Psychology Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
aristotle
answer
student of plato who raised many questions about behavior still discussed today
question
hippocrates
answer
ancient philosopher who suggested that psychological problems stem from abnormalities in the brain
question
BF Skinner
answer
harvard professor who added to watson's behavioralism with the concept of reinforcement; known for the skinner box
question
John Watson
answer
man who agreed with functionalism but disagreed with its take on consciousness; believed consciousness is a private event only known to the individual; founder of behavioralism
question
Socrates
answer
teacher of plato; "know thyself"
question
Freud
answer
viennese physician who is the founder of psychoanalysis
question
Wilhelm Wundt
answer
founder of structuralism
question
William James
answer
founder of functionalism; harvard professor who asserted that conscious experience could not be broken down as structuralists believe; believed that experience is a continuous stream of consciousness; questioned the value of consciousness because there is no scientific way to observe it
question
psychoanalysis
answer
psychological approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflict in understanding behavior
question
structuralism
answer
a concept concerned with discovering the basic elements of consciousness
question
functionalism
answer
a concept that is concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
question
reinforcement
answer
process by which a stimulus increases chances that preceding behavior will occur again
question
associationism
answer
the concept that experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past
question
single blind study
answer
a study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental group of the control group
question
double blind study
answer
study in which both the participants and the researchers are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group
question
positive correlation
answer
as one variable goes up, so does the other ex. achievement and salary
question
negative correlation
answer
condition in which as one variable goes up, the other goes down
question
control group
answer
the group in a controlled experiment that does not receive the treatment
question
placebo
answer
substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in its effect
question
correlation
answer
measure of how closely one thing is related to another
question
variable
answer
factors that can vary or change in an experiment
question
standard deviation
answer
measure of the distance of every score to the mean
question
experimental group
answer
the group in a controlled experiment that receives the treatment/changing factor
question
naturalistic observation
answer
method by which one observes someone as they act and interact naturally; field study
question
longitudinal method
answer
research method in which researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time
question
latitudinal studies
answer
study in which researcher will use same location, same organisms, same time frame to study their topic
question
case study
answer
in depth investigation of an individual or small group
question
IQ test
answer
an intelligence test that provides a number that reflects a person's relation between their mental age and their chronological age
question
cross sectional method
answer
instead of following a set of individuals over a number of years, researchers select a sample that includes different ages
question
alcohol
answer
most widely used drug in the US; a depressant
question
cocaine
answer
drug derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant; induces feelings of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts confidence; used as a painkiller
question
hallucination
answer
perception of an object or sound that seems to be real but is not
question
hallucinogen
answer
a psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences
question
LSD
answer
a hallucinogen that produces intense hallucinations; aka acid
question
delusions
answer
false ideas that seem real
question
co-dependency
answer
a behavior pattern in which a family member or friend of a substance abuser attempts to control the behavior of the dependant person
question
addiction
answer
a state in which the body craves a drug just to feel normal
question
PQ4R
answer
one approach to active learning, based on the work of francis robinson; Preview, Questioning, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review
question
token economics
answer
a system in which people are "paid" to act correctly by earning rewards such as points, plastic chips, etc.
question
latent learning
answer
learning that remains hidden until it is needed
question
massed learning
answer
trying to learn something all at once
question
observational learning
answer
learning in which we acquire knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others
question
EC Tolman
answer
scientist who showed that rats learn about the environment without food or reward; example of latent learning
question
Alex Bandura
answer
introduced the idea of observational learning
question
fluid intelligence
answer
mental capacity that allows us to respond quickly to a novel situation or problem
question
crystal intelligence
answer
the sum of our knowledge about the world
question
validity
answer
the quality of measuring what is supposed to be measured
question
reliability
answer
the consistency of a test
question
100
answer
average IQ score
question
retardation
answer
having an IQ score below 70
question
giftedness
answer
having an IQ score of 130 or above
question
amnesia
answer
severe memory loss
question
echoic memory
answer
type of memory in which mental traces of sounds are held in a mental sensory
question
eidetic memory
answer
the rare ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
question
chunking
answer
organizing items into familiar or manageable units
question
schema
answer
mental representation we form of the world by organizing info into knowledge
question
recognition
answer
identifying objects or events that have been encountered before; first step in basic memory tasks
question
recall
answer
bringing memory back into mind; second step in basic memory tasks
question
franz mesmer
answer
german phsysician who held belief that magnetism could heal the body
question
mantra
answer
a commonly repeated word or phrase often used for relaxation
question
hypnosis
answer
altered state of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance
question
altered states of consciousness
answer
a person's sense of self or sense of the world changes
question
psychology
answer
the study of human behavior and mental processes
question
clinical
answer
largest field of psychology; helps people with psych problems such as depression, anxiety, or severe disorders; help people overcome problems and adjust
question
counseling
answer
field of psychology in which psychologists use interviews and tests to identify patient's problems; typically treat adjustment problems and help clarify goals and meet challenges
question
school
answer
a field of psychology in which a psychologist works in a school district to identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning
question
educational
answer
field of psychology in which a psychologist's concern is with helping students learn; focus on course planning and instructional methods for entire school system vs. individuals
question
developmental
answer
field of psychology in which a psychologist studies the changes that occur throughout a person's life span
question
industrial (organizational)
answer
field of psychology in which psychologist focuses on people and workplace; improve working conditions and increase output
question
community
answer
field of psychology in which psychologist studies and helps create social systems that promote and foster individual well being
question
health
answer
field of psychology in which psychologist examines ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health
