Reflection Essay on Psychology Final Exam
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According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?
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Competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
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Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive an Elmo doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of _____.
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Egocentrism.
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Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by someone who adheres to the _____ model of psychological disorders.
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Medical.
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Research on effectiveness of psychotherapy _____.
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Clearly shows that psychotherapy works.
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Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating ______.
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Anxiety disorders.
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A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by _____.
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Trying to get the patient to stop having irrational thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes.
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Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and the babysitter behaves in ways that cause aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called _____.
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The self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Results of Milgram's experiment showed that participants were less likely to comply with the authority figure's requests when _____.
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The victim was made to seem more human.
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Which class of drugs is believed to treat schizophrenia with fewer side-effects than the neuroleptics?
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Atypical antipsychotics.
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?
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Serotonin.
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One aspect of family therapy is the idea that a family member's symptoms are a function of the family relationships. If, for example, a teenage son is the scapegoat of the parents, which family therapy technique would be the most appropriate to use?
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Detriangulation.
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Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as _____.
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Difficult.
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Systemic desensitization involves _____.
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Pairing a feared stimulus with a state of deep relaxation by being exposed to feared situations in a gradual hierarchical fashion.
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Problems in regulating _____ are related to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
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Serotonin.
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Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?
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Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
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Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a D on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of _____.
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The self-serving bias.
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Lithium is an effective _____ drug.
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Mood-stabilizing.
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Jacqueline has been in relentless pursuit of thinness for the past six months. She has been starving herself to reach this goal. Jacqueline is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
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Anorexia nervosa.
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Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?
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If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.
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According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the behavioral inhibition system is _____.
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Sensitive to punishments in the environment.
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Regulation of which neurotransmitter is strongly implicated in schizophrenia?
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Dopamine.
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Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.
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Nature.
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_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.
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Hallucinations / Delusions.
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Bill believes that his culture expects men to be aggressive leaders who provide the sole income for the family and do not participate actively in child care. Taken together, these are components of Bill's _____.
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Gender schema.
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Although _____ did not believe that culture and education play important roles in children's cognitive development, _____ believed that cognitive development is very much an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context.
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Jean Piaget / Lev Vygotsky.
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Which of the following is NOT a method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?
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Defense mechanisms.
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Mischel nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are _____.
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Consistent.
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Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
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What is one of the challenges in identifying people with antisocial personality disorder?
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They often are able to con even skilled mental health professionals.
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Which perspective encourages people to understand themselves and to grow personally, with a clinical emphasis on self-healing capacities?
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Humanist.
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You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that _____.
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He has an angry and volatile personality.
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Which of the following is a behavior therapy based on classical conditioning?
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Aversive therapy.
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Janet has maintained her composure in the face of the death of her mother. Her brother, Joe, has gone into a deep depression and is unable to face work or family obligations. These two siblings appear to differ significantly in terms of what characteristic, which reflects our ability to adapt to difficulties?
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Resiliency.
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You are a personality researcher and want to continue after the tradition of Henry Murray. This means you will be more interested in _____.
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The whole person rather than specific traits.
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According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains _____.
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Archetypes.
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Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn't like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present because that was the expected behavior for that situation. Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of _____.
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A display rule.
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Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.
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Internal attribution / External attribution.
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Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of _____.
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Self-regulation.
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The broaden-and-build model begins with _____.
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The difference between high and low arousal emotions.
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You are having dinner with your friend Sophia when she experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and with no specific cause. Sophia would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from _____.
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Panic disorder.
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Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.
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Sex / security.
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Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.
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Beck's cognitive.
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Your psychotherapist asks you to "free associate." What are you being asked to do?
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You are being asked to just "talk" in an undirected manner without reflecting on what you are about to say.
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_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.
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Cognitive dissonance.
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William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?
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Safety.
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You laughed out loud a lot when you saw a movie in the theater; however, when you watch it later at home, you don't find it that funny. This example demonstrates the effects of _____.
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Social contagion.
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According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities.
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Life stories.
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Which of these reflects a change included in the newest (fifth) edition of the DSM?
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The removal of Asperger's Syndrome.
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Within conformity, _____ is based on a person's desire to be accepted by the group.
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Normative social influence.
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According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is _____.
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Logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic.
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Justin enjoys watching pornography on the internet. He believes it is in everyone's best interests if he isolates himself from them. This behavior is not only jeopardizing his job, but it is also interfering with his relationships. Justin's girlfriend is upset that he spends too much time on the computer, and she is threatening to break up with him. Which of the following criteria for abnormality does Justin's behavior meet?
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Maladaptive.
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Which of the following features of group therapy helps individuals who share a psychological disorder observe that others feel anguish and suffering as well?
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Universality.
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Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral dilemma story, Sam says that "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?
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Preconventional.
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Accumulated information and verbal skills are components of _____, whereas the ability to reason abstractly is a component of _____.
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Crystallized intelligence / fluid intelligence.
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Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He would be very likely to use a(n) _____.
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Projective measure.
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When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of _____.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Collectivistic cultures:
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Demonstrate more conformity than do individualistic cultures.
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Joshua has received low grades in math throughout his school years. In the lower grades, he would try to study hard, but the results were always the same. Eventually, he stopped trying to do better in math because nothing he tried seemed to work. Joshua has developed _____.
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Learned helplessness.
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The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will _____.
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Experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously.
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Freud considered _____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.
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The unconscious.
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You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says "turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the _____.
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Facial feedback hypothesis.
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The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called _____.
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Ethnocentrism.
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When thinking about a situation, the actor is more likely to think about ______ factors, while the observer is more likely to view it in terms of ______ factors.
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Situational / Personality.
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What has behavioral genetic research found in the domain of autobiographical memory?
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Among twins reared in different households, memories of early life were quite similar.
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Results of cross-cultural and animal studies on the big five model of personality _____.
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Support the fundamental predictions of the Big Five model.
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Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is false?
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The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.
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By the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.
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Embryonic.
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You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop _____.
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Object permanence.
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When people pay close attention to the facts, the _____ is (are) the most persuasive, but when subjects are not paying full attention, such as during a television commercial, the _____ may work better.
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Central route / emotional appeals.
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Mischel developed his CAPS theory in part through research in which domain?
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Delayed gratification.
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Which of the following statements about instincts is false?
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Instincts are learned behavioral responses.
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Professor Rothbaum surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?
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"I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."
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A preterm infant is one born prior to _____ after conception.
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37.
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Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.
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Social loafing.
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Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing _____.
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Humanistic counseling.
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Which is not a component of Bonanno's theory of grieving?
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Determination.
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Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?
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The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11.5 for girls and 13.5 for boys.
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Kohlberg's model is based on the ______ perspective, whereas Carol Gilligan's is based on the ______.
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Justice / care.
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What statement best describes the relationship between amnesia and dissociative fugue?
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Dissociative fugue cannot exist without dissociative amnesia.
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Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.
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The presence of other individuals arouses us.
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Children of permissive parents tend to _____.
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expect to get their own way and often show difficulties respecting others and controlling their behavior.
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Infants who display secure attachment _____.
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Use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
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Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include _____.
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Free association, dream interpretation, transference, and interpreting the client's resistance to discussing painful memories.
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Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing _____.
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Client-centered therapy.
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Place the following stages of the Kubler-Ross model in the correct order:
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1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
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Individuals who suffer from _____ have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public/collective situations.
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Social phobia.
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Which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder is false?
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Each personality has knowledge of the memories, behaviors, and relationships of the other personalities.
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Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She has cleaned and re-cleaned her closets several times. She also took all her savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
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Bipolar disorder.
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Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?
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It prepares the individual for fighting or running away.
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Research into stereotype threat indicates that performance on a test may go down if:
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You suggest to the test-takers that people like them typically struggle on this type of test.
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The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.
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Drive / need.
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Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better?
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Georgia is most likely to perform better.
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Nicotine and rubella are examples of:
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Teratogens.
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A main conclusion of the Stanford Prison Study was that:
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Situational factors powerfully affect human behavior.
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Which is the current edition of the classification manual used by most psychologists and psychiatrists in the United States?
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DSM-5.
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Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he _____.
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Displays high self-efficacy.
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According to the circumplex model of mood, a wheel of mood states can be created from the two independent dimensions of _____.
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Valence and arousal level.
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According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
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Cellular-clock theory.
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Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.
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The quality of the client's participation.
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Alex regularly gives donations of blood in part because he hopes others do the same, so that blood is available for him if he ever needs a transfusion. His helping behavior is best explained by _____.
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The concept of reciprocity.
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Which of the following is a negative symptom of Schizophrenia?
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Flat affect.
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Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the _____.
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Yerkes-Dodson law.
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.
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A projective.
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David Rosenhan sent eight fake patients to various hospitals, reporting hearing voices. Which of these best describes what happened to these eight people?
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All were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and kept in the hospital from 3 to 52 days.
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Sucking, swallowing, coughing, blinking, and yawning are all examples of:
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Reflexes.
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Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals _____.
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Show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
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_____ involves a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks.
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Major depressive disorder.
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Bill holds very strong political opiniions; he assumes that because he thinks they are obviously correct, most other people must believe the same way. This is an example of:
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The false consensus effect.
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Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become _____ as a result of _____.
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More liberal / group polarization.
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According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals _____.
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Adjust their schemas to new information.
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Which of the following statements about brain development is false?
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Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo any anatomical change after birth.
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Which is an example of the central route to persuasion?
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"You should vote for me because these data support my positions."
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According to Eysenck's theory, introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _____.
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Aim to regulate arousal around baseline.
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Face validity refers to whether _____.
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The content of test items appears to be a good indicator of personality traits.
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Research on adolescent brain development has shown that the _____ is involved with emotional reactions, whereas the _____ is involved with reasoning and decision making.
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Amygdala / prefrontal cortex.
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What infant perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice at what to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other?
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Preferential looking.
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According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors: _____.
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Physical arousal and a cognitive label.
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Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?
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Self-help groups.
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All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT _____.
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Hallucinations.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for _____.
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Depression.
