Psychology (Chapters 6-10) – Flashcards
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A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam. The student thinks, "This is terrible. I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called
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overgeneralization
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A(n) _____________ is one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
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mood disorder
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Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with
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a grief reaction
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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is informed by
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the learned helplessness model
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The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include
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changes in appetite and weight
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According to recent research, the percentage of people age 18-29 who have already experienced major depression is _______%
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25
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All of the following are side effects of lithium therapy EXCEPT
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weight loss
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Considering the terms used to differentiate mood disorders, cyclothymic is to dysthymic as
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bipolar is to major depressive
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When used in connection with mood disorders, "flight of ideas" means
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rapid speech expressing many exciting ideas at once
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One symptom of a mood disorder is anhedonia, which means
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an inability to experience pleasure
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Which of the following is a symptom of a manic phase of mood disorder known as bipolar disorder?
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grandiosity
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Dysthymic disorder differs from major depressive disorder because people diagnosed with dysthymia have symptoms of depression that are
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longer-lasting
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The antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil) are included in the class of drugs called
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tricyclics
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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mood disorders?
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An individual experiencing manic symptoms can also be depressed or anxious
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For individuals who had not been previously depressed, research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in
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a higher rate of depression in men
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Clinical studies have shown that the favorable response rate for patients taking antidepressant medications is ____%
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50
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In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad, individuals think negatively about all of the following EXCEPT (themselves, their immediate world, their future)
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their past
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Clinical studies have shown that 50-75% of patients taking Prozac will experience
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sexual dysfunction
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One of the problems encountered by psychiatrists who prescribe medication for patients with bipolar disorder is that patients often
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stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state
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According to recent research, the median duration of recurrent (subsequent to the first episode) major depressive episodes is
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4-5 months
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According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a ______ vulnerability to depression
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cognitive
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All of the following words are used to describe the manic state EXCEPT (elated, expansive, energetic)
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exhausted
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Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal". In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as dysthymic. Jack's condition is referred to as
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double depression
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An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the __________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style
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internal
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mood disorders can range from mild to sever, one of the most severe is referred to as
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major depressive disorder
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With regard to social support,
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having social support helped speed recovery from depressive episodes
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Which of the following is a well-known and widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
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Prozac
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Currently, some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the US are
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behavioral and psychological
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The treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome developed by Michael Sharpe includes all of the following EXCEPT (increased activity, regulated rest periods, breathing exercises)
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medication
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According to the textbook, the physiological response of an individual to a stressor is called
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stress
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What is the name of the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death
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behavioral medicine
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Research findings have suggested that it might not be the stressful event itself that affects immune system functioning but rather the accompanying
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depression
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Various psychological factors have been used to explain individual variations in blood pressure, including all of the following EXCEPT (coping style, personality, level of stress)
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cognitive skills
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In biofeedback procedures, clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment to make the responses _______ to the patient.
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visible and/or audible
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Cognitive therapy is used in stress-management programs to help clients learn to do all of the following EXCEPT (develop more realistic appraisals and attitudes, identify unrealistic negative thoughts, assert themselves in an appropriate way in stressful situations)
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tell off people they don't like, as a way of reducing stress
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AIDS is now treated with new combinations of drugs called "highly active antiretroviral therapy" HAART, which
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suppress the virus in people who are HIV positive
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In regard to the condition termed "chronic pain," most researchers now agree that the causes of chronic pain and resulting high costs to our healthcare system are primarily
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both psychological and social
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Regarding gender differences in the experience of pain, women suffer more frequently than men from all of the following EXCEPT (migraine headaches, arthritis, menstrual cramps)
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backache
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Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one's perceived sense of
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control
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According to the text, injury prevention programs have proven effective in teaching children about all of the following EXCEPT (escaping fires, crossing streets, riding bikes safely)
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properly extinguishing cigarettes
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Although the improvement is only moderate, relaxation techniques have been shown to have a positive effect on
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headaches, hypertension, and pain (all of these)
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Knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called
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behavioral medicine
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A controlled research study investigating the effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome resulted in improvement in
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measures of fatigue and measures of illness belief (both a and b)
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According to the textbook, the leading cause of death for children and adults (under age 45) is
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injuries
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All of the following are examples of "pain behaviors" EXCEPT
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suffering in silence
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Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. One implication of this biological gender difference is that
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males and females may benefit from different kinds of medications and different kinds of pain management
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Which of the following was NOT one of the procedures or types of information used as part of San Francisco's 1990 community-level program to reduce new cases of HIV infection? (personal detailed assessment of HIV risk for each individual, instructions on how to clean needles, classes and videos to demonstrate safe sex skills)
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discussion of the moral and religious consequences of being HIV positive
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In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health?
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they can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease, unhealthy lifestyles can increase the risk of developing physical disorders (Both of these)
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Which of the following factors are implicated in the cause of all disorders?
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biological, psychological, and social
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading cause of death in the U.S. was
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infectious diseases
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In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. This GAS consists of all the following stages EXCEPT (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
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death
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Since heart disease is the number one cause of death in the US, it is very important, in terms of prevention, to determine if
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changes in behavior, lifestyle, and attitude can prevent heart attacks
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Knowledge derived from behavioral sciences applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called
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behavioral medicine
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As we grow older, it seems that the amount of sleep that we require
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decreases
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As many as ____ % of anorexia nervosa deaths are due to suicide
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30
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Which of the teenage girls described below is at greatest risk for developing an eating disorder
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Alice is currently on a diet; her friends also diet aggressively
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Of the following, the correct pairing is
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dyssomnia- a sleep disturbance
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When the individuals with anorexia nervosa have been evaluated over long periods of time, it has been found that the percentage of individuals who die as a result of their disorder is _____ %
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20
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The major diagnostic factor in anorexia nervosa is
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15% or lower weight than expected for that height and body size
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When women are asked to identify the most attractive female body weight, they typically identify a weight that is
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lower than the weight identified by men
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Most individuals with bulimia nervosa are
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of fairly normal body weight
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The families of patients with anorexia nervosa are typically characterized as
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successful and perfectionistic
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The strongest contributions to etiology of eating disorders seem to be
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sociocultural
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Genetic influences on eating disorders most likely involve
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an inherited personality tendency that may make development of an eating disorder more likely
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Abnormal events such as nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking that occur during sleep or during the twilight time between sleep and waking are classified as
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parasomnias
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the most serious medical consequence of bulimia nervosa excluding death is potential
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electrolyte imblance
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The most common reason that people with anorexia nervosa generally do not seek treatment on their own is that they
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do not see themselves as too thin
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One approach to successfully reducing the frequency of sleep terrors has been to
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use scheduled awakenings to briefly awaken the child before an attack occurs
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One intriguing result from the studies comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for bulimia nervosa is finding that
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CBT is more effective in short term, but IPT patients "catch up" and will do as well as CBT patients one year after treatment
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The most significant feature of bulimia nervosa is
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binge eating followed by compensatory behavior
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Individuals who don't feel rested despite sleeping a reasonable number of hours might be suffering from
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a dyssomnia
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Individuals suffering from primary insomnia
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have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
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Patients with bulimia nervosa often present with additional psychological disorders, particularly ______ and _________
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anxiety disorders; mood disorders
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Which of the following statements is true with regard to drug treatments for patients with anorexia nervosa
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medications have not generally been found to be effective for the treatment of anorexia nervosa
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The chief motivating factor in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is
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an overwhelming urge to be thin
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The families of patients with anorexia nervosa are typically characterized by all of the following EXCEPT (high achievement, perfectionism, concern with external appearances)
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open communication
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Which of the following statements is true about individuals with an eating disorder?
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they have a diminished sense of personal control, they may manifest as strikingly low self-esteem, they display more perfectionistic attitudes (all of the above)
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When men are asked to identify the ideal male body, they typically select a body weight that is about
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28 pounds more muscular than their own
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An unusually high concern with nocturnal emissions has been reported in ___________, where there is a strong culturally held belief that loss of semen causes depletion of physical and mental energy
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India
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Before diagnosing a sexual pain disorder, it is necessary to rule out
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a medical cause of the pain
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Stage 2 of sensate focus involves "genital pleasuring" but prohibits intercourse or orgasm. The main purpose of this stage is to
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allow sexual experience without the anxiety of performance
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One of the reasons that Viagra has become so widely accepted as a treatment for erectile dysfunction is that
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an oral medication is less awkward and intrusive than other treatments
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The basic concept behind the covert sensitization method of treating unwanted sexual arousal is to
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replace the immediate reinforcement of the behavior with the unpleasant consequences that ordinarily take longer to be experienced
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A paraphilia is defined as
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an attraction to inappropriate individuals or objects
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The procedure that carried out entirely in the patient's imagination and used to reduce the inappropriate sexual arousal that exists in fetishistic behavior is called
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covert sensitization
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Sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring were designed by Masters and Johnson to treat sexual dysfunctions primarily through
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elimination of psychologically based performance anxiety
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The sex therapy technique designed specifically to treat premature ejaculation is
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the squeeze technique
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The main feature of sexual arousal disorder is
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lack of physical sexual response despite a desire for sex
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The largest difference in sexual behavior for men versus women is that
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men are more likely to masturbate
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Sexual dysfunctions are
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equally common in heterosexuals and homosexuals
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The specific treatment found effective in the treatment of female orgasmic disorder is
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training in masturbatory procedures
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Gender identity disorder is diagnosed when
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a person's physical sex is inconsistent with the person's emotional and psychological identity
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The authors of the textbook suggest that one of the most effective treatments for many sexual dysfunctions is
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education regarding normal sexuality
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Research regarding sexual orientation suggests that homosexuality is
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influenced by biological/genetic, psychological, and social factors
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Drug treatments for male erectile disorder include all of the following EXCEPT
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Redux
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The condition called premature ejaculation occurs most frequently in
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younger men
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Of the following, the individual who would most likely be diagnosed with gender identity disorder is
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Mark, who feels like a woman trapped in a man's body
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Sexual arousal disorders are diagnosed when there is an
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inability to achieve or maintain an erection in males or a lack of lubrication in femalesf
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The most common of all the male sexual dysfunctions is
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premature ejaculation
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According to the DSM, the features of voyeurism include
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behaviors involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person engaging in sexual activity
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One psychological aspect of voyeurism and exhibitionism that seems to contribute to maintenance of the disordered behavior is
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thrill about the risk of getting caught
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Consequences of long-term excessive drinking include
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liver disease and/or pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage (any or all of these)
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Which of the following is the definition of sedative?
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calming
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Which of the following is the definition of anxiolytic
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anxiety-reducing
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Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcohol use?
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half of all Americans over the age of 12 report being current drinkers of alcohol
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Which of the following is the definition of anticonvulsant?
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antiseizure
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Although alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated, the factors that actually determine aggressive behavior involve all of the following EXCEPT (the quantity and timing of alcohol consumed, the person's previous history of violence, the circumstances and events related to the person's drinking)
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the person's level of intelligence
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Which of the following is an example of alcohol's effects on brain functioning?
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impaired motor coordination
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Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and is not addictive. When you realize that she is talking about cocaine, you inform her that
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dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years
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According tot he text, researchers estimate what percent of individuals in addiction treatment centers has an additional psychiatric disorder?
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75
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The most commonly consumed of all the psychoactive drugs are the stimulants, which include all of the following EXCEPT
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mescaline
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All of the following substances are classified as opiates EXCEPT
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cocaine
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Which of the following would NOT be an example of substance use
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getting drunk
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Cameron has a cup of coffee every morning, smokes 10 cigarettes a day, and has a beer with dinner. This is an example of
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substance use
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What explains the apparent stimulation, feeling of well-being, and outgoing behavior as the initial effects of alcohol ingestion?
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depression of the inhibitory centers in the brain
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Misuse of the benzodiazepine _________ has resulted in it being referred to as the "date rape drug"
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Rohypnol
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Alcohol and the drugs Secanol, Halcion, and Valium are all calssified as
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depressants
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The most common of the psychoactive substances, used by 90% of Americans, is
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caffeine
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Nikki has decided to stop smoking (again). She can expect to experience which of the following withdrawal symptoms?
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irritability
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In a large survey among college-aged men and women, it was found that
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D and F students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week
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Which of the following is the definition of hypnotic?
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sleep-inducing
