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According to Freud,we block from consciousness unacceptable or unbearable painful thoughts, wishes,feelings, and memories. The blocked material surfaces in diguised forms-for example, in physical systems, dreams, or slips of the tongue. This unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts is

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repression

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According to Freud's view of personality stucture, the "executive" system the _________,

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ego

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seeks to gratify the impulses of the__________ in more acceptables ways.

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id

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Freud proposed that children incoporate parental values though a process called identification. Closely associated with this process is the development of the "voice of conscience," the part of the personality that internalizes ideals and that Freud called the

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superego

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According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, such as the oral,anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolvedat any of these stages may lead to

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fixation in that stage

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Freud identified many defense mechanisms, including regression (coping with anxiety by retreating to an earlier developmental stage) and projection (disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others). All defense mechanisms distort or disguise reality, and all are

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unconscious

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Psychodynamic theorists and therapists tend to reject Freud's view that sex is the basis of personality. But they would agree with Freud about

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the existance of unconscious mental processes

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Sigmund Freud viewed the uncoscious as a reservoir of repressed and mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes,feelings, and memories. Which of the following is not part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?

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Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

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Projective tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it. One well-known projective test, which uses inkblots as stimuli, was created by

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Hermann Rorshach

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In general, neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler and Karen Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis on

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social interactions

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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we first satisfy basic physiological and psychological needs and then we become motivated to fulfill our potential through self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on

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his study of healthy,creative people

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According to Carl Rogers, a growth-promoting environment is one that offers genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. The total acceptance Rogers advocated is called

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unconditional positive regard

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the humanistic perspective, which focused on the potential for human growth and self-fulfillment, has influenced counseling, education, child-rearing, and popular psychology.The humanistic perspective has been so well received because

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its emphasis on the dividual self reflects and reforces Western cultural values

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Trait theory describes personality in terms of characteristic behaviors, or traits,such as agreeableness or extraversion. A pioneering trait theorist was

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Gordon Allport

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Trait theorists assess personality by developing a profile of a person's traits. For example, they administer personality inventories-long questionnaires that ask people to report their characteristic feelings and behavoirs. The most widely used of all personality inventories is the

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mmpi (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

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Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck defined personality in terms of two primary factures--extraversian-introversion and stability-instability. Most reseachers today believe that the Eysenck dimensions are too limiting and prefer the so-called Big Five personality factures. Which of the following is not one of the big five?

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Anxiety

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People's scores on personality tests are only mildly predictive of their behavoir. Such tests best predict

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a person's average behavoir across many situations

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Albert Bandura, a social-cognitive theorist, believes that interacting with our enviroment involves reciprocal determinism, or mutual influences among personal factors, and behavoir. An example of an environmental factor is

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the presence of books in a home

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When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience

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an internal locus of control

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Working with animals and people, Martin Seligman studied an attitude of passive resignation,which he called learned helplessness. He found, for example, that a dog will resond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had

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no control over the shocks

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A goal of many personality theories is to be able to predict a person's behavoir in a particular situation. ___________ theory is very sensitive to the way people affect, and are affected by, particular situations, but it says little about enduring traits.

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social-cognitive

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Psychologist Thomas Gilovich demonstrated the spotlight effect by having students wear Barry Manilow T-shirts into a room where other sudents were gathered. The spotlight effect is our tendency to

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overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders

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Researchers have found that high self-esteem is beneficial (people who feel good about themselves have fewer sleepless nights, for example and are less likely to use drugs). low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems.How should this link between low-esteem and life problems be interpreted?

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The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect

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Research indicates that people tend to accept responsibility for their successes or good qualities and blame circumstances or luck for their failures. This is an example of

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self-serving bias

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Although some psychological disorders are culture-bound, others are universal. For example, in every known culture some people have

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schizophrenia

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A physician may wash her hands 100 times a day, and few people would think her behavoir was disordered. But if a lawyer washes his hands 100 times a day for no apparent reason and has no time left to meet with his clients, the hand washing will probable be labeled disordered because it is, among other things,

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distressing and dysfunctional

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Some therapists adhere to the idea that psychological disorders are sicknesses and that people with these disorders should be referred to hospitals, where they can be treated as patients. This approach is called the

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medical model

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Many psychologists reject the "disoders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may be involved-for example, a growth-blocking difficulty in the person's enviroment or the person's bad habits and poor social skills. Psychologists who take this approach to psychological disoders are said to be advocates of the_____________ approach.

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biopsychosocial

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The American Psychiatric Association's system of classifying psychological disorders is found in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diorders (Fourth Edition,Revised), or DSM-IV-TR. One study found that psychologists using DSM-IV agreed on a diagnosis for more than 80% of patients. The DSM-IV 's reliability stems in part from its reliance on

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stuctured-interview procedure

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When anxiety is so distressing, uncontrollable, or persistent that it results in maladaptive behavoir, the person is said to have an anxiety disorder. If that anxiety takes the form of an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, the disorder is called

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a phobia

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The experience of anxiety often involves phsical symptoms, such as trembling,dizziness,chest pains,or choking sensations. An episode of intense dread, typically accompanied by such symptoms and by feelings of terror,is called

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a panic attack

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Marina's mother never had to remind her to clean her room. When Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activeties, her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Rats subjected to unpredictable shocks in the laboratory become chronically anxious. To the learning researcher this suggests that anxiety is a response to

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fear conditioning

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Psychologists have different ideas about the causes of phobias. Some stress the importance of biological predispositions,noting that we seem predisposed to fear certain stimuli. But psychologists of the learning perspective porpose that phobias are

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conditioned fears

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Dissociative identity disorder is relatively rare. This disorder is controversial because

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it is almost never reported outside North America

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Unlike other psychological disorders, personality disorders need not involve any appearent depression or loss of contact with reality. A personality disoder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by

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enduring and maladaptive personality traits

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The disorder that is so common it has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders is

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depression

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A person with bipolar disorder may alternate between the lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Although bipolar disorder is as maladaptive as depression, it is much less common and it affects

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women and men equally

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Depression affects many people,often following a stessful event, such as divorce or job change. In a depressive episode, a person tends to be inactive and unmotivated and overly sensitive to negative happening. The rate of depression is

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increasing among young people

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Depression tends to run in families. It can often be alleviated by drugs that block the reuptake of neurotransmitters,such as

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norepinephrine and serotonin

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Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the _____________ perspective

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social-cognitive

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Schizophrenia is actually a cluster of disorders characterized by positive or negative symptoms is most likely to experience

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delusion

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People with schizophrenia may speak illogically and hear voices urging self-destruction. Hearing voices in the absence of any auditory stimulation is an example of a(n)

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hallucination

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Stressful events and inherited abnormalities in brain chemistry and stucture are possible factors in the development of Schizophrenia. Chances for recovery are best when

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onset is sudden, in responce to stress

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Researchers note that 1 in 7 American adults are currently experiencing a psychiatric disorder. One predictor that crosses ethnic and gender lines and is closely correlated with serious psychological disorder is

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poverty

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According to psychoanalytic theory, a patient's emotional relationship with the therapist mirrors other important relationships in the patient's life-for example, an early relationship with a parent. Developing strong feelings for the analyst is an important part of the psychoanalytic process and is called

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transference

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Humanistic therapists focus on present experience-on becoming aware of feelings as they arise and taking responsibility for them. Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize

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self-fulfillment and growth

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All of the psychological therapies involve verbal interactions between a trained professional and a person with a problem. A therapist who encourages people to relate their dreams and searches for the unconscious roots of their problems is drawing fro

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psychoanalysis

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Especially important to Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy is the technique of active listening. The therapist who practices active listening

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directly challenges the client's self-perceptions

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Behavior therapists apply learning principles to the treatment of problems such as phobias and alcoholism. In such treatment, the goal is to

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eliminate the unwanted behavior

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Behavior therapists often use counterconditioning to produce new responses to old stimuli. Two counterconditioning techniques are systematic desensitization and

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aversive conditioning

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The technique of systematic desensitization teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli. Systematic desensitization has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of

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phobias

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In token economies, people who display a desired behavior or take a step in the right direction earn tokens, which they can later exchange for other rewards. Token economies are an application of

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operant conditioning

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Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy teaches people to stop attributing failures to personal inadequacy, and sucess to external circumstances. This form of cognitive therapy has been shown to be especially effective in treating

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depression

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Psychotherapy is in large part an individual process, although most therapies may occur in therapist-led small groups. The social context of this group therapy tells people that others have problems similar to theirs and allows them to act out alternative behaviors. In family therapy,the therapist assumes that

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each person's actions trigger reactions from other family members

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The question" is psychotherapy effective?" has been the subject of hundreds of scientific studies and innumerable personal accounts. The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of psychotherapy comes from

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reports of clinicians and clients

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On average, troubled people who undergo therapy are more likely to improve than those who do not, and therapy tends to be most effective when the problem is clear-cut and specific. Studies show that _______ therapy is most effective overall

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no one type of

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People's belief that a treatment will help them is often sufficient to cause some improvement. Improved morale and diminished symptoms in responce to a neutral treatment, such as an inert pill, is an example of a(n)

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placebo effect

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Those who offer or receive alternative therapies usually feel that testimonials are enough evidence of the success of the therapy. One alternative therapy that has passed the test of critical evaluation is

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light exposure therapy

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Antipsychotic drugs, used to calm schizophrenia patients, often bring relief from auditory hallucinations and other troubling symptoms. However, some of them can have unpleasent side effects, most notably

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sluggishness, tremors, and twitches

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Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous sytems activity, are often used as ongoing treatment and can lead to dependency. These drugs are referred to as __________ drugs

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antianxiety

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and lobotomy(a type of psychosurgery) are biomedical treatments. Lobotomy, once used to treat uncontrollably violent patients is no longer an accepted treatment.(ECT), however, remains in use as a treatment for

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servere depression

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One substance that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar diorder is

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lithium

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Poverty, unemployment,racism,and sexism are conditions that put people at high risk for developing psycholoical disorders. An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate such conditions befor they cause disorders is

answer

preventive mental health

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