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Jean Piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the:

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mid-1900s.

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Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by:

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observing his own children.

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Which of the following is an example of a cognitive scheme?

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Sorting by color

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According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing schemes is called:

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assimilation.

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Tim likes to explore his parents' house through touch. One day he touches the oven and burns his hand. Tim learns that although some objects are safe to touch, ovens are not. According to Piaget, this is an example of:

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accommodation.

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How many stages of cognitive development did Piaget identify?

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Four

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The Piagetian stage during which understanding of the world comes about through sensory experiences and motor actions is the:

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sensorimotor stage.

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According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviors are:

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reflexive.

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When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he does search for it, reflecting his development of:

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object permanence.

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The first substage of preoperational thought is the:

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symbolic function substage.

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Piaget's most famous conservation task study involved:

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identical beakers of liquid.

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Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that Piaget's theory:

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needs to be modified.

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In talking with Grandma on the phone, Jake suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Jake says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and says good-bye. This is an example of:

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egocentrism.

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A young child might be heard saying, "The moon is smiling at me." The child's belief that the moon has "human" qualities and is capable of action is referred to as:

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animism.

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In Piaget's theory, "operations" refer to:

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internalized mental actions.

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A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is called:

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equilibration

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_______ is clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation when they focus their attention on one characteristic (such as height or length) to the exclusion of other characteristics.

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Centration

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To understand the relationships among relatives on a family tree, children need to be able to use the skill of:

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classification.

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Tyrell understands that his father can also be a son and a brother, all at the same time. This suggests that Tyrell is in the:

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concrete operational stage.

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During what stage of development can a child take a pile of rocks and place them in order from largest to smallest?

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concrete operations

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Reversible mental actions are called:

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operations.

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According to Piaget, _______ operational thought comes into play between 11 and 15 years of age.

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formal

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In Piagetian terms, the cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence is called:

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hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

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Research suggests that the age at which individuals acquire conservation skills is associated with:

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the degree to which their culture provides relevant practices.

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According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:

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egocentrism

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Stephanie, a 15-year-old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. This exemplifies the concept of:

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imaginary audience.

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Which of the following educational practices is supported by Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

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Classrooms should be less structured, allowing for discovery learning.

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Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision are called:

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neo-Piagetians.

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is similar to Piaget's theory in that it:

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emphasizes that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding.

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Tasks in the upper limit of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) are ones:

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that are too difficult for a child to perform without assistance.

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According to Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), learning is:

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a social activity between a less knowledgeable child and another adult or child who is more knowledgeable.

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A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development if:

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the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

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_____ occurs when a teacher adjusts his or her level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student.

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Scaffolding

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Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought?

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All mental functions have social origins.

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Latoya talks to herself often, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Vygotsky would say Latoya is:

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using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking.

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best reflects a(n):

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social constructivist approach.

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With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that:

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adults likely do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect.

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Life-span development students often complain, "Why do we have to learn all of these theories? Why don't you just teach us the right one?" This complaint reflects:

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absolute, dualistic thinking.

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Postformal thought is considered to be:

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provisional.

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The Piagetian concept in which an infant searches for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than looking for it in a new location is called:

answer

the AB error.

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