psychology midterm 1-6 – Flashcards
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You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly. Clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat's behavior illustrates: Adaptation Habituation Conditioning Maturation
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habituation
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_________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. Thorndike Skinner Pavlov Watson
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Pavlov
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____________ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Reflexive Unconditioned Neutral Normative
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neutral
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In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related? They are not related; they are completely different stimuli They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus
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the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus
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Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins: Just before the unconditioned stimulus begins At exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus begins Long before the unconditioned stimulus begins Immediately after the unconditioned stimulus begins
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just before the unconditioned stimulus begins
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____________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. Extinction Habituation Adaptation Deconditioning
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extinction
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_________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response Stimulus location Stimulus generalization Stimulus reflexive Stimulus discrimination
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stimulus generalization
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Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test. She also squirms when she views injections on television. This illustrates: Observational learning Stimulus generalization Spontaneous recovery Stimulus discrimination
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stimulus generalization
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Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination? They are unrelated They are opposites They are the same thing Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization
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they are opposites
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Stimulus _______ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli. Control Discrimination Generalization Diffusion
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discrimination
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________________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational conditioning Instrumental conditioning
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operant conditioning
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"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of: Consequences Reward Effect Reinforcement
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effect
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The process by which stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: Habituation Reinforcement Learning Spontaneous recovery
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reinforcement
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Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _________ reinforcers. Primary Positive Unconditioned Reflexive
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primary
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? Food Sex Money Relief
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money
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The term reward is synonymous with: Positive reinforcement only Reinforcement generally Negative reinforcement only Primary reinforcement only
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positive reinforcement only
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Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus: diffusion discrimination generalization control
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generalization
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Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) _______ memory. semantic explicit procedural nondeclarative
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semantic
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Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a (n) ________ memory. episodic declarative procedural semantic
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procedural
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On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are analogous to the information held in: long-term memory working memory sensory memory procedural memory
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working memory
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Why is it so difficult to retrieve information from long-term memory? the capacity of long-term memory is limited the duration of long-term memories is limited there is so much information being stored in long-term memory the material that makes its way to long-term memory is temporary
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there is so much information being stored in long-term memory
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A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a __________. retrieval cue flashbulb memory conservation chunking
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retrieval cue
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The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of ___________ memory. sensory short-term long-term declarative
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short-term
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the distinction between long- and short-term memory is somewhat artificial. has failed to gain empirical support in memory research. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage. is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory
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is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.
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the primary effect refers to the fact that the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list items presented later in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier those items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest
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items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list
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the recency effect refers to the fact that: items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list the first several items on a list are remembered better than the items in the middle of the list rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items the most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered
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items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list
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_______ memory is defined as a set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information declarative semantic long-term working
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working memory
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which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity
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stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity
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which of the following refers to declarative memory memory for habits memory for skills memory for how to do things memory for names
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memory for names
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almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question, but nor being quite able to say it. This is called the tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon, and is a failure of retention storage retrieval trace consolidation
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retrieval
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"I know it? It's um...um...It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ effect tip-of-the-tongue flashbulb memory motivated forgetting retrograde interference
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tip-of-the-tongue
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You examine the schedule for your favorite football team. The team plays sixteen games each season. Later you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do. Chances are you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This is an example of the _____ effect list consolidation primacy depth-of-processing
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primacy
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An "oldie" playing on the radio may remind you of events that occurred when the song was current. The song is acting as a(n): retrieval cue mnemonic flashbulb schema
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retrieval cue
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Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test. He rereads the questions, scans the options beneath the questions, and glances at other questions on the test. Most likely, Chad is looking for mnemonics flashbulb memories retrieval cues a miracle
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retrieval cues
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Three year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book. She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store. Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits? rehearsal recognition consolidation recall
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recognition
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the process by which we encode, store, and retrive information is known as perception memory rehearsal cognition
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memory
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when answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "which costume did you wear last halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of encoding potentiation retrieval storage
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retrieval
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material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful. this process is known as potentiation retrieval encoding storage
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retrieval
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_________ memory refers th the initial momentary storage of information lasting only an instant working long-term sensory short-term
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sensory
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The study of sensory memory is associated with elizaneth loftus george miller george sperling hermann ebbinghaus
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george sperling
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in the late 1950s and ealry 1960s, psychologist george sperling conducted key studies of sensory memory short-term memory semantic memory long-term memory
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sensory memory
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grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed chunking clumping consolidation compacting
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chunking
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We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process? information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory information lasts only 5-6 seconds in short-term memory information can only last a minute or so in short-term memory short-term memory can only hold one or two chucks of information
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information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory
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rehearsal refers to the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory repetition of information that has entered short-term memory memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past
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repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
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rehearsal serves to refresh sensory memory keep information in sensory transfer information to long-term memory retrieve specific information exclusively
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transfer information to long-term memory
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the conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _________ rehearsal primary elaborative rote maintenance
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elaborative
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our ability to recall an item frm a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is the __________ effect serial position list memory cereal position item order
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serial position
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When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college, chances are you will recall your last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? chucking primary effect recency effect memory consolidation
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recency effect
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Which of the following forms of memory refers to memory for skills and habits declarative memory semantic memory episodic memory procedural memory
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procedural memory
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_________ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts episodic semantic nondeclarative procedural
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semantic
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The hippocampus is located in the _____________ lobe frontal parietal temporal occipital
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temporal
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Mickey us about to take his psychology final. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to Mickey asks him to name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables. Mickey is experiencing repression simple decay retrograde amnesia tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufactoring plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using? rehearsal recognition consolidation recall
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recall
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_______ is an awareness of one's surroundings and of what is in one's mind at a given moment perception intelligence speculation consciousness
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consciousness
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Which of the following early psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology skinner watson james freud
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james
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How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages? 1 hr 90 mins 120 mins 5 hrs
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90 minutes
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_____ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively radip, low-amplitude brain waves Stage 1 sleep stage 2 sleeo stage 3 sleep stage 4 sleep
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stage 1 sleep
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During _______ images sometimes appear, as if we were viewing still photos Stage 1 sleep stage 2 sleeo stage 3 sleep stage 4 sleep
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stage 1 sleep
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____ is characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern than the previous stage, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" REM stage 2 sleep stage 3 sleep stage 4 sleep
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stage 2 sleep
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Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristis of ______ sleep REM stage 2 stage 3 stage 4
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stage 2
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____ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation Stage 1 sleep stage 2 sleeo stage 3 sleep stage 4 sleep
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stage 4 sleep
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In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep... their amplitude decreases their frequency increases the brain waves become slower the brain waves become faster
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the brain waves become slower
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REM sleep is paradoxical because the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles appear to be paralyzed the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages both the brain and the body are inactive
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the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles appear to be paralyzed
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_____ are usually frightening dreams, that occur fairly often lucid dreams nightmares precognitive dreams breakdown dreams
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nightmares
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According to Freud, the ____ content of dreams is the disguised meaning of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects evident manifest latent apparent
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latent
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According to Freud, the ____ content of dreams refers the the apparent story line of dreams dormant manifest latent vestigial
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manifest
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Which of the following psychologists is correctly matched with a theory of the function of dreams? freud--unconscious wish-fulfillment theory hobson--dreams-for-survival theory hobson--expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming freud--activation -synthesis theory
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freud--unconscious wish-fulfillment theory
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According to the _____ dreams permit us to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for our daily survival... unconscious wish fulfillment theory expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming dreams-for-survival theory activation-synthesis theory
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dreams-for-survival theory
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In the ______, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecision, ideas, and desires... unconscious wish fulfillment theory expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming dreams-for-survival theory activation-synthesis theory
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dreams-for-survival theory
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The _____ focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters... unconscious wish fulfillment theory expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming dreams-for-survival theory activation-synthesis theory
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activation-synthesis theory
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_____ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping bruxism narcolepsy night terror sleep apnea
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sleep apnea
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_____ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that is accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal bruxism narcolepsy night terror sleep apnea
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night terrors
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Night terrors occur during _____ sleep stage 4 REM stage 2 stage 1
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stage 4
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Having done "21 for 21" shots the night before, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _________ memory is sketchy. procedural semantic episodic working
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episodic
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"She did WHAT??" your roommate exclaims as you relate a story about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _________ memory. working sensory semantic long-term
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working
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_______ memory is defined as a set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information declarative semantic long-term working
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working
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Anna is reading her psychology test. The activation of receptors in her retina by a source of physical energy is called? Perception Sensation Integration Interpretation
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perception
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The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy is known as Perception Sensation Integration Interpretation
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sensation
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The sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain is known as? Perception Sensation Activation Stimulation
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perception
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The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is known as Developmental psychology Thermodynamics Psychophysics Experimental psychology
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psychophysics
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A (n) ___________ is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected Difference threshold Absolute threshold Adaptation threshold Intensity threshold
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absolute threshold
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One can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is due to? Absolute threshold Difference threshold Adaptation threshold Psychophysical threshold
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absolute threshold
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A (n) __________ threshold is the stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time Difference Absolute Adaptation Frequency
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absolute
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The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is known as the? Difference threshold Absolute threshold Adaptation threshold Intensity threshold
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difference threshold
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Weber's law states that a just noticeable difference is a? Fixed value Constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus Variable proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus Random value
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constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus
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_________ is a basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus. Fitt's law Weber's law Bloch's law Hick's law
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weber's law
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The function relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable difference is known as _______ law Wernicke's Wundt's Weber's Wertheimer's
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weber's
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Which of the following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled by the ringing of a telephone than a person who is already in a noisy room? Fitt's law Weber's law Bloch's law Hick's law
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weber's law
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_______ is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli. Adaptation Accommodation Acclimation Attenuation
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adaptation
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"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of: Adaptation Accommodation Acclimation Attenuation
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adaptation
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In regards to what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to is called the? Power spectrum Mass spectrum Frequency spectrum Visual spectrum
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visual spectrum
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The ______ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply. Cornea Pupil Iris Lens
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cornea
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The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain is known as the? Retina Fovea Iris Pupil
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retina
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As compared to cones, rods __________ Are more densely concentrated in the fovea Are responsible for color perception Are highly sensitive to light Are less numerous
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are highly sensitive to light
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Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light are called Lenses Pons Rods Cones
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rods
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_______ are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina called the fovea Lenses Pons Rods Cones
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cones
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psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior are known as: genetic psychologists biopsychologists evolutionary psychologists clinical neuropsychologists
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biopsychologists
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the basic elements of the nervous system are called axons glial cells neurons neurotransmitters
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neurons
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neurons are physically held in place by: axons glial cells dendrites myelin cells
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glial cells
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a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons is called axon terminal button glial fiber dendrite
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dendrite
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an axon is a(n) neuron's cell body cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron support cell in the nervous system long, slim, tubelike structure extending from a neuron
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long, slim, tubelike structure extending from a neuron
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which of the following terms describes the organization of the nervous system today linear recursive hierarchical random
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hierarchical
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the branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors is known as: social psychology health psychology clinical psychology evolutionary psychology
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evolutionary psychology
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evolutionary psychologists have spawn a new and increasingly influential field;it studies the effects of heredity on how people conduct themselves social psychology health psychology molecular genetics behavioral genetics
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behavioral genetics
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the part of the brain that controls bodily balance is the: hypothalamus thalamus reticular formation cerebellum
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cerebellum
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the part of the brain extending from the medulla through the pons and made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal is known as the: reticular formation thalamus cerebellum limbic system
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reticular formation
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the structures of the _______________ jointly control a variety of basic functions relating to emotions and self-preservation such as eating, aggression, and reproduction central core of the brain endocrine system limbic system cerebral cortex
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limbic system
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the _______ ______ is referred to as the "new brain" hindbrain limbic system cerebral cortex central core
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cerebral cortex
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the ______ area is part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the body's voluntary movement. attribution sensory motor association
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motor
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the ______ area is the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue attribution sensory motor association
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sensory
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the visual area in the cortex is located in the: frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe
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occipital lobe
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the brain and the spinal cord constitute the _________ nervous system central peripheral extraneous parasympathetic
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central
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________________ is an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus action potential intuition instinct reflex
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reflex
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_______________ are neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two mirror neurons amphid neurons interneurons autoneurons
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interneurons
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____________ _______ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs somatic division sympathetic division parasympathetic division autonomic division
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somatic division
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the part of the the autonomic division of the nervous system tha acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism's resources to respond to a threat is known as the: somatic division sympathetic division parasympathetic division apathetic division
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sympathetic division
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the "fight-or-flight" response is associated with the _________ division somatic sympathetic parasympathetic apathetic division
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sympathetic
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which of the following structures is especially important for carrying messages received by the dendrites to other neurons? neurotransmitter synapse axon glial cell
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axon
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_______ _______ is a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon myelin sheath glial cell dendrite synapse
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myelin sheath
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________________ is the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages synapse terminal button axon cell body
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synapse
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the re-absorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button is termed as: recycling reassertion reuptake reuse
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reuptake
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the neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in the brain's effort to deal with pain Alzheimer's disease the regulation of sleep, eating, mood and pain movement, attention, and learning
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movement, attention, and learning
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the brain injury suffered by 19th-century railroad workers Phineas Gage allowed psychologists to learn about the functions of the brain's: association areas central core limbic system sensory areas
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association areas
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Mrs. Simon has learned to lessen the pain associated with her migraine headaches by voluntarily relaxing specific muscles and reducing her blood pressure. This example illustrates: deep-brain stimulation biofeedback split-brain control transcranial stimulation
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biofeedback
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Alison has developed an interest in the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body. She will most likely become a (n) genetic psychologist behavioral neuroscientist evolutionary psychologist clinical neuropsychologist
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behavioral neuroscientist
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Brent is taking part in an experiment in the cognitive neuroscience lab on campus. Silently, he reads rapid sequence of words flashed on a computer screen. Simultaneously, the electrical activity of his brain is recorded through skull electrodes. The brain scanning technique used in this study is fMRI PET EEG TMS
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EEG
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Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves' ______ is functioning poorly thalamus cerebellum corpus callosum corpus callosum reticular formation
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cerebellum
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The study of the effects of heredity on how people conduct themselves is known as behavioral genetics classical genetics development genetics molecular genetics
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behavioral genetics
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psychology is defined as the: intuition-based approach to study human behavior speculative method to find answers about human cognition study of mental disorders and their treatment scientific study of behavior and mental process
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scientific study of behavior and mental process
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Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying internal medicine behavior and mental processes mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment the disorders of the central nervous system
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behavior and mental processes
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A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because: it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically psychology is a narrower, more specific field than a general definition might suggest psychologist disagree on how broad psychology should really be the discipline of psychology really has no core or center
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psychologist disagree on how broad psychology should really be
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In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists: rely on the scientific method use their intuition rely on the study of internal medicine use speculation
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rely on the scientific method
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in what way are the diverse sub-fields of psychology related they allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior in the same way they ultimately share a common goal they always lead to an M.D. degree they are not related at all, other than being considered part of psychology
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they ultimately share a common goal
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how are cognitive and experimental psychology related? they are the same they are two completely distinct subfields of psychology cognitive psychology is part of experimental psychology experimental psychology is part of cognitive psychology
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cognitive psychology is part of experimental psychology
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__________ psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language developmental personality clinical cognitive
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cognitive
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developmental psychology is focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustments problems studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
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studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death
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personality psychology is: focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustments problems studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
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focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems
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counseling psychologists are more likely than clinical psychologists to practice in: hospitals laboratories offices colleges
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colleges
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Dr. Growe is reading about a research in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading the Journal of _______________ psychology developmental social counseling evolutionary
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social
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Social psychology is: focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustments problems deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
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is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
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____________ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity counseling social evolutionary clinical
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social
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Clinical neuropsychology is: focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustments problems considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors
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the focuse on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors
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approximately how many psychologists are there in the US? 50,000 100,000 300,00 600,000
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300,000
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currently, women earn _________ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the US one-tenth half three-fourth ninety percent
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three-fourth
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Which figure best approximates percentage of American psychologists who belong to racial minority groups 6% 15% 25% 32%
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6%
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Kristen is a psychology major. Immediately following graduation, she will most likely join the work force feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background continue to graduate school remain unemployed
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join the work force
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psychology majors are highly valued by employers because they can strategize effectively think critically help others work with their personal problems communicate effectively with their co-workers
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think critically
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the most common emolument sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology is: education business local government social services
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social services
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the formal beginning of psychology is associated with: Wundt James Descartes Ebbinghaus
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Wundt
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the phrase tabula rasa may be translated as: red tablet raised tablet new tablet blank slate
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blank slate
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Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to the psychodynamic perspective humanism funcionalism structuralism
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structuralism
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which approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts" phernology functionalism structuralism Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt psychology
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the Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of: memory perception emotion motivation
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perception
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the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and the other biological functions is known as the _______________ perspective psychodynamic nature-nurture cognitive neuroscience
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neuroscience
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The neuroscience perspective suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world considers how people and nonhumans function biologically argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control
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considers how people and nonhumans function biologically
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which psychologist is associated with the behavioral perspective? Rogers Skinner Maslow Hollingworth
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Skinner
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the computer metaphor is at the heart of the __________ perspective cognitive neuroscience behavioral humanistic
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cognitive
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the emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on free will envirmental determinism natural selection unconscious motives
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free will
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free will stands in contrast to: naturism unconscious motives determinism natural selection
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determinism
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Dr. Petrovic tries to help his client see how their behavior reflects choices they have made. He is most likely a _______________ therapist psychodynamic clinical neuroscience humanistic gestalt
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humanistic
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What is the first step in the scientific method? formulating an explanation identifying questions on interest communicating the findings carrying out research designed to support or refute the explaination
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identifying questions of interest
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what is the final step in the scientific method? formulating an explanation identifying questions on interest communicating the findings carrying out research designed to support or refute the explaination
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communicating the findings
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_________________ are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest. theories hypotheses operational definitions suppositions
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theories