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Psychology 100

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Chapter 11: Stress and Health

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Health Psychology

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Area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illnesses.

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Stress

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The term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.

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Stressors

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Events that cause a stress reaction.

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Distress

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The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.

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Eustress

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The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.

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Catastrophe

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An unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat.

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Acute stress disorder (ASD)

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A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to \"relive\" the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month.

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.

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College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

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Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.

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Hassles

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The daily annoyances of everyday life.

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c. Eustress

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The optimal amount of stress that people need to promote their health and sense of well-being is called _____. a. Intensity b. Distress c. Eustress d. Acute stress

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b. Post-traumatic stress disorder

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Anxiety, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, and concentration problems that occur for more than a month after a major stressor are symptoms of _____. a. Acute stress disorder b. Post-traumatic stress disorder c. Pre-traumatic stress disorder d. General stress disorder

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b. Major life events; hassles

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Research has shown that _____ have long-term effect on physical and mental health, but _____ have greater impact on short-term health. a. Hassles; major life events b. Major life events; hassles c. Major life events; catastrophes d. Hassles; catastrophes

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d. Finding out that one is HIV-positive

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The College Undergraduate Stress Scale rates being raped as equally stressful when compared to which of the following? a. Death or loss of a family member b. Concerns about being pregnant c. Being accused of rape d. Finding out that one is HIV-positive

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Pressure

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The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior that come from an outside source.

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Frustration

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The psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need.

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Aggression

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Actions meant to harm or destroy.

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Displaced aggression

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Taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement.

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Displacement

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Psychological defense mechanism in which emotional reactions and behavioral responses are shifted to targets that are more available or less threatening than the original target.

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Escape or withdrawl

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leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by psychological withdrawl into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy.

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Approach-approach conflict

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Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals.

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict

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Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals.

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Approach-avoidance conflict

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Conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects.

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Double approach-avoidance conflict

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Conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects.

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Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

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Conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

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c. Pressure

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When people have to work harder, do more work, or work faster, they are experiencing _____. a. Frustration b. Uncontrollably c. Pressure d. Conflict

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b. Uncontrollably

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The stress-increasing effects of uncontrollability are related to the effects of _____ on stress. a. Frustration b. Uncontrollably c. Pressure d. Conflict

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a. External

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Eduardo is on his way to an important job interview when his car breaks down on the highway. Eduardo is likely to experience what kind of frustration? a. External b. Internal c. Personal d. Uncontrollable

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a. Persistence

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The first response that people typically make to frustration is _____. a. Persistence b. Increasing efforts c. Varying efforts d. Aggression

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b. Anhedonia

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People who are depressed and may be suicidal also suffer from _____, a condition in which the person has lost the ability to experience pleasure. a. Irritability b. Anhedonia c. Neural numbness d. Learned helplessness

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c. Approach-Avoidance

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Jasmine has just been offered an opportunity to teach at a small college in a rural area of Kansas. On one hand, she really needs a job and the money it would bring would allow her to pay off some debts. But the college is in a very small town away from any major cities and has very little to offer in the way of amusements. She would also be far away from her family and friends. Jasmine is facing what type of conflict in deciding whether or not to accept the job? a. Approach-Approach b. Avoidance-Avoidance c. Approach-Avoidance d. Double Approach-Avoidance

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General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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The three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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Immune system

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The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries.

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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The study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system.

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Natural killer cell

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Immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells.

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Primary appraisal

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The first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge.

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Secondary appraisal

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The second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor.

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Type A personality

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Person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed.

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Type B personality

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Person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger.

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Type C personality

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Pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult.

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Hardy personality

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A person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality.

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Optimist

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People who expect positive outcomes.

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Pessimists

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People who expect negative outcomes.

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b. Resistance

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In the _____ stage of the GAS, the person may actually start to feel better. a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. Termination

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d. Stress activates areas in the brain first

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The activation of the immune system response by stress differs from activation of that system by illness in that _____. a. Illness activates areas in the brain first b. Stress increases the release of natural killer cells c. Stress activates a different immune response than does illness d. Stress activates areas in the brain first

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d. Estimating the resources a person has available for coping

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According to Lazarus, secondary appraisal involves _____. a. Estimating the severity of the stressor b. Classifying the stressor as a threat or a challenge c. Deciding whether the stressor is a problem d. Estimating the resources a person has available for coping

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a. Is at high risk for coronary heart disease

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Adam is very ambitious and driven to succeed. He is really angered, always wants to be working, and finds it hard to relax. According to research, Adam _____. a. Is at high risk for coronary heart disease b. Is a hardy personality c. Is a Type B personality d. Is a Type C personality

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b. Callousness

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Which of the following is NOT one of the three \"C's\" of the hardy personality? a. Commitment b. Callousness c. Control d. Challenge

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b. Increased rates of learned helplessness

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Optimism has been associated with all of the following except _____. a. Taking care of one's health b. Increased rates of learned helplessness c. Lower rates of depression d. Healthy immune system

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Burnout

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Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.

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Acculturative stress

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Stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture.

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Social support system

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The network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need.

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c. Lack of shift work

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Which of the following is NOT a typical source of stress in the workplace? a. Heavy workload b. Lack of variety c. Lack of shift work d. Lack of job security

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c. Optimism

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Which of the following is NOT a system of burnout? a. Pessimism b. Dissatisfaction c. Optimism d. Desire to quit

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b. Assimilation

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Larysa moved from Ukraine to the United States. She learned to speak and write English, changed her last name so that it would sound more \"American,\" and no longer maintains any of her old culture's style of dress or customs. Larysa has used which method of entering the majority culture? a. Integration b. Assimilation c. Separation d. Marginalization

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d. Shows all of the above

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Social support _____. a. Has positive benefit on health b. Can improve the physical functioning of cancer patients c. Can improve the physical functioning of people with HIV d. Shows all of the above

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Coping strategies

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Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors.

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Problem-focused coping

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Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions.

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Emotion-focused coping

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Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor.

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Psychological defense mechanisms

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Unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

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Meditation

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Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness.

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Concentrative meditation

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Form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation.

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Denial

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Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.

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Repression

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Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead of pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

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Rationalization

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Psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unexceptionable behavior.

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Projection

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Psychological defense mechanism in which the unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seem as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings.

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Reaction Formation

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Psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others.

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Displacement

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Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one.

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Regression

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Psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations.

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Identification

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Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

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Compensation (substitution)

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Defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area.

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Sublimation

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Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior.

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Receptive meditation

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Form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness.

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b. Problem-focused coping

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When a person tires to cope by eliminating or changing the stressor directly, it is known as _____. a. A defense mechanism b. Problem-focused coping c. Self-focused coping d. Emotion-focused coping

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c. Projecting

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Darrell is convinced that a woman supervisor in his office is very attracted to him, even though she has given him no outward signs of interest in him. He watches her frequently and makes excuses to be near her or talk to her. He interprets everything she says as veiled reference to her desire for him. If Darrell's supervisor actually has no romantic interest in him, we might conclude that Darrell is _____. a. Rationalizing b. Repressing c. Projecting d. Regressing

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a. Denial

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Rusty drinks beer all day long, often passing out in a stupor after several hours of steady drinking. Yet he refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem, saying that \"it's only beer\" and continuing to drink. Rusty is most likely using which defense mechanism? a. Denial b. Repression c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

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b. Concentrative meditation

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Kareem is relaxing in a chair with his eyes closed. As he sits quietly, he is focusing on the sound of his sound of his own breathing and clearing his mind of other thoughts. Kareem is practicing _____. a. Sensory deprivation b. Concentrative meditation c. Receptive meditation d. Implosive meditation

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d. Religion isolates people from those who are different

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Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? a. Religion can provide a strong social support system b. Religion includes rituals that can help people feel better about their failings c. Most religions promote healthy lifestyles d. Religion isolates people from those who are different

Psychology Chapter 11 Stress & Health Vocabulary and Q&A

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