Psychology – Chapter 16 (Social psychology) – Flashcards
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Social psychology
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The scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations
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Culture
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An ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history
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Social roles
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Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions (such as daughter, worker, student)
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Ascribed roles
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Assigned to a person or are not under personal control: male or female, son, adolescent, inmate
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Achieved roles
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Voluntarily attained by special effort: spouse, teacher, scientist, bandleader, criminal
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Role conflict
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Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior
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Group structure
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The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group
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Group cohesiveness
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The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group
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In-group
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A group with which a person identifies. Example: nationality, ethnicity, age, education, religion, income, political values, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
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Out-group
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A group with which a person does not identify. (prejudice towards other groups)
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Status
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An individual's position in a social structure, especially with respect to power, privilege, or importance
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Norm
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A widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behavior
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Attribution
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The process of making inferences about the cause of one's own behavior, and that of others
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Situational demands
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Unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behavior in various settings and social situations
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Self-handicapping
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Arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing
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Fundamental attribution error
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The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes (situations and circumstances)
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Cognitive dissonance
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An uncomfortable clash between self-image, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or perceptions and one's behavior
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Persuasion
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A deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs with information and arguments
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Conformity
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Bringing one's behavior into agreement or harmony with norms or with the behavior of others in a group
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Compliance
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Bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power
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Obedience
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Conformity to the demands of an authority
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Social loafing
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The tendency of people to work less hard when part of a group than when they are solely responsible for their work
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Social facilitation
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The tendency to perform better when in the presence of others
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Coercion
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Being forced to change your beliefs or you behavior against your will
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Brainwashing
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Engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience
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Cult
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A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question; cult members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways
