Psychology final review 3 – Flashcards
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Therapy
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treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
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Psychotherapy
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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional
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insight therapies
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psychotherapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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action therapy
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psychotherapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
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Biomedical therapy
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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
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Psychoanalysis
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insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts
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manifest content
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the actual content of one's dream
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latent content
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the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams
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free association
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Freudian technique in which a patient is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations
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resistance
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occurs when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent
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transference
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the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist
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Directive
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actively giving interpretations of a client's statements in therapy, even suggesting certain behavior or actions
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Psychodynamic therapy
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a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach
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Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
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form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems
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Person-centered therapy
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a nondirective insight therapy in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens
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nondirective
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therapeutic style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks
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Elements of Roger's person-centered therapy
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authenticity unconditional positive regard empathy reflection
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Motivational interviewing
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In contrast to client-centered therapy, MI has specific goals: namely, to reduce ambivalence about change and to increase intrinsic motivation to bring that change about
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Gestalt therapy
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form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing
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Humanistic therapies
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are not based in experimental research and work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons
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Behavior therapies
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action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior
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Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis
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use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
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Systematic desensitization
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behavioral technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
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counterconditioning
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replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus
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Aversion therapy
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form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
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Exposure therapy
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behavioral techniques that introduce the client to situations (under carefully controlled conditions) that are related to their anxieties or fears
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flooding
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technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
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eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
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controversial therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
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Modeling
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learning through the observation and imitation of others
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participant modeling
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technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model
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Reinforcement
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the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
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token economy
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the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
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contingency contract
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a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated
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Extinction
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the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior
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time-out
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an extinction process in which a person (usually a child) is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities
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Behavior therapies
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can be effective in treating specific problems, such as bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias
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Cognitive therapy
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therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
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arbitrary inference
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drawing a conclusion without any evidence
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selective thinking
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focusing on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects
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overgeneralization
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drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
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magnification and minimization
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blowing a negative event out of proportion (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)
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personalization
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taking responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
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action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
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Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
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cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements
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CBT
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successful in treating depression, stress disorders, and anxiety
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Family counseling
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family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family
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Self-help group
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a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support
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Eclectic therapies
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therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques
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Common factors approach
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modern approach to eclecticism focusing on factors seen as the source of success
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therapeutic alliance
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the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding
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Evidence-based treatment
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refers to techniques or interventions that have produced desired outcomes, or therapeutic change in controlled studies
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Cybertherapy
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psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet
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Biomedical therapies
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therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain
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Psychopharmacology
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the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
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antipsychotic drugs
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used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior
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antianxiety drugs
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used to treat and calm anxiety reactions
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mood-stabilizing drugs
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used to treat bipolar disorder
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antidepressant drugs
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used to treat depression and anxiety
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Electroconvulsive therapy
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biomedical treatment in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion is passed through the electrodes
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Psychosurgery
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surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
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Bilateral anterior cingulotomy
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an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulated gyrus area of the brain for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex
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transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
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uses scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct currents to the brain
