question

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

question

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of:

answer

role-playing on attitude change.

question

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called:

answer

cognitive dissonance.

question

According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when:

answer

an individual does something that is personally disagreeable.

question

Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by:

answer

cognitive dissonance theory.

question

In Milgram's obedience experiments, \"teachers\" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:

answer

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.

question

Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be less likely to follow the experimenter's orders when:

answer

they saw another subject disobey instructions.

question

In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:

answer

they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

question

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:

answer

teachers\" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

question

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that:

answer

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

question

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of:

answer

learning.

question

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:

answer

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that:

answer

actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions.

question

Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is least likely to steal the merchandise if:

answer

she is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting.

question

Research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority, the minority must:

answer

express its position as consistently as possible.

question

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which:

answer

individuals share a similar opinion.

question

When pressured to conform, people may do the opposite of what is expected in order to increase their sense of:

answer

personal control.

question

Deindividuation refers to:

answer

a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

question

Which of the following most accurately states the effects of crowding on behavior?

answer

Crowding sometimes intensifies people's reactions.

question

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

question

Which of the following situations should produce the greatest cognitive dissonance?

answer

A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with.

question

The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by:

answer

the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.

question

In Milgram's obedience experiments, \"teachers\" were most likely to deliver high levels of shock when:

answer

the \"learner\" was placed in a different room from the \"teacher.\"

question

In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of subjects:

answer

complied with all the demands of the experiment.

question

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:

answer

role-playing on attitudes.

question

Which of the following is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

answer

After agreeing to wear a small \"Enforce Recycling\" lapel pin, a woman agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law.

question

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate:

answer

ingroup bias.

question

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of:

answer

group polarization.

question

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates:

answer

social loafing.

question

Social loafing is most likely to occur among:

answer

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

question

Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance theory?

answer

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

question

Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because:

answer

the \"teachers\" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

question

In Milgram's obedience experiments, \"teachers\" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:

answer

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.

question

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of:

answer

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?

answer

group polarization

question

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

answer

A group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through discussion.

question

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

answer

\"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue.\"

question

When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of:

answer

deindividuation.

question

Which of the following conclusions did Milgram derive from his studies of obedience?

answer

Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process.

question

The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n):

answer

role.

question

Having observed participants in his simulated prison study, Philip Zimbardo offered an explanation for the destructive behavior of U.S. military guards at Iraq's Abu Ghraib Prison. Zimbardo's explanation best exemplified:

answer

a situational attribution.

question

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

answer

role-playing

question

Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?

answer

Group polarization is evident.

question

The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of:

answer

groupthink.

question

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

answer

Birds of a feather flock together.

question

Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?

answer

physical proximity

question

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of:

answer

the mere exposure effect.

question

Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.

answer

be perceived as more socially skilled

question

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation the presence of others often:

answer

leads to all of the alternatives.

question

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:

answer

the bystander effect.

question

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:

answer

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.

question

If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of children campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to:

answer

conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.

question

Which of the following strategies would be most likely to foster positive feelings between two conflicting groups?

answer

Have the groups work on a superordinate goal.

question

Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared to Western cultures? They have:

answer

lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.

question

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as:

answer

companionate love.

question

Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as:

answer

inequitable.

question

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of:

answer

equity.

question

Coercive men who believe the rape myth are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading:

answer

social script.

question

After extensive exposure to X-rated sexual films, men are subsequently ________ accepting of women's sexual submission to men and _______ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

answer

more; more

question

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that:

answer

many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.

question

Most researchers agree that:

answer

media violence is a factor in aggressive behavior.

question

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

answer

similar to; different from

question

Students at State University are convinced that their school is better than any other; this most directly illustrates:

answer

an ingroup bias.

question

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying:

answer

social inequalities.

question

Ahmed and Monique are on a blind date. Which of the following will probably be most influential in determining whether they like each other?

answer

their physical attractiveness

question

Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.

answer

15

question

Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to:

answer

decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.

question

Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?

answer

being in a good mood

question

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in:

answer

the bystander effect.

question

Which of the following strategies would be most likely to foster positive feelings between two conflicting groups?

answer

Have the groups work on a superordinate goal.

question

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to:

answer

passionate love.

question

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just:

answer

completed a series of aerobic exercises.

question

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves:

answer

role-playing aggression.

question

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by:

answer

reinforcement.

question

After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be:

answer

less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape.

question

In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of:

answer

the just-world phenomenon.

question

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, \"What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment.\" This reaction is best explained in terms of:

answer

the just-world phenomenon.

question

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from:

answer

frustration.

question

The mere exposure effect demonstrates that:

answer

familiarity breeds fondness.

question

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates:

answer

the mere exposure effect

question

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with:

answer

Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science.

question

Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?

answer

Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer

question

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by:

answer

superordinate goals.

question

The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which ________.

answer

companionate; there is equity between the partners

question

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates:

answer

altruism.

question

Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer.

answer

prime aggressive thoughts

question

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves:

answer

role-playing aggression.

question

In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of

answer

role-playing aggression.

question

Ever since their cabin lost the camp softball competition, the campers have become increasingly hostile toward one camper in their cabin, blaming her for every problem in the cabin. This behavior is best explained in terms of:

answer

the scapegoat theory.

question

We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an outgroup as ________.

answer

different from one another; similar to one another

question

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their:

answer

feelings of popularity.

question

Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by:

answer

the mere exposure effect.

question

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:

answer

a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.

question

In one experiment, white Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed:

answer

reduced prejudice against black Americans.

question

Opening her mail, Joan discovers a romantic greeting card from her boyfriend. According to the two-factor theory, she is likely to feel the most intense romantic feelings if, prior to reading the card, she has just:

answer

completed her daily run.

question

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on:

answer

altruism.

question

Research studies have shown that frequent exposure to sexually explicit films:

answer

may produce all of these effects.

question

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:

answer

the just-world phenomenon.

question

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

answer

similar to; different from

question

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:

answer

hindsight bias.

question

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people:

answer

experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

question

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their:

answer

self-esteem.

question

Makato, a 21-year-old university junior, is physically unattractive. Compared to good-looking students, Makato is more likely to:

answer

have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.

question

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:

answer

emergency is being observed by a number of other people.

question

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

superordinate goals.

question

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

answer

the two-factor theory

question

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain:

answer

passionate love.

question

Our mental tapes of culturally prescribed ways of interacting with others in specific situations are called:

answer

social scripts.

question

What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?

answer

physical attractiveness

question

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

answer

the two-factor theory

question

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

self-disclosure

question

Repeated exposure to pornographic films causes viewers to:

answer

see their partners as less attractive and to be more accepting of short prison sentences for convicted rapists.

question

Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by:

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates:

answer

ingroup bias.

question

The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the:

answer

just-world phenomenon.

question

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:

answer

diffusion of responsibility.

question

In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared to men who had not been aroused, these men:

answer

reported more positive feelings toward the woman.

question

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

answer

belief-based feelings

question

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of:

answer

deindividuation.

question

We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel:

answer

a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove.

question

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their:

answer

self-esteem.

question

Concluding her presentation on deindividuation, Renée notes that deindividuation is less likely in situations that promote:

answer

increased self-awareness.

question

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch \"Be a Safe Driver\" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive \"Drive Carefully\" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates:

answer

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of:

answer

deindividuation.

question

Aggression is defined as behavior that:

answer

is intended to hurt another person.

question

Research studies have indicated that the tendency of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality, devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is:

answer

increased by exposure to pornography.

question

Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.

answer

be perceived as more socially skilled

question

Experimental studies indicate that college men who are randomly assigned to play a violent video game:

answer

experience increasing levels of arousal and become increasingly likely to hurt a fellow student.

question

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:

answer

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as:

answer

social loafing.

question

Jane and Sandy were best friends as freshmen. Jane joined a sorority; Sandy didn't. By the end of their senior year, they found that they had less in common with each other than with the other members of their respective circles of friends. Which of the following phenomena most likely explains their feelings?

answer

group polarization

Flashcards About Psychology Chapter 14

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards