question

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

answer

pay attention.

question

The four elements of observational learning are _____, _____, ______, and ______.

answer

attention, memory, imitation, and desire/motivation

question

Bandura conducted some of his research to study

answer

possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

question

The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

answer

the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

question

If Pavlov's dogs heard a ticking similar to that of the metronome used in his experiments,

answer

the dogs would salivate.

question

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

answer

Pavlov

question

"Little Albert" acquired a conditioned emotional response to the rat when its presentation was coupled with

answer

a loud noise.

question

One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior was

answer

John Watson.

question

An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)

answer

unconditioned response.

question

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Research suggests that once people learn something,

answer

it is always present somewhere in memory

question

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses

answer

continuous reinforcement.

question

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

answer

a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

question

A police car is a ___________ for slowing down.

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

_______ is an example of punishment by removal.

answer

Grounding a teenager

question

Fishing is an example of an activity with a

answer

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

question

A recent study suggests a link between spanking and

answer

aggression in children.

question

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses both analysis of current behavior and shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is

answer

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

question

Most of the time, punishment

answer

will only temporarily suppress a behavior

question

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was

answer

not rewarded.

question

Köhler's chimp experiment involved

answer

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

question

Köhler's chimp study demonstrates that insight requires

answer

a sudden "coming together" of all the elements of a problem.

question

Amy is unhappy with her job. She works long hours for little pay and her boss is disrespectful to her. Even though she knows it's a bad job, she doesn't quit or find a new job as she thinks her efforts won't matter. This is an example of

answer

learned helplessness.

question

In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as

answer

preparing the training arena

question

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

answer

maturation.

question

What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

answer

involuntary and voluntary

question

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

answer

Observational learning

question

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

answer

digestive systems.

question

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

answer

memory

question

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

answer

latent learning.

question

It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

answer

obtaining food.

question

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

answer

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

question

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of

answer

biological preparedness.

question

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

answer

learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map

question

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

answer

heard the sound of the metronome

question

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

answer

successive approximations.

question

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of

answer

insight.

question

The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves

answer

the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

question

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to

answer

be repeated.

question

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

answer

jumped over the fence when the shock started.

question

_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

answer

Extinction

question

Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

answer

have found support for the concept of animal insight.

question

After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed

answer

stimulus generalization.

question

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

answer

punishment by removal

question

A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

answer

operant conditioning.

question

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

answer

conditioned emotional response

question

In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

answer

They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done

question

The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

answer

the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

question

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

answer

latent learning.

question

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

answer

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

question

In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with a

answer

primary reinforcer.

question

Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

answer

have found support for the concept of animal insight.

question

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

answer

successive approximations

question

Operant conditioning is dependent on

answer

voluntary behavior.

question

In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

answer

would not attempt to escape when escape was possible

question

When a behavior is reinforced according to the number of responses required, it is

answer

on a ratio schedule of reinforcement.

question

It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

answer

obtaining food.

question

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV.

answer

positively correlated with

question

In negative reinforcement, a(n) _________ is removed; in punishment by removal, a(n) ________ is removed.

answer

unpleasant thing; pleasant, or desirable thing

question

Köhler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the banana

answer

by having a sudden perception of relationships

question

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

answer

did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome

question

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

answer

a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

question

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is

answer

treating children with disorders such as autism

question

A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

answer

operant conditioning

question

In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

answer

They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done

question

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

answer

latent learning

question

The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

answer

imitation; motivation

question

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

answer

Pavlov

question

______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

answer

Vicarious conditioning

question

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

answer

Martin Seligman

question

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

answer

Observational learning

question

The term extinction may be misleading because:

answer

learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not unlearned

question

An example of maturation?

answer

One-year-old Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can

question

If your professor gives you a pop quiz, this is an example of...?

answer

A variable interval schedule of reinforcement

question

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:

answer

partially reinforced

question

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that:

answer

All responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus

question

The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response, :

answer

but it is essentially the same response

question

Which individual believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

answer

Martin Seligman

question

_ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

answer

Vicarious conditioning

question

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

answer

neutral stimulus

question

_ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

An unlearned, involuntary response, like salivating when presented food, is?

answer

A reflex

question

The term extinction may be misleading because...

answer

learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not unlearned

question

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later at play, they will...

answer

imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV

question

Bandura conducted some of his research to study?

answer

Possible links between children's exposure to violence on TV and aggressive behavior towards others

question

A five year old watches his father dunk a basketball, since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way the father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of...

answer

imitation

question

Seligman connects learned helplessness to

answer

depression

question

Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because

answer

other reseachers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait

question

Tolman and kohler were both what?

answer

Gestalt psychologists

question

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as?

answer

cognition

question

Operant conditioning relies on...

answer

voluntary behavior

question

a modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is?

answer

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

question

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using?

answer

primary reinforcers

question

In most employment situations, people are paid...

answer

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

question

after passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he would be able to have access to the family car for a week, Tito's parents are using...

answer

positive reinforement

question

After eating a food that make you sick, that food will cause a negative connotation, this is...

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?

answer

?

question

Time-out is an example of ?

answer

punishment by removal

question

_ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

answer

A hug AND a certificate of appreciation

question

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of?

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called

answer

extinction

question

_ occurs when an organisms learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

answer

Stimulus discrimination

question

Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair sliding across the wooden floor makes a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of?

answer

Stimulus generalization

question

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as

answer

cognition

question

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved

answer

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

question

Kohler determined that insight

answer

cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone

question

Research suggests that once people learn somethign

answer

it is always present somewhere in memory

question

Bandura concluded that there were _ elements of observational learning

answer

four

question

Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called

answer

negative reinforcement

question

In operant conditioning, responses are _, whereas in classical conditioning responses are _

answer

Voluntary AND involuntary

question

A police car is a _ for slowing down

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

In order to increase reading, Mrs. Gomez has students record their reading. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using?

answer

a token economy

question

Being sent to the principal after being told many times to stop talking is a form of?

answer

punishment

question

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of smalls stages. This is an example of?

answer

shaping

question

What are examples of stimuli that elicit a conditioned emotional response?

answer

a parent holding a belt; a Christmas tree all lit up; eerie music from a movie you thought was scary

question

An example of a primary reinforcement for a shy child to sing in front of people?

answer

Promise her an ice cream cone when she sings

question

Doretha eats all her dinner knowing afterwards she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Most of the time, punishment will...?

answer

only temporarily suppress a behavior

question

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was __ behavior.

answer

Operant

question

Pavlov believed that the CS, due to its association close in time with the UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS. What is this belief called?

answer

Stimulus substitution

question

The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response, ___

answer

but it is essentially the same response

question

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

answer

neutral stimulus

question

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

answer

distinctive

question

Bandura found that consequences

answer

do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model

question

In defining learning, "__" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

answer

Relatively permanent

question

A puppy chews on the curtains, Layla turns on a device that makes a continuous loud sound when she seems the puppy chewing. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops. Layla is using what technique to change the puppy's behavior?

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

One of Skinner's famous experiments involved?

answer

Teaching rats to learn how to obtain food

question

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is?

answer

partially reinforced

question

__ is more resistant to extinction than ___

answer

partial reinforcement AND continuous reinforcement

question

In toilet training a cat, "Lid up, seat down" is known in operant conditioning as

answer

preparing the training area

question

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be?

answer

distinctive

question

In John Watson's experiment with Little Albert, he demonstrated that

answer

human emotional responses could be conditioned

question

__ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

answer

Stimulus discrimination

question

Dr. Rubio plays music and then afterwards places bread of an open window sill. After doing this many times, she notices that just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. The conditional stimulus is the

answer

music

question

For each day Tanya is good, she receives a fake dollar she can spend at the school store. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of

answer

behavior modification

question

When showering, a toilet flushing will turn the water ice cold, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush. The unconditional stimulus is the ___ and the condition stimulus is the ___

answer

The cold water AND the sound of the flushing toilet

question

Tamar loves the slot machines, she has no idea how many times she has to pull the lever to win, but she is aware that at some point she is likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example?

answer

Variable ration

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