Flashcards About Psychology UNIT 3
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Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of _________.
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Chunking
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The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math, you should be _________ when taking the math exam to do well.
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happy
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Short-term memories appear to be localized in the _________.
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prefrontal lobes
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Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?
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The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.
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_________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.
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The hippocampus
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Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.
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Correct receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage
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Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the _________.
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parallel distributed processing model of memory
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What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?
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constructive processing
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Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as _________.
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Constructive processing
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When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the _________.
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Primacy effect
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Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as _________ rehearsal.
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maintenance
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The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.
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a filing cabinet
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You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do?
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"Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said."
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Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates _________.
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proactive interference
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.
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The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _________.
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the biology classroom
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Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of _________.
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encoding specificity
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Declarative memories are to _________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to _________ memories.
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explicit; implicit
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Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?
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information-processing model
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Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against _________.
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George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
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Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia?
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Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.
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Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that _________.
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studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing
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According to the semantic network model, it would take less time to answer "true" to which sentence?
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"A salmon is a fish."
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Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?
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They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory.
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The case of Father Bernard Pagano, who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal, was an instance of a _________.
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False positive
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Which type of love is defined as commitment only?
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empty love
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Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?
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Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.
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Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church's Sunday services, even though he is still learning how to play the piano. He plays a well-learned, simple piece. Happily, he performs very well in front of his congregation. Marco's behavior illustrates ________.
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social facilitation
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There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ____________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues.
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realistic conflict
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Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient?
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No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.
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"Mommy, mommy, mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted.
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door-in-the-face
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What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation?
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fundamental attribution error
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Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive?
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an attractive person who is an expert
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According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?
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person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it
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Attitudes are __________________.
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learned
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Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?
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You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.
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Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____.
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the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
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"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming?
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No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.
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Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?
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A dominant woman marries a submissive man.
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The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.
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judging line sizes
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In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is ___________.
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arousal
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Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.
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foot-in-the-door
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What is the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as?
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first impression
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Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________.
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learning
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Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.
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one-third
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The issue of racial profiling has been a controversial topic in the United States for many years, and it was particularly widespread after the events of September 11, 2001. When an individual engages in profiling and assumes that one person must possess certain qualities because of their race or ethnicity, (s)he is engaging in _____________.
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stereotyping
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Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________.
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a stereotype
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Herbie and Irene have been married for almost 55 years. Through it all they have remained committed to each other and have been as close as two people can be. Over the years, the passion has waned but they still stayed together. Sternberg would call this type of love ________________.
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companionate
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Kwan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today, but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker. If he decides to continue exercising, what concept might explain his actions?
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social facilitation
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Which of the following statements about persuasion is correct?
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People who are perceived as trustworthy are more persuasive.
