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Psycology chapter 6 Learning – Flashcards

Ann Ricker

7 July 2022

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two types of reinforcing consequenses are

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positive and negative

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unconditional response

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unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces response without prior learning

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observation learning is also known as

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imitation and modeling

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Bandura four components of observation learning

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attention,retention,motor reproduction and reinforcement

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punishment

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response decreases because of unpleasant consequences

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positive reinforcement

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the frequency of a behavior increases because it followed by desirable stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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the frequencey of the behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something unpleasant or undesirable

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operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

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a form of associative learning in which consequences of a behavior change the probablity of the behaviors occurance

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conditioned response

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triggered by condition stimulus

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Behaviorism

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the theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking,wishing, and hoping, and focus only on observable actions

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primary reinforcer

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examples are food,water,sexual satisfaction

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Martin Seligman/Theory of helplessness

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worked with dogs who were exposed inescapable shocks and ultimateley proposed the theory of helplesssness

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Schedule of reinforcement

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timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

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Ivan Pavlov

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orginally described classical conditioning

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Learning

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a relatively permant change in behavior that occurs thru experience

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shaping occurs

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when a dog rolls over for a milkbone

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conditioned stimulus

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involves a previous nuetral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus

question

generalization

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the tendacy of a new stimulus that is simular to the original CS (conditioned stimulus) to elicit a response to the CR (conditioned responses)

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extinction

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the weakening of the condioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

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acquisition

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the initial learning of a connection between the uncondioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired

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habituation

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individual develops a tolerance for a drug after repeated use (and needs more and more of the substance to get the same effect)

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classical conditioning

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every day when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage, his dog jonoah , hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes thru the garage door. now when jonah hears the garage door open jonah runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie

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unconditioned stimulus

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a stimuluous that produces a response without prior learning

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discrimination

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the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

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variable ratio schedule of reinforcements

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a time table in which a behavior is rewarded an average number of times but on a predictable basis (gambling)

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Skinner box

answer

produced operant conditioning by creating positive consequencses for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food

question

associative learning

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an organism makes a connection between two events

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neutral stimulus

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in classical conditioning that does not bring a respons of interest

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applied behavior analysis

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the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

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Thorndikes Law of effect

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behavior followed by pleasant outcomesare strengthened by the behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened

question

coounterconditioning

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classical condition procedure for weakning a condition response by associating the fear -provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear

question

variable interval schedule

answer

is difficult when a reward will come because it is slow and consistant

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delayed punishment

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sarah is starting to struggle in her general psycology she does not understand the material in her lectures and got behind on her homework she knows if she goes to the professor now the soloution will be much easier than if she waits and gets further behind if sarah decides to wait and see if she can catch up on her own but ended up failing her next test

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taste aversion

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special kind of classical condition involving the learned association between a taste and nausea

question

avoidance learning

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a student who receives one bad grade might thereafter always study hard to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future

question

spontanous recovery

answer

the sudden reapperance of an extinguished response

question

sympathetic nervous system

answer

plays an important role between conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine function

question

aversive conditioning

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form of treatment that consist of repeat pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasat stimulus

question

fixed ratio schedule

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a schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behavior is

question

secondary reinforcer

answer

reinforcers that are learned by association and are not inately satisfying

question

Bandura

answer

belevies that many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to modeling and NOT trial and error learning

question

identify the accurate statement in the context of operant condtioning

answer

operate conditioning is a form of associative learning

question

the time interval between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is referred to as the .

answer

contiguity

question

law of effect

answer

states that behaviors that are followed by a reward will increase in frequency, whereas behaviors that are followed by a punishment will decrease in frequency.

question

shaping

answer

Rewarding an animal for completing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

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token economy

answer

A child is given a gold star when she does well in class. At the end of the week, she can exchange the stars she has earned for treats. This is an example of a(n)

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applied behavior analysis

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Arlene goes to see a therapist to figure out why she keeps talking to her ex-boyfriend even when she finds it upsetting. The therapist attempts to identify what she finds rewarding in these interactions and integrate reinforcements for behaviors that are more healthy for Arlene. The therapist is most clearing using

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instinctive drift

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A trainer can teach an animal to engage in behaviors that are similar to those engaged in by humans. However, the animal may revert to the behaviors that are more consistent with its species. This phenomenon is known as

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latent learning

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Behavior that is learned but is not displayed until a reward is given is an example of

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Behaviorists

answer

are psychologists who focus solely on observable behaviors and discount mental activities such as thinking.

question

aversive conditioning

answer

Trent goes to a behavioral psychologist to help him quit smoking. She gives him a drug that will make him nauseous every time he ingests nicotine. Trent's psychologist is most clearing using

question

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

answer

it is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

question

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

answer

law of effect

question

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as ___

answer

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions

question

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.

answer

unconditioned response

question

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a _____.

answer

reward

question

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

answer

shaping

question

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning is a form of _____.

answer

associative learning

question

___ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as:

answer

generalization.

question

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning _____.

answer

increases the frequency of a behavior

question

An unconditioned response is a(n):

answer

unlearned reaction.

question

Matt is visibly excited to see his father when his father comes home from work every evening. Now, he is equally excited when he hears his father's car in the driveway, because he associates this with his father coming home. In this scenario, Matt's behavior can best be explained by _____.

answer

classical conditioning

question

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

answer

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

question

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n) _____.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

answer

Discrimination

question

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the _____.

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

Learning is defined as:

answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

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question

two types of reinforcing consequenses are

answer

positive and negative

question

unconditional response

answer

unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces response without prior learning

question

observation learning is also known as

answer

imitation and modeling

question

Bandura four components of observation learning

answer

attention,retention,motor reproduction and reinforcement

question

punishment

answer

response decreases because of unpleasant consequences

question

positive reinforcement

answer

the frequency of a behavior increases because it followed by desirable stimulus

question

negative reinforcement

answer

the frequencey of the behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something unpleasant or undesirable

question

operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

answer

a form of associative learning in which consequences of a behavior change the probablity of the behaviors occurance

question

conditioned response

answer

triggered by condition stimulus

question

Behaviorism

answer

the theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking,wishing, and hoping, and focus only on observable actions

question

primary reinforcer

answer

examples are food,water,sexual satisfaction

question

Martin Seligman/Theory of helplessness

answer

worked with dogs who were exposed inescapable shocks and ultimateley proposed the theory of helplesssness

question

Schedule of reinforcement

answer

timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

question

Ivan Pavlov

answer

orginally described classical conditioning

question

Learning

answer

a relatively permant change in behavior that occurs thru experience

question

shaping occurs

answer

when a dog rolls over for a milkbone

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

involves a previous nuetral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus

question

generalization

answer

the tendacy of a new stimulus that is simular to the original CS (conditioned stimulus) to elicit a response to the CR (conditioned responses)

question

extinction

answer

the weakening of the condioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

question

acquisition

answer

the initial learning of a connection between the uncondioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimulus are paired

question

habituation

answer

individual develops a tolerance for a drug after repeated use (and needs more and more of the substance to get the same effect)

question

classical conditioning

answer

question

unconditioned stimulus

answer

a stimuluous that produces a response without prior learning

question

discrimination

answer

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

question

variable ratio schedule of reinforcements

answer

a time table in which a behavior is rewarded an average number of times but on a predictable basis (gambling)

question

Skinner box

answer

produced operant conditioning by creating positive consequencses for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food

question

associative learning

answer

an organism makes a connection between two events

question

neutral stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning that does not bring a respons of interest

question

applied behavior analysis

answer

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

question

Thorndikes Law of effect

answer

behavior followed by pleasant outcomesare strengthened by the behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened

question

coounterconditioning

answer

classical condition procedure for weakning a condition response by associating the fear -provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear

question

variable interval schedule

answer

is difficult when a reward will come because it is slow and consistant

question

delayed punishment

answer

question

taste aversion

answer

special kind of classical condition involving the learned association between a taste and nausea

question

avoidance learning

answer

a student who receives one bad grade might thereafter always study hard to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future

question

spontanous recovery

answer

the sudden reapperance of an extinguished response

question

sympathetic nervous system

answer

plays an important role between conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine function

question

aversive conditioning

answer

form of treatment that consist of repeat pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasat stimulus

question

fixed ratio schedule

answer

a schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behavior is

question

secondary reinforcer

answer

reinforcers that are learned by association and are not inately satisfying

question

Bandura

answer

belevies that many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to modeling and NOT trial and error learning

question

identify the accurate statement in the context of operant condtioning

answer

operate conditioning is a form of associative learning

question

the time interval between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is referred to as the .

answer

contiguity

question

law of effect

answer

states that behaviors that are followed by a reward will increase in frequency, whereas behaviors that are followed by a punishment will decrease in frequency.

question

shaping

answer

Rewarding an animal for completing behaviors that are closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

question

token economy

answer

A child is given a gold star when she does well in class. At the end of the week, she can exchange the stars she has earned for treats. This is an example of a(n)

question

applied behavior analysis

answer

question

instinctive drift

answer

question

latent learning

answer

Behavior that is learned but is not displayed until a reward is given is an example of

question

Behaviorists

answer

are psychologists who focus solely on observable behaviors and discount mental activities such as thinking.

question

aversive conditioning

answer

Trent goes to a behavioral psychologist to help him quit smoking. She gives him a drug that will make him nauseous every time he ingests nicotine. Trent's psychologist is most clearing using

question

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

answer

it is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

question

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

answer

law of effect

question

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as ___

answer

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions

question

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.

answer

unconditioned response

question

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a _____.

answer

reward

question

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

answer

shaping

question

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning is a form of _____.

answer

associative learning

question

___ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as:

answer

generalization.

question

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning _____.

answer

increases the frequency of a behavior

question

An unconditioned response is a(n):

answer

unlearned reaction.

question

answer

classical conditioning

question

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

answer

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

question

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n) _____.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

answer

Discrimination

question

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

Learning is defined as:

answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Psycology chapter 6 Learning – Flashcards

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