Psychology Practice Final – Flashcards
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This disorder is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavior patterns
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Personality Disorder
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The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Deindividuation
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way of knowing: something is considered true because of tradition or because some person of distinction says it is true
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Tradition/Authority
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way of knowing: uses reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge, assuming premises are sound & reasoning is sound, then conclusions will yield truth
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Rationalism/Reasoning
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way of knowing: sudden insight, clarifying idea that springs into consciousness all at once as a whole. Not arrived by reason. Mysterious process, always a feeling/sense
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Intuition
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way of knowing: based on what we have actually seen happen and know is true (used in psychology)
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Empiricism
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makes broad generalizations from specific observations
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Inductive reasoning
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starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion
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Deductive reasoning
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A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.
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episodic memory
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What does it mean to say that intelligence is a theoretical construct?
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Intelligence is not a thing that can be observed; it is inferred from observable differences in behavior.
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memory bias, when people mix up details of their own memories
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source monitoring confusion
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The average length of a this degree program is 6 to 7 years. Psychologists with this degree most often pursue careers in academia or practice. The emphasis of this degree is on research and theory.
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Ph.D.
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Its focus tends to be more clinically-oriented than the traditional Ph.D. The average length of a this degree program is 5 to 6 years. Most psychologists with this degree pursue careers in practice, although some also enter into research and academia.
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Psy.D.
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This program ranges in length from 2 to 3 years. Students studying for this degree are trained in psychotherapy and social work techniques and background. Most students go on into careers as social workers and general psychotherapists. Family therapists also often have this degree.
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M.S.W.
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People who get this degree start out as regular doctors, traditionally with 4 years of medical school after college. People with this degree become psychiatrists and mostly prescribe medicine. Psychiatrists sometimes still practice some type of psychotherapy, especially if they're in a private practice.
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M.D.
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variables whose effect on the response variable can't be distinguished (we've acknowledged them; they're visible to us, but we are not able to recognize the effect)
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confounded variables
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What is the greatest advantage of descriptive research?
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the ability to explore questions that cannot be examined using experimental procedures
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Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
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transduction
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the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time ex. if you can just barely hear a sound
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absolute threshold
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the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we notice the change. Ex. you are watching Family Guy and your parents are singing Backstreet Boys in the next room. You grab the controller and raise the volume one bar, but you still can't hear Peter Griffin and his witty anti-Semitic rhetoric.
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just noticeable difference
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The more intense the stimulus, the more it will need to change before we notice the difference. Ex. If you are lifting ten pounds, you only need a little more weight added on to notice the difference (1 pound to be exact). But if you were lifting 100 pounds, you will need more weight to notice the difference (10 pounds).
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Weber's Law
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The voltage of -60 millivolts is known as the neuron's
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resting potential
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the appetitive and defensive motive systems in the brain are regulated by what system?
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impulse control system
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What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?
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personality and decision making
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symptoms of schizophrenia that are in addition to normal experiences and that people without schizophrenia will rarely experience. Basically, positive symptoms are things that you have, but really DO NOT WANT.
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Positive Symptoms
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What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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-Delusions (false beliefs) -Hallucinations -Inappropriate reactions
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What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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-Flat effect: showing no emotion whatsoever. -Catatonia: showing no movements, or just odd movements
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This mental illness is characterized by bouts of depression (discussed above) alternating with bouts of mania (an energetic feeling of confidence and power). In many cases, the manic periods are more dangerous than the depressive ones because, during mania, the person exhibits extremely risky behavior.
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Bipolar Disorder
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A form of therapy where you just lay down, not facing the therapist, and ramble on and on- for hours- then weeks and months (with breaks of course) eventually burps of your unconscious would begin to surface. The filter keeps your unconscious repressed. Freud attempted to remove that filter by having the patient just talk about whatever pops up in their head- he would take notes and they would discuss the highlights later in therapy.
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Free Association
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A form of anxiety characterized by an intense, irrational fear. The key here is irrational. If a man sticks a gun in your face- you will be afraid of the gun- that is a rational fear. But if you are hanging out in the library and fear that every person will stick a gun in your face, that is not as rational.
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Phobia
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A form of anxiety characterized by sudden and acute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation. People that suffer from this tend to get nervous about experiencing panic attacks in public which causes more panic attacks.
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Panic Disorder
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Psychologist Benjamin Whorf came up with an interesting concept that challenges the status quo and states that language may control the way we think, not vice versa. He theorized that the limitations on the grammar and vocabulary in our language may create limitations on how we see the world. For example, the Hopi Indian tribe in North America had very few words in their language for past tense. Thus, because their language did not address past tense, the Hopi Indians seldom ever thought about the past.
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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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When does the discriminative stimulus occur?
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before the behavior occurs
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A phenomenon where people decide what to do by looking at others.
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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the tendency to favor ones own group
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In-group Bias
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Located in the left frontal lobe, this area controls the muscles in our mouth involved in speech. If you damage this area of the brain you will be unable to talk.
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Broca's Area
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An easy way to think about this part of the brain is "all nerve encased in bone". In the case of humans, that includes just the brain and spinal cord.
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Central Nervous System
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This part of the brain consists of all the nerves that are not encased in bone. This system is divided into two categories, the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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controls all of our voluntary muscle movements. Everything from choosing to kick a ball to scratching an itch.
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Somatic Nervous System
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controls all of the automatic functions of our body. Our heart rate, lungs, internal organs, etc... Let's say you eat a Hostess Cream filled cupcake. The cupcake goes into your stomach. Do you think about squirting stomach acid on the food? No! Do you turn the food into glucose and fat your body can use? No! Do you turn the leftover food into poop? No! Although it would be really cool if we could control that. All of these things happen automatically in our bodies. Now to make things even more complicated, this system is broken down into two more nervous systems; the sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Whenever our body feels stress, this system automatically does some things to attempt to make things better. It will speed up your heart rate, dilate your pupils, move a lot of blood into your arms and legs and away from your stomach and genitals. Why does your body do this? It thinks that when you are stressed, there is a good chance you might die, so it gets ready to fight or run; you may have heard this called the fight or flight response.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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This part of the autonomic nervous system relaxes us. Think of this system as what happens to you after a big Thanksgiving dinner. You are tired, your pupils constrict, the blood hangs out in your stomach and genitals- life is good.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Schedule of reinforcement that provides the reinforcement after a set number of responses. So I give my wife a massage for every pound that she loses.
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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Schedule of reinforcement that provides the reinforcement after a random number of responses. So I give my wife a massage after 1 pound, then maybe 3, then I might wait for 6 pounds, then go back to one pound. Here acquisition takes longer to set in, but it is also more resistant to extinction.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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Schedule of reinforcement where a fixed amount of time passes before the reinforcement is given. So I give my wife a massage for every 24 hours she stays on her diet.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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Schedule of reinforcement where a random amount of time passes before the reinforcement is given. So I give my wife a massage after 24 hours and then 10 hours of dieting and then 5 and then 48 etc...
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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Stage of development: (birth to 2)- Babies explore the world strictly through their senses. You learn and develop schemas by senses the world through sight, hearing, touch, smell and most importantly taste. Also during this stage babies do not have what Piaget called object permanence: the realization that objects continue to exist even when you cannot see them.
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Stage of development: (2-7)- Here babies start using symbols to represent real-world objects. The most important development in this stage is speech. During this stage children are egocentric, which means they think the world was created solely for them- and when they sleep the world sleeps too. Children do NOT yet understand the concepts of conservation at this stage (that is that objects remain the same even when their shapes change).
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Preoperational Stage
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Stage of development: (8-12) Here they understand the laws of conservation. In this stage the child begins to look at the world more logically and can piece together logic statement- God is love, love is blind, Stevie Wonder is blind thus....Stevie Wonder must be god (not really but you get the point). The child cannot yet think about abstract concepts such as parallel lines, god or calculus.
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Concrete Operational Stage
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Stage of development: (12-adulthood) Piaget said that not all of us reach this stage. This is where we can manipulate objects in our minds that we have never actually seen. Also, at this stage, we can learn to think about the way we think, called metacognition.
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Formal Operational Stage
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this theory is actually quite simple. It says that we have three types of cones in our retina. We have cones that detect red, blue, and green and from a combination of those three colors, we can see almost everything.
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Trichromatic theory
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this theory states we have three types of receptor cones and they each handle a pair of colors (red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white). If one sensor/color is firing, it slows the other from firing. The theory does a good job at explaining afterimages. Your cones, after firing red for awhile, will rest and fire the opposite green, when not being stimulated. It also explains color blindness well. Most people that have trouble seeing colors usually cannot see either tints of red/green or blue/yellow.
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Opponent-Process Theory
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How many types of intelligence are there according to Gardner?
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8
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Part of the occipital lobes that helps us interpret the information sent to us by our eyes (more specifically the retinas located in the back of our eyes
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Primary visual cortex
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located in our left temporal lobe and is responsible for interpreting BOTH written and spoken speech. You use this area both to read and to listen. If you damaged this area you would be unable to understand what you were reading or hearing.
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Wernicke's area
