Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz – Flashcards
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To remember her nine-digit Social Security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her Social Security number easier to remember by using
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chunking.
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If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories.
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unable; able
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When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of
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context-dependent memory
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If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
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semantic
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Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, when Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing
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the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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Posttraumatic stress disorder is an example of
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persistence
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In history class, Kuo takes notes on a laptop. However, by doing this, she misses important details and performs poorly on exams. When she asks her instructor for advice, she is most likely to be told to
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begin taking notes by hand
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Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?
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episodic
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Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion activates your knowledge about dogs. Since this knowledge is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about her new puppy
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words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.
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Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because
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long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
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If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory.
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context-dependent
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After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with
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retrograde amnesia
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Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her ________ memory of riding a bike.
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procedural
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You are working on a crossword puzzle. Even though you know the answer to a question, you cannot remember the actual word. You remember the shape of the word, the first letter of the word, and other related words and ideas, but cannot remember the word itself. You are experiencing
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the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
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sensory storage
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Short-term storage has a(n)
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limited capacity
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Nora and Miles are studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.
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maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
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Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of
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memory bias
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You just taught your dog to roll over whenever you say "Play dead!" If the dog forms a memory about how to do this trick on command it will be because its brain
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acquired the information and retained it so that it could access it later on.
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When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is
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encoding.
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After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in a network of neurons in your brain. In memory, this process is called
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storage.
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The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are
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(1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval
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In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts
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variable amounts of time.
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Every day Manuel buys coffee from the same woman on the way to work. Even though he always sees her, when a friend asks he cannot remember what color her hair is. Manual most likely experienced a problem in the __________ process of memory.
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storage
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Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our
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ability to direct attention is limited.
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You are paying close attention to the basketball game on the TV. Suddenly, you are distracted by your roommate talking to someone on the phone about the upcoming psychology exam in the class you both take. This conversation most likely captured your attention because it
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was personally important.
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While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information that
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we do not pay attention to.
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Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT
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why we tend to process personally irrelevant information.
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Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to
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change blindness.
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Yelinda is talking to a salesman in a store when she steps away to answer her cell phone. When Yelinda turns back to the salesman, she fails to notice that the salesman she had originally been speaking to has been replaced by a different salesman. Yelinda's failure to notice that the salesman has changed is best explained by
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change blindness.
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Kumar is trying to remember the name of his psychology professor from last semester. To answer this question, Kumar must search for information in his
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long-term storage.
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Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is incorrect because
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long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
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Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her
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sensory storage.
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Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
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sensory storage.
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Lisa is driving to school when she sees a yellow traffic light ahead of her. According to the three-part memory storage system, Lisa will first maintain information about the yellow light in her
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sensory storage.
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In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you remember that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you
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group words together in meaningful ways.
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To remember her nine-digit social security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her social security number easier to remember by using
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chunking.
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The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of
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chunking.
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Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling
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a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.
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At Starbucks, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head, while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your
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working memory.
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Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using __________ to aid her memory.
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chunking
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Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed
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more deeply.
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Morgan is currently taking a course on public speaking. Next year, he will most likely remember only general facts from the course, because semantic information is maintained in
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long-term storage.
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To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used
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elaborative rehearsal.
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In a memory experiment, Group A is asked to listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words. Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the levels of processing model, what will the results of the experiment be?
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Group C will remember more words.
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Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using
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maintenance rehearsal.
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Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items, and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the __________ effect.
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primacy
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Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
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the recency effect.
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Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called
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elaborative rehearsal.
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Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using
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deep processing.
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Nora and Miles are medical students studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using __________ and Miles is using __________ to learn the terms.
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maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
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George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should
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relate the names to information he already knows.
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According to the idea that information is held in long-term storage in networks of associations, each specific piece of information in memory is located in
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nodes.
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If someone says the word doctor, it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor, or it may bring to mind other concepts related to doctors, such as an examination room or a stethoscope. This fact is best explained by the __________ model of memory.
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spreading activation
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Monica hears that George goes to a lot of parties. When a friend asks Monica what George is like, she tells him that George drinks a lot of alcohol. Even though Monica only knows that George goes to parties, she believes that George drinks a lot because she
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has a schema about going to parties that includes drinking alcohol.
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On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys French fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want French fries because
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the hamburger activated the node for French fries.
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Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion about her new puppy activates your knowledge about dogs. Based on the fact that information is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about the puppy
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words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.
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Prospective memory limits the cognitive resources available for other tasks because it
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reduces the number of items we can maintain in short-term storage.
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Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory?
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planning to pick up a library book on your way home
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A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing
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retrograde amnesia.
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Patient H.M. had part of his medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, removed to eliminate seizures. After his surgery, H.M could no longer
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form new explicit memories.
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If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.
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episodic
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If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.
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semantic
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If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be __________ to remember anything from before the incident and __________ to form new memories.
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unable; able
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Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details of the movie, but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is
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a semantic memory.
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If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent __________ memory but may have poor __________ memory.
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episodic; semantic
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Sue and Mary are talking about knitting. Sue is trying to remember the first thing she ever knitted. Mary is trying to remember what the word knitting means. Sue is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory and Mary is going to recall a(n) __________ memory.
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episodic; semantic
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Which of the following is a type of implicit memory?
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procedural
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Remembering how to ice skate is most likely an example of __________ memory.
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procedural
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Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty
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forming new memories.
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Scientists have created a drug that leaves your existing memory intact, but eliminates your ability to form any new memories. This drug seems to create
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anterograde amnesia.
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On his way to work, Jon's wife reminds him that he needs to pick up milk on his way home from work. To remember to pick up milk on his way home, Jon should use his __________ memory.
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prospective
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Yolanda has a brain tumor. As the tumor gets bigger, Yolanda can no longer form new memories in long-term storage. Yolanda most likely has __________ amnesia.
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anterograde
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People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to write down the steps involved in putting on a button-down shirt. This difference suggests that __________ memory is typically an __________ memory.
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procedural; implicit
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Igor has not been skiing in 10 years. However, when he gets on his skis, his body remembers exactly how to ski. The kind of memory that makes it possible for him to remember how to ski is
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procedural.
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Tami's father used to roller skate as a child, but has not skated for many years. When he goes skating with Tami he will most likely remember how to skate due to his __________ memory.
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procedural
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Aman has anterograde amnesia. However, he can still remember how to ride a bicycle and how to tie his shoes, because his __________ memory is still intact.
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procedural
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After a plane crash, Shera wakes up in a hospital and can remember everything about her life prior to the crash. However, every time her doctor visits, she believes she has never met him before. Based on this information, the doctor will most likely diagnose Shera with
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anterograde amnesia.
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Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her __________ memory of riding a bike.
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procedural
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Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a __________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory.
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procedural; episodic
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Ted has brain damage after an accident. Although he can clearly remember everything from before the accident, he forgets what people are saying to him within a few minutes. Ted is most likely experiencing
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anterograde amnesia.
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Research has shown that the consolidation of memories
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is aided by sleep.
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Sleep disturbances interfere with the __________ of memories.
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consolidation
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When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the
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medial temporal lobe.
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Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased by
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interfering with memory reconsolidation.
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Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the
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temporal lobe.
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Implicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the
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cerebellum.
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Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called
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context-dependent memory.
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The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the internal states during encoding and the internal states during recall match is called
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state-dependent memory.
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If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of __________ memory.
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context-dependent
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When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of
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context-dependent memory.
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Whenever Mandy gets angry with her boyfriend, she easily remembers all of the other times she has been angry with him in the past. Mandy's ability to retrieve this information was most likely influenced by
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state-dependent memory.
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Ashley studies for her upcoming psychology exam while sitting on her sunny front porch. When she takes the exam in a dimly lit lecture hall, she does poorly on the exam. Which of the following could have influenced her ability to recall the necessary exam information?
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context-dependent memory
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Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?
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context-dependent memory
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When Karl was a child, he loved to sit in his grandmother's kitchen watching her cook Italian food. Now, whenever he smells Italian food, he instantly remembers those childhood times. For Karl, the smell of Italian food is a __________ for memories about his grandmother.
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retrieval cue
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Samantha is looking outside her window when she sees a man stealing a bike from a bike rack located outside her apartment complex. When the police question her, Samantha might remember more details about the crime if she talks to the police
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by the window where she watched the man steal the bike.
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Inattention and the shallow encoding of events can often result in __________, which leads to forgetting.
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absentmindedness
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Your roommate asks you which section of chemistry you are taking next semester. You have just registered for the class, and confidently turn to tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you suddenly cannot remember which section you registered for. Your memory lapse is an example of
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blocking.
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You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of the Spanish you learned in high school. This effect is most likely due to
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proactive interference.
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You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. Now, whenever you try to remember a word in Spanish, you can only remember that word in Portuguese. This effect is most likely due to
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retroactive interference.
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Amanda was telling Connie about a movie she had seen, when Connie asked who starred in the movie. Amanda became frustrated because she could not think of the actor's name, even though she could describe the actor and list other movies he has starred in. Amanda is most likely experiencing
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
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Beth recently changed her e-mail password. For the first few days after changing her password, she kept trying to log in with the old password. Which of the following was Beth experiencing?
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proactive interference
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Ali's previous boyfriend was named Sam and her new boyfriend is named Stan. When she accidentally calls her new boyfriend Stan by the name Sam, she explains to him that her mistake was due to
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proactive interference.
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When we make our memories consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes, we are experiencing
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memory bias.
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Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of
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memory bias.
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Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?
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Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?"
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Jacob has to write an essay for his writing course and decides to write about a boy who is actually a wizard. When his teacher reads the essay, she realizes that Jacob got the idea from a popular book. Jacob denies this, honestly believing that he thought of the idea himself. Jacob is experiencing
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cryptomnesia.
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Jurors are listening to an eyewitness describe a crime. Research on eyewitness testimony suggests that jurors will be
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poor at judging the accuracy of the testimony.
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Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of
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suggestibility.
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Laden has a memory of getting a teddy bear at a childhood birthday party. However, she cannot remember who gave it to her or at which birthday she received it. Laden is experiencing
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source amnesia.
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You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) __________ memory and is likely to be __________ a memory for an ordinary event.
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flashbulb; as accurate as
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Yu vividly remembers the day her husband surprised her with an emotional and dramatic marriage proposal. Research suggests that this __________ memory is __________ ordinary memories.
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flashbulb; as accurate as
