Psychology – Exam 1 – Study Guide – Flashcards
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the study of the mind, brain, and behavior
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psychology
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there are ___ levels of analysis
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4
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the level of analysis dealing with cells, connections between cells, neurochemicals, hormones, the genome, and the epigenome
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biological
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the level of analysis dealing with thoughts, feelings, beliefs, ideas, desires, and personality
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individual
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the leve l of analysis that deals with relationships between people, influence groups of people, and culture
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social
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the level of analysis dealing with nature, buildings without windows, lighting, noises, weather, and seasons
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environment
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____ (percentage) of subjects in the moffitt & caspi study who had the "short" serotonin transporter gene and who had experienced 4+ stressfull events were clinically depressed
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43%
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____ (percentage) of the subjects in the moffitt & caspi study who had the "long" serotonin transporter gene and had experienced 4+ stressful events were clinically depressed
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17%
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the average rate of depression
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17%
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___ (percentage) of people in the moffitt & caspi study with the "short" serotonin transporter gene and no stressful experiences
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17%
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specifying what you will measure
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operational definition
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aka naturalistic observation: see patterns in real world through simple observation as they are.
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descriptive
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strengths of descriptive studies
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there isn't any researcher influence on the participant's behavior
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weaknesses of descriptive studies
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you can't determine causality
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studies where relationships between two or more variables are measured but not manipulated
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correlational
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strengths of correlational studies
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can study variables that can't or don't need to be manipulated
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weaknesses of correlational studies
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you can't determine causality
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studies that involve the random assignment of both experimental and control groups
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experimental
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strengths of experimental studies
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ability to determine causality
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weaknesses of experimental studies
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you can't always manipulate a variable (ethically, realistically, etc.)
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a third, unaccounted for variable that could also explain the link between two other studied variables
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confound
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an apparent link between two variables being studied; not cause and effect necessarily
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correlation
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the numerical value for a strong/positive correlation
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+1
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the numerical value for a strong/negative correlation
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-1
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the variable that is intentionally changed while another variable is measured. This is the treatment or the condition
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independent variable
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the variable that is measured while another variable is changed. This is the outcome
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dependent variable
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"Drug x impairs short-term memory in a word-recall task." Which is the independent variable?
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drug x
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"Drug x impairs short-term memory in a word-recall task." Which is the dependent variable?
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short-term memory
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"athletic performance is improved by visualization." Which is the independent variable?
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visualization
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"athletic performance is improved by visualization." Which is the dependent variable?
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athletic performance
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if we can replicate the results of a study, it has ______
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reliability
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if we are measuring what we set out to measure, the study has _____
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validity
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the tendency of participants to respond in a particular way, generally aiming to please
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response bias
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what happens when participants aren't chosen at random
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sampling bias
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a bias that comes as a result of different generations and their respective experiences
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cohort effects
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a term that's used for a researcher unknowingly cueing the participant in a study to respond a certain way
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experimenter expectancy effect
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the "cure" for the experimenter expectancy effect; researches don't know which participant is control and which is experimental
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double blind design
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socioeconomic status and education level are examples of biases, too
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true
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a cell in the nervous system specialized to receive, process, and/or transmit information to other cells
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neuron
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the part of the neuron that receives incoming messages
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dendrite
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the stage of neuron firing that involves a negative charge inside the neuron, relative to the outside
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resting potential
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___________ causes neurons to move away from their resting potential
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stimulation
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when neurons move away from their resting potential, they move into their ______
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action potential
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during the action potential, particles with a ______ charge enter the neuron
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positive
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during action potential, after the new particles enter the neuron, the neuron becomes __________
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depolarized
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how does a neuron return to its resting potential?
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some positively charged particles leave
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how many different classes of neurons are there?
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3
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a class of neurons that receives information from the world and sends it to the brain via the spinal cord
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sensory
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another name for the sensory neuron
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afferent
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the class of neurons that carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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motor
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another name for the motor neuron
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efferent
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the class of neurons that connect all three types of neurons, and account for most of the neurons in the brain
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interneurons
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the neurotransmitter that enables muscle contraction and memory
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acetylcholine
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the result of a malfunction in acetylcholine in the body
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alzheimer's
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the result of a shortage of acetylcholine in the body
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delusions
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the result of an excess of acetylcholine in the body
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tremors
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the neurotransmitter that deals with motivation, reward, movement, thought, and learning
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dopamine
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the result of a malfunction of dopamine in the body
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parkinson's
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the result of a shortage of dopamine in the body
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ADHD
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the result of an excess of dopamine in the body
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schizophrenia
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the neurotransmitter that enhances action potentials, learning, and memory
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glutamate
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the result of a malfunction of glutamate in the body
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learning disorders
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the result of a shortage of glutamate in the body
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lethargy
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the neurotransmitter that regulates mood and sleep
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serotonin
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the result of a malfunction of serotonin in the body
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OCD
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the result of a shortage of serotonin in the body
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depression
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the result of an excess of serotonin in the body
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lack of motivation
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the neurotransmitter that inhibits the sending neuron; basically, it ensures that there won't be over-firing.
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GABA
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the result of a malfunction of GABA in the body
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anxiety
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the result of a shortage of GABA in the body
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epilepsy
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the result of an excess of GABA in the body
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lack of motivation
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the part of the neuron that insulates the axon and allors for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon
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myelin sheath
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prozac, soloft, and paxil
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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how do SSRIs work?
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block the reuptake of serotonin
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drugs that act on glutamate
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AMPA receptor modulators
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how do AMPA receptor modulators work?
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enhance glutamate transmission between neurons
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how do calcium channel receptor modulators work?
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increases the sensitivity of the neurons so they communicate more rapidly
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how cocaine works
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blocks the reuptake of dopamine
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how alcohol works
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binds to GABA receptors and allows more negatively charged ions to go through
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how opiates work
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increase the flow of dopamine
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penfield's surgeries were on patients suffering from this disorder
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epilepsy
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what penfield used to deactivate a certain area of brain tissue
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electric current
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more distant brain regions were _____ as a result of penfield's surgery
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reactivated
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the effect penfield's surgeries had on patients
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specific memory recollection
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the two main divisions of the nervous system
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central nervous system & peripheral nervous system
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the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
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sensory-somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system
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the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic & parasympathetic
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what is included in the central nervous system?
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brain & spinal cord
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the center of control for the body
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brain
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the information pipeline for the body
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spinal cord
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true/false: the spinal cord always acts dependently on the brain
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false
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if the brain is going to interfere with a "knee jerk reaction," where will the interference take place?
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interneuron
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the nervous system that deals with the skin, eyes, ears, skeletal muscles; it accounts for things like hunger and pain, and it pays attention to both the internal and external environments
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sensory-somatic
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the sensory-somatic nervous system deals with ______ (voluntary/involuntary) movements mostly
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voluntary
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the nervous system that includes the heart, lungs, etc.
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autonomic
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the autonomic nervous system mostly deals with _____ (voluntary/involuntary) movements
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involuntary
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the part of the autonomic system that occurs during stressful situations
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sympathetic
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dilated pupils, relaxed lungs, accelerated heartbeat, inhibited activity in the stomach, and contracted blood vessels are all:
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symptoms of an active sympathetic nervous system
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the part of the autonomic system that occurs during non-stressful situations
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parasympathetic
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contracted pupils, constricted lungs, slow heartbeat, stimulated stomach activity, and dilated blood vessels are all:
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symptoms of an active parasympathetic nervous system
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there are ___ lobes in the cerebral cortex
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4
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the lobe located behind the eyes/forehead
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frontal
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the lobe located in the top/back of the head
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parietal
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the lobe located in the lower/back of the skull
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occipital
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the lobe located right above and to the sides of the ear
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temporal
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the occipital lobe is primarily devoted to _____
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vision
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the secondary functions of the _____ lobe are the processing of spacial information, color, some motion, and form
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occipital
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the three primary functions of the temporal lobe
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sound, language, & the storage of new information in the memory
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the secondary function of the _______ lobe is the storage of visual memory
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temporal
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the parietal lobe is largely responsible for our _____
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sense of touch
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other functions of the ______ lobe are attention and the representation of spacial relationships of ourselves and the world
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parietal
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functions of the _____ lobe include speech, planning, searching memory, motor processing, reasoning, and the control of emotions
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frontal
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the frontal lobe is known as the ____ part of the brain
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key
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the "strip" in the cerebral cortex located in front of the parietal lobe
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primary somatosensory cortex
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the main function of the somatosensory cortex
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controls & sends messages
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the "strip" in the cerebral cortex located just behind the frontal lobe
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primary motor cortex
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the main function of the primary motor cortex
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controls & initiates movement
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the name of the guy who got a pole rammed through his frontal lobe
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phineas gage
