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is the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

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Human Development

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in which one group of people is followed and asserted a different times as the group ages

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Longitudinal Design

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Several different age groups are studied at one time (very quick)

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Cross Sectional Design

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which a combination of the two other designs (Longitudinal Cross-Sectional)

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Cross Sequential Design

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The particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience (Example, being born in the same time period)

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Cohort Effect

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Heredity/ the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

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Nature

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The influence of the environment on all of those same things including physical surroundings, and economic factors.

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Nuture

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Is a field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person experience

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Behavorial Genetics

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The science oh Heredity

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Genetics

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special molecule contains twp very long sugar-phosphate strands linked together b bases or amines arranged in a particular pattern. Contains genetic codes (makeup, color, muscle, and skin)

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DNA (deoxyrobonucli acid)

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Each section of DNA contains a certain sequence ordering of these amines

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Gene

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Rod shaped structures that hold genes and are located in the nucleus of the cell.

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Chromosomes

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22

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Most characteristics are determined by how many chromosomes?

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Female

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XX

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Male

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XY

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Genes that are more active in influencing the trait

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Dominant Gene

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Less active in influencing the trait. These genes tend too recede, fade into the background when paired with the dominant gene.

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Recessive Gene

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Certain genes tend to group themselves together. Ex) Blonde hair and blue eyes and Strawberry Blonde

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Polygenic Inheritance

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Inherited recessive gene disease. Respiratory digestive tracts

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Cystic Fibrosis

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Inherited recessive gene disease, blood disorder

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Sickle Cell Anemia

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Neurological disorder, Inherited recessive gene disorder

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Tay Sachs

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A birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. Inherited recessive disorder

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PKO

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Chromosome Disorder, Extra chromosome

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Down Syndrome

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Chromosome Disorder, 23rd sex chromosome

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Klinefelter Syndrome

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Lone X chromosome, Chromsome disorder

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Turners Syndrome

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Ovum

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What are eggs called in the prenatal phase?

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When the egg and sperm unit

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Fertilization

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the resulting single cell with the 46 chromosomes, begins to divide

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Zygote

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the division process because DNA molecules produce duplicates or copies of themselves before each division

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Mitosis

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Identical twins babies come from one fertilized egg

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Monozygote Twims

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Also known as fraternal twins, when two eggs are fertilized or could possible have triplets

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Dizygotic Twins

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when the mass of cells does not completely split apart

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Conjoined Twins

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the muscular organ that will contain and protect the development organism

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Uterus

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2 week period of pregnancy

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Germinal Period

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Organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing babies waste products

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Placenta

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Connects the organ to the placenta

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Umbillical Cord

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Once the organism is firmly attached to the uterus

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Embryo

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lasts 2 weeks after conception to 8 weeks

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How long is the Embyonic Period?

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times during which some environmental influences can have an impact on the developing infant

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Critical Periods

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any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factors that can cause a birth defect

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Teratogen

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cocaine, MMR, weed, Mercury, caffeine, high water temperature, nicotine, and alcohol

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What are some examples of teratogen?

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a sense of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

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period of tremendous growth lasting from about 8 weeks until birth

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What is the Fatal Period?

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Fetus

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What is the baby known as in the Fatal period?

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38-40 weeks

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Most babies are born between when?

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Babies born before 38 weeks

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Preterm

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the longer the infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant, prefers the stimulus than others.

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Preferential Looking

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is the tendency for infants (and adults) to stop paying attention to stimulus that does not change

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Hibituation

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as unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

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Synaptic Pruning

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Eyes, Cones

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What are the last sensory organ to develop?

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development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

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Cognitive Development

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1. The Sensorimotor Stage, 2. The Preoperational Stage, 3. Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations

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What are the four stages of Piagets Theory?

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Mental Concepts

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What are Schemes?

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try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess

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Assimilation

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process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences

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Accommodation

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Stage (birth-2 years old) infants use their sensory and motor skills to understand the world around them. Ex) grasping, touching, pushing, tasting, etc.

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The Sensorimotor stage

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fully developed at the end of this stage, the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight. Ex) Peek a boo

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Object permanence

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Ages 2-7. When children develop language and concepts. Are able to ask questions. Symbolic meaning, make-believe play, not capable of logical thought.

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The Pre-operational Stage

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they believe that everything that moves is alive

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Animism

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the ability to see the world through anyone else's eyes but ones own

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Egocentrism

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Focusing only on one feature of some object rather than taking in all factures into consideration

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Centration

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Unable to mentally reverse actions, unable to concentrate

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Irreveisibility

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finally become capable of conversation and reversable thinking, begin to think more logically. Can deal with abstract objects.

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Concrete Operations

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Kind of concepts which are understood at the concrete operation phase

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Concrete Concepts

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Ages 12- adulthood, abstract thinking becomes possible, gets deeply involved in hypothetical thinking

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Formal Operations

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the more highly skilled person gives the learner more help at the beginning of the learning process and then begins to withdraw help as the learner is skills improve

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Scaffolding

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difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher

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Zone of Proximal Development

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a phenomenon that infants may only seem to produce one or two words but they can understand actual sentences

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Receptive Productive Lag

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Cooing, babbling, one word speech, telegraphic speech, whole scentences

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What are the five stages to language?

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2 month vowel sounds

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Cooing

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6 months, add constants

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Babbling

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around age 1, say actual words, typically nouns

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One word speech

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1.5 years, begin to say short simple sentences, nouns, verbs, and adjectives

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Telegraphic Speech

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Pre-school years, learn grammical terms

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Whole Scentences

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Neurodevelopment disorder that encompasses a whole range of previous disorders

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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the behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

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Temperament

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regular in schedules in waking, sleeping, and eating "happy babies"

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Easy Babies

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irregular in their schedules and very unhappy about change, "loud, active, and crabby"

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Difficult Babies

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less grumpy, quieter, and more regular than difficult children, but slow to adapt to change

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Slow to Warm up Babies

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Emotional bond that forms between an infant and the primary caregiver

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Attachment

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wariness of strangers

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Stranger Anxiety

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fear of being separated from caregiver

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Separation Anxiety

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Secure, Avoident, Ambivalent, Disorganized-Disoreinted

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What are the attachment styles?

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Touched base with mother

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Secure Attachment Style

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Very Independent

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Avoident Attachment Style

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mixed feelings about something, clinging and unwilling to explore

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Ambivalent Attachment Style

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Very Fearful

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Disorganized-Disoriented

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is the image you have if yourself, based on your interactions with the important people in your life

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Self-concept

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Infancy (Birth-1 year) Learns the basic sense of trust dependent how their needs are met

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Trust vs Mistrust

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Toddler (1-3 years) They begin to understand that they can control their own actions

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

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Preschool Age (3-5 years) Begin to take responsibility for their own behavior, develop self-control.

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Initiative Vs. Guilt

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Elementry School Age (5-12 years) learn new skills in the academic and social world, comparing themselves to others to measure success or failure

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Industry vs. Inferior

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Adolescence (13-20 Years) must decide who they are, what they believe and what they want to be as an adult.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

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Early Adulthood (20's-30's) face the task of finding a person with who they can share their identity with in a relationship

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

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Middle Adulthood (40's-50's) Find a way to creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

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Late Adulthood (60's-beyond) Coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life

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Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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period of life from about age 13 to early 20's, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet independent, self-supporting adult.

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Adolescence

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physical changes in the body primarily ses characteristics and secondary characteristics

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Puberty

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adolescents have spent so much time thinking about their own thoughts and feelings that they become convinced that they are special.

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Personal Fable

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shows up as extreme self consciousness in adolescents they are convinced that "everyone is looking at them"

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Imaginary Audiences

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Very young children, based on consequences

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Pre-concentional Morality

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Older children, adolescents, most adults, actions are morally right if it conforms to the rules to society

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Conventioinal Morality

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1/5 of the population, made by experiences and judgement of the individual.

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Post-conventional Morality

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the cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle

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Menopause

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decline of several hormones in males (testosterone)

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Anaropause

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very few demands on their children for behavior

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Permissive Parenting

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tends to be overly concerned with rules. Very stern and rigid and controlling. Physical punishment

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Authoritarian Parenting

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parents aren't involved with their children, letting them do whatever they want

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Permissive neglectfull

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parents seem to be too involved with their children allowing their "little angels" to behave however they want. Children tend to be selfish, immature, dependent, lacking in social skills.

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Permissive Indulgent

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involves combining firm limits on behavior with love, warmth, affection, respect and willingness to listen to the child's point of view, non-physical punishment

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Authoritative Parenting

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wholeness results they look back and feel that their lives were full

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Ego Integrity

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Cells are limited in the numbers of times they can reproduce to repair damage, the evidence is the existence of telomeres.

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Cellular Clock Theory

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the one that points to outside influences (stress, physical exertion, and bodily damage) The body's organs and cell tissues simply wear out with repeated use

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Wear and Tear Theory

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free radicals are oxygen molecules that have an unstable election, as people get older, more and more free radicals do more and more damage

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Free Radical Theory

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Proposes that an elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way

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Activity Theory

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Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

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Five Stages of Death

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stem cells

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________, which may be used to grow new organs or tissues for transplant or to repair neurological damage, develop during the germinal period.

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embryonic

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The ultrasound report tells Shaniqua and Charles that their developing infant is about one inch long and has eyes, a nose, lips, little arms and legs, and a beating heart. Given this information, the current period of prenatal development is the ________ period.

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environmental influences can have an impact on a developing infant.

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During critical periods:

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temperaments

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Early in life, infants will demonstrate their personalities through their _________________.

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contact comfort is an important factor in love and attachment.

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Psychologist Harry Harlow found that:

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some depth perceptions

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The visual cliff experiment showed that babies have:

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social interactions were important in development.

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Erikson believed that

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has since been discredited

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Wakefield's study linking the MMR vaccine to autism _________________

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Little Jenny's mother works one-on-one with her on a new task but gradually helps less and less, and Jenny becomes more skilled and capable.

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Which one of the following is an example of Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding

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a sense of object permanence

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Games such as "peek-a-boo" are important for infants because they help babies develop _____________.

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sweet

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At birth, infants show a preference for ________ tastes.

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human faces

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Pete and Evelyn are decorating the room for the baby they are expecting. To ensure that the baby's room provides appropriate stimulation, the couple seek the advice of a developmental psychologist, who tells them that newborns prefer to look at:

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dominant

answer

Genes that actively control the expression of a trait are referred to as:

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recessive

answer

Genes that tend to fade into the background when paired with a more dominant gene are called:

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navajo

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The _______ believe that a person who has died is in the underworld.

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insecure and resentful.

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Children raised with an authoritarian style of parenting are often:

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generativity

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Sylvia is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a youth coordinator at her church and as a Girl Scout leader. She is developing what Erikson referred to as:

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20s

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Near the end of one's ________, oil glands in the neck and around the eyes begin to malfunction, contributing to wrinkles in those areas.

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a zygote

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An ovum that was released from Tonya's ovary into her fallopian tube was fertilized four days ago, resulting in pregnancy. At this stage of her pregnancy, the developing organism that Tonya is carrying is called _____..

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egocentrism

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While talking with his Grandma on the phone, little Marcelo suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Marcelo says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of _____.

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incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex of the brain

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The impulsive and often risky behavior that can still be seen in adolescence is partially the result of:

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about 2 years after the beginning of the growth spurt.

answer

Puberty begins:

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