Psychology- chapters 10 and 11 – Flashcards
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Define incentives.
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Things that attract or lure people into action.
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What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
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A law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better performance.
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What is the drive-reduction theory?
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The approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.
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Define primary sex characteristics.
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Present at birth, primarily used for reproduction.
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What are the female primary sex characteristics?
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Uterus. Ovaries. Vagina.
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What are the male primary sex characteristics?
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Penis. Testes. Scrotum. Prostrate.
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What are the female secondary sex characteristics?
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Growth spurt. Menstrual cycle. Breast development. Mammary glands. Widening hips. Pubic hair. Fat deposits.
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What are the male secondary sex characteristics?
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Enlarged larynx (Adam's apple). Deepening voice. Facial and chest hair. Pubic hair. Coarse skin texture. Large increase in height.
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At what age do the gonads form in the embryo?
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5 weeks.
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If an embryo has a XY chromosome, are they male or female?
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Male.
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If an embryo has an XX chromosome, are they male or female?
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Female.
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What chromosome determines the sex of the baby?
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The 23rd.
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What disease is associated with the XXY chromosome?
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Kleinfetters syndrome.
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What disease is associated with the XO chromosome?
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Turner's syndrome.
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Define gender.
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The psychological aspects of being male or female.
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Define gendertyping.
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Acquiring gender role characteristics.
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Define gender identity.
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A person's sense of being male or female.
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What biological influences have an effect on gender?
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Hormones. Chromosomes.
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What environmental influences have an effect on gender?
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Parenting. Surroundings. Culture.
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What is the social learning theory?
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Gender identity is formed through reinforcement and modeling. Social.
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What is the gender schema theory?
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A child develops male or female schema, then observes and behaves accordingly. Cognitive.
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What is impression management?
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Only giving someone the parts you want them to see.
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Define gender stereotyping.
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Occurs when people assign characteristics to a person based on the person's male or female status rather than their actual characteristics.
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Define sexism.
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The prejudice about males or females leading to unequal treatment.
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Define benevolent sexism.
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A positive stereotype of males and females that lead to unequal treatment.
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Define androgyny.
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People who don't limit themselves to only male or female characteristics.
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What advantages do most females have over males?
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Better in verbal skills. Emotional expression is the "relate" style.
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What advantages do most males have over females?
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Better in math and spatial skills. Emotional expression is the "report" style.
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What causes the difference in the way males and females use the hemispheres of the brain?
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Hormones.
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Who conducted a study in human sexual behavior in 1957?
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Dr. William Masters and Dr. Virginia Johnson.
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What are the four stages of the human sexual response cycle?
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Excitement. Plateau. Orgasm. Resolution.
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What happens in the excitement stage of sex?
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The beginning of arousal. Can last several minutes to several hours.
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What happens in the plateau stage of sex?
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Physical changes continue.
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What happens in the orgasm stage of sex?
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Rhythmic contractions in vagina/penis muscles. Shortest of the cycles.
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What happens in the resolution stage of sex?
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The final phase. Body returns to normal state.
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What is the refractory period?
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Time period following sex when a male cannot become aroused.
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Which gender can have multiple orgasms?
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Women.
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What was biased about the Kinsey study?
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The participants were almost exclusively white and middle-class.
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What was surprising about the Kinsey study?
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Discovered a higher than expected frequency of alternative sexual practices, such as anal sex and masturbation.
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What percentage of men did the Kinsey study discover had bisexual experiences?
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50%.
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What percentage of women did the Kinsey study discover had bisexual experiences?
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20%.
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What year was the Kinsey study conducted in?
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1938.
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What year was the Janus report conducted in?
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1990.
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What differed between what the Janus report and the Kinsey study looked at?
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Janus study looked at more types of sexual behaviors and related factors than Kinsey.
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Define heterosexual.
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Attracted to the opposite sex.
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Define homosexual.
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Attracted to the same sex.
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Define bisexual.
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Attracted to both men and women.
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Research suggests what may influence sexual orientation?
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Genetics and biological differences.
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What is the kin selection hypothesis?
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Homosexuality may continue in gene pool because homosexuals protect their near kin.
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Define sexual dysfunction.
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A problem with interest, arousal, or response.
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Define paraphilia.
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Sexual arousal through unusual or socially unacceptable behavior.
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What are some causes or influences of sexual dysfunctions?
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Organic. Psychological. Sociocultural.
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Sexual dysfunctions increase with what?
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Age.
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What percentage of women experience sexual dysfunction?
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40-50%.
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What percentage of men experience sexual dysfunction?
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20-30%.
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What do sexually transmitted infections/diseases do?
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Affect sex organs and their ability to reproduce. Can cause pain, discomfort, death.
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What are the most common bacterial STDs?
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Chlamydia. Gonorrhea. Syphilis.
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How can bacterial STDs be treated?
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Antibiotics.
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What are the most common viral STDs?
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Genital warts. Genital herpes. AIDS.
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Is there a cure for viral STDS?
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No cure.
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What does AIDS do?
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Causes deterioration of immune system. Eventually leads to death due to complicating infections.
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How is AIDS transmitted?
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Sex with an infected person. Sharing a needle with an infected person. Giving birth or breast-feeding while infected.
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Define stress.
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Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events.
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Define stressor.
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Cause of stress reactions.
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Define distress.
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Effect of undesirable stressors.
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Define eustress.
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Effect of positive events.
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What are some effects of stress?
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Fatigue. Lack of sleep. Pacing. Overeating/emotional eating.
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Define catastrophes.
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Unpredictable, large-scale events.
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What is stressful about catastrophes?
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Create a tremendous need to adapt and adjust. Also create overwhelming feelings of stress.
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What is the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)?
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Scale that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a 1 year period resulting from major life events.
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What is the college undergraduate stress scale (CUSS)?
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Scale that measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a 1 year period resulting from major life events.
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Who developed the daily hassles scale?
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Lazarus and Folkman.
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Define hassles.
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Frustrations, delays, irritations, minor disagreements, etc.
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What are some psychological factors in stress?
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Pressure. Uncontrollability. Frustrations. Conflict.
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Define pressure.
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Urgent demands or expectations from outside sources.
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Define uncontrollability.
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Lack of control over an event or situation.
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Define frustrations.
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Desired goal or fulfillment of perceived need blocked.
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What are the stages of frustration?
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Persistence. Agression. Displaced aggression. Escape/withdrawal.
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Define persistence.
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Continuation of efforts to get around blocks.
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Define displaced aggression.
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Taking one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target.
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Define conflict.
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Pulled toward two desires/goals, only one of which can be attained.
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What is the approach-approach conflict?
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Two positive goals are attainable.
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What is the avoidance-avoidance conflict?
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Two negative goals are attainable.
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What is the approach-avoidance conflict?
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A goal with both positive and negative effects can or cannot be chosen.
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What is the double approach-avoidance conflict?
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Two goals with both positive and negative effects are attainable.
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Define the sympathetic division.
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Fight or flight reaction.
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Define the parasympathetic division.
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Rest and digest reaction.
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What are the stages of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)?
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Alarm. Resistance. Exhaustion.
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Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for what?
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Heart attacks, heart disease, or cancer.
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What weight problems can come from stress?
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Overeating/emotional eating. Type two diabetes.
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How can high amounts of stress lead to higher chances for cancer?
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Stress depresses the release of natural killer cells.
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What approach did Lazarus develop?
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The cognitive appraisal approach.
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What is the cognitive appraisal approach to stress?
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Appraisal of stressors is a major factor in the levels of stress.
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What is the primary appraisal in the cognitive appraisal approach?
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Determining if something is threatening, challenging, or neither.
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What is the secondary appraisal in the cognitive appraisal approach?
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Determining the resources available to fight threatening/challenging thing.
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Define type A personalities.
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Ambitious. Time conscious. Hard working. Often hostile. Increased risk of heart disease.
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Define type B personalities.
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Less competitive than type A. Relaxed. Slow to anger. 1/3 of risk for heart disease.
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Define type C personalities.
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Pleasant. Repressed. Internalizes anger/anxiety. Higher risk for cancer.
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Define hardy (type H) personalities.
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Thrives on stress. Lacks anger/hostility of type A. Firm in beliefs and themselves. Sees challenges, not problems.
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Define optimist.
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Look for positive outcomes. Less stressed.
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What benefits do optimists have over pessimists?
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Longer life expectancy. Stronger immune system.
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Define pessimists.
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Expect negative outcomes.
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What social factors affect stress levels?
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Poverty. Job stress. Acculturative stress.
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Define poverty.
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Lack of sufficient money to provide basic necessities of life. Often has many stressors.
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Define job stress.
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Workload. Lack of control. Lack of job security. Work schedule. Low job satisfaction. Burnout.
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Define acculturative stress.
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Stress resulting from a the need to adapt a person's ways to that of the majority of the culture.
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Define integration.
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A person maintains sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture.
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Define assimilation.
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A person gives up old culture's ways and completely adopts the ways of the new culture.
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Define separation.
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A person rejects the majority culture's ways and tries to maintain original culture's identity.
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Define marginalization.
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A person does not maintain contact with old culture or join majority culture.
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How are social support systems and stress related?
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Help people cope with stress.
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Define coping strategies.
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Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects.
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What is problem-focused coping?
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Eliminate or reduce source of stress via direct action.
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What is emotion-focused coping?
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Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction.
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Define meditation.
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Mental exercises to refocus attention; trancelike consciousness.
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Define concentrative meditation.
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Focusing mind on repetitive or unchanging stimulus to clear mind or relax.
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Define androgens.
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Hormones predominant in males.
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Define estrogens.
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Hormones predominant in females.
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Define burnout.
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Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustrations, leading to feelings of exhaustion.
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Define transexual.
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Having both male and female sex organs.
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Define sex.
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The biological aspects of being male or female.
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Define health psychology.
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Psychology focused on how physical activities, traits, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illness.
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Define menarche.
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The first period cycle.
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Define menopause.
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The last period cycle.
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Define mammary glands.
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Glands within the breast tissue that produce milk when a woman gives birth to an infant.
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What do the prostrate glands produce/hold?
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Semen. Yay.
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Define psychoneuroimmunology.
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The study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors on the immune system.
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What is the cause of chlamydia?
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Bacterial infection that grows with the body's cells.
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What does chlamydia do?
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Swollen testicles. Discharge. Burning with urinating.
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What is the cause of syphilis?
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Bacterial infection.
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What does syphilis do?
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Sores that appear on or in the genital area and can spread to other parts of the body and brain.
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What is the cause of gonorrhea?
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Bacterial infection that grows rapidly in warm, moist areas of the body.
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What does gonorrhea do?
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A foul-smelling, cloudy discharge from penis or inflamed cervix and light vaginal discharge.
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What is the cause of genital herpes?
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Herpes simplex virus.
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What do genital herpes do?
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Sores on the genital area. Itching. Burn. "Pins and needles" feelings where sores are about to appear.
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What is the cause of genital warts?
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Human papillomavirus.
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What do genital warts do?
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Warty growths on the genitalia.
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What is the cause of AIDS?
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Human immunodeficiency virus.
