Psychology Unit 3 Review – Flashcards
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Kelley is scolded each time she teases her little brother. Her mother notices that the frequency of teasing has decreased. Scolding Kelley is an effective
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positive punisher
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Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used _____ schedule first and then _____ schedule to train Buster
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a continuous reinforcement schedule; a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
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Four-month-old Baby Nimo quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Baby Nimo whenever he cries
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is a positive reinforcer for crying.
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Larry is sent to his room each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being sent to his room, Larry's misbehavior towards his little brother decreases. Sending Larry to his room is an example of
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negative punishment.
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The behavioral approach to learning defines learning in terms of
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change
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Anticipating a scary event whenever eerie music is played in a movie is a function of
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associative learning
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In _____ situations, organisms learn the association between two stimuli. In _____situations, organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
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classical conditioning; operant conditioning
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Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)
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CS
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Signal tracking research on sniffer dogs is an example of
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classical conditioning
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Exposure to _______ promotes learning in a variety of contexts, understanding of different attitudes and beliefs, and a global skill that employers are looking for in college graduates.
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models
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Because research on learning styles is popular, there are only three main categories: visual, auditory, and kinetic.
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false
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neutral stimulus
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an object that is considered meaningless with no signal value until connected with an object that elicits a reflexive response
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According to research, one effect of classical conditioning on your physical health is
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immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease.
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According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which three systems?
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Sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory
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You tell your friends about the great time you had at a famous vacation amusement park. Most of the information that you have forgotten about this experience was most likely processed in your
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sensory memory
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You are engrossed in your favorite TV show in the living room. Your roommate yells for you to quickly bring a flyswatter to the kitchen. Vaguely aware that a request is being made of you, you ask your roommate to repeat herself. Before she can reply, however, the words, "bring a flyswatter to the kitchen," play through your mind. This is an example o
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echoic memory
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The sensory memory for which of the following have been studied least?
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smell
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Imagine that you were a participant in Sperling's classic study on iconic memory. Why aren't you able to identify all the letters presented on the screen?
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They are presented too briefly for you to identify them
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Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a_____ duration.
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lower;longer
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George Miller's classic paper on the "magical" seven plus or minus two phenomenon refers to a person's
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memory span
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Chunking involves
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elaborative encoding of information.
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After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, you are able to recite back to her all seven digits in perfect order. This feat is made possible by your
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memory span
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Which of the following best describes the difference between the classical model of concepts and the prototype model?
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describes the difference between the classical model of concepts and the prototype model?
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In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems
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are vague and ill-defined.
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Problem solving in the real world often involves seeing and defining problems in situations that most others
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dont see as a problem
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Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle. Although he has never built a shed, he decides to build one and buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans. In this situation, Jim is using a(n)
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heuristic.
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Sam manages a fast-food restaurant. He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before they are supposed to start their shift. Given that Sam recognizes this problem, what should he do next?
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Sam should define the problem in detail
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Shantae is a sales representative and uses MapQuest to get driving directions to her clients' offices. Shantae is using a(n) _____ to get to her destinations.
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algorithm
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An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to
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work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort.
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criteria of good intelligence tests?
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validity, reliability, standardization
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Ivan is known for his ability to think about things and problems in novel and usual ways which often lead him to identify some unconventional ways to solving problems. We are speaking about Ivan's
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creativity
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Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to the theory of encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he
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deeply processed
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Roger has just finished reading about Paivio's dual-code hypothesis in his psychology class. He decides to use Paivio's method when he studies for his French vocabulary test. This means that Roger will
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visualize
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Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a sensory memory being sent to short term memory?
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practice
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What type of intelligence would likely be strongest for an architect who designs skyscrapers?
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spacial
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Multiple-intelligences approaches have caused teachers to think differently about their students' learning styles. Identify which statement summarizes this effect.
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Because of various learning competencies, teachers have begun to assess learning by evaluating student portfolios.
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Validity
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refers to the extent a test measures what it is intended to measure.
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reliability
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refers to the extent a test produces consistent, reproducible results
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behaviorism
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a theory of learning that focuses solely on oberservable behavior, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping
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associative learning
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learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or association, between two events
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conditioning
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the process of learning these associations
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what are the two different types of conditioning
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classical and operant
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classical conditioning
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organisms learn the association between two stimuli- organisms learn to anticipate; learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaninglessly stimulus and aquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
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operant conditioning
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organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward- as a result, organisms learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards and to decrease behaviors that are followed by punishment
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observational learning
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learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior
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why is observational learning different than associative learning?
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it relies on mental processes; learner has to pay attention, remember, reproduce what a model does
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning (food in Pavlov's experiment)
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conditioned stimulus
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a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (bell ringing)
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unconditioned response
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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus(salivating)
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conditioned response
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the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus pairing(salivating at bell)
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aquisition
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the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
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generalization
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the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
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discrimination
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the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
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aversive conditioning
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a form of classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
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what kind of stimulus is a pill or a syringe in the placebo effect
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a conditioned stimulus
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law of effect
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Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
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reinforcement
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the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
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positive reinforcement
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the process by which a stimulus or event following a behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again- addition of something pleasant
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negative reinforcement
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior- the removal of something unpleasant
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give an example of positive reinforcement
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you turn in your homework on time and your teacher praises you
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give an example of negative reinforcement
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your dad nagging you to clean out the garage until you do it, your response (cleaning out the garage) removed the unpleasant stimulus
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primary reinforcer
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a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable
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generalization (in operant conditioned)
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performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
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continuous reinforcement
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a behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs
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partial reinforcement
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a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of a time
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ratio schedules
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involves the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward
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interval schedules
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the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded
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variable ratio schedule
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a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis (casinos)
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variable interval schedule
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a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed (random drug testing)
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positive punishment
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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give an example of a positive punishment
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you don't replace the tires on the family car when your parents ask you to----your parent is angry at you for not replacing the tires------you stop dwadling and replace the tires to avoid your parent's anger
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negative punishment
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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give an example of a negative punishment
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your younger sister comes home two hours after curfew----your sister is grounded for two weeks---your sister doesn't come home late the next time she's allowed to go out with friends
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what four processes are involved in observational learning
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attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
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latent learning/implicit learning
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unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
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encoding
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the first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage
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elaboration
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the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding
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sensory memory
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memory system that involves holding info from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
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short term memory
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limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 secs
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working memory
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a combination of components, including short term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold info temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles info to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving
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What two key terms are associated together during the acquisition stage of conditioning in order to change behaviour?
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NS + UCS
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Any stimulus which consistently produces a particular, naturally occuring, automatic response is known as the
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unconditioned stimulus
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In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was
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meat
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In Watson's Baby Albert experiment, the unconditioned response was
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crying
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The simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two of more different stimuli
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classical conditioning
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The UCS is neutral before the classical conditioning process begins
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false
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The UCR in Pavlov's experiment is the meat powder
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false
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Hitting the brakes on your bike or car as soon as you see the brake lights iluminate on a car immediately in front of you, demonstrates a conditioned reflex.
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true
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Olivia was opening a can of tuna, when she cut herself on the sharp edges of the tin. Her hand began to bleed. Olivia now refuses to open any tin cans and gives it to her father to do it. match cut, pain, tuna can, and refusal to UCS, UCR,CS,CR,NS
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UCS cut UCR pain NS tuna can CS tuna can CR refusal
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analytical intelligence
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the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms; analytical, creative, and practical
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functional fixedness
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failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions
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fixation
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using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh perspetive
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reasoning
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the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to search for and use information that supports one's ideas rather than refute them
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to report falsely, after that one has accurately predicted an outcome
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anterograde amnesia
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a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
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retrograde amnesia
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memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
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decay theory
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theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; the passage of time always leads to forgetting
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interference theory
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the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
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proactive interference
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situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
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retroactive interference
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material learned later disrupts the retrieval of new information learned earlier
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spontaneous recovery
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the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after time dely, without further conditioning
