agreement except:
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R.J. Reynolds
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The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act permits all of the following actions by the FDA except:
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Ban on sale of all cigarettes
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All of the following factors have contributed to governments willingness to oppose tobacco companies except:
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Moral disapproval of smoking
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All of the following factors contributed to the tobacco industry's agreement to the Master Settlement Agreement except:
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Regulation by the FDA
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The cause of the greatest number of deaths annually in the United States is:
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Smoking-related diseases
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All of the following factors have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of smoking except:
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Tobacco companies' ads that smoking is an 'adult' choice
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Which of the following statements is not true?
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The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States has increased since the 1960s.
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Cigarette advertising on television was banned in agreement with the Federal Communications Commission.
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True
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Which of the following components of tobacco smoke keeps people addicted?
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Nicotine
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Which of the following interventions has proven most successful in reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people?
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Raising cigarette taxes
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Chapter 16
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start.
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Weight carried in the midsection is less harmful to health than extra weight in the hips.
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The Body Mass Index is a standard measure used by health professionals to determine health risks associated with obesity.
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True
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Which of the following food or drinks probably contribute the most to overweight in children?
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Soft drinks
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The figure calculated by dividing the square of a person's weight in kilograms by the height in meters is called:
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Body mass index
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Federal guidelines recommend that Americans eat more of all of the following foods except:
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Meat
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Most high school students have daily physical education classes
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Lack of physical activity raises the risk of all the following except:
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HDL
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Vigorous exercise increases the risk of a heart attack
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All of the following are examples of changing the social environment to combat obesity except:
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Making highway medians a minimum of 3 feet wide
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All of the following public health measures to increase physical activity have had success in some places except:
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Requirements that primary care doctors counsel their patients
