psychology chapter 1 (quiz 1) – Flashcards
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two track mind
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we can process info at conscious and subconscious levels
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psychology
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science of behavior and mental processes
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the psychologist who has called for a more positive psychology is
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Martin Seligman
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which psychologist would agree with: "Psychology is the science of mental life"?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the
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dependent variable
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in an experiment to test the effects of a new drug on weight loss, the participants' ages would be a
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confounding variable
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hindsight bias
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events seem more predictable after they have occurred
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who would agree: "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?
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John B. Watson
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If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, it means
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The smaller the shoe size, the higher the IQ
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In psychology, behavior is best defined as
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any action we can observe and record
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prescientific psychology
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is mind connected to body? is the mind a blank slate?
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Descartes
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experimentation and dualism
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Bacon and Locke
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empiricism
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Empiricism
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knowledge comes from experience via the senses science flourishes through observation and experiment
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Charles Darwin
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sexual selection On Emotions in Man and Animals
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until the 1920s, psychology was defined as
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the science of mental life
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psychology comes from
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philosophy and biology
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Wundt studied
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"atoms of the mind"
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Titchener
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Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
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William James
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wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook and developed Functionalism
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Functionalism
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focused on the function of behavioral processes
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Mary Calkins
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James's student. She became the APA's first female president
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Sigmund Freud
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an austrian physician who emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior
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Alfred Binet
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french intelligence researcher developed the first intelligence test
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Ivan Pavlov
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careful research on conditioned reflexes
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Broca, Wernicke, and Luria
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The Neuroscientists. investigated the effects of brain damage on behavior.
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Watson (and later Skinner) emphasized
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the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology
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Behaviorists
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second force
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humanistic Psychology and cognitive psychology
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third force
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psychology as the science of the mind
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first force
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Maslow and Rogers emphasized
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current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance they focused on how normal people could do better instead of focusing on mental illness
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Kohler, Wertheimer, Piaget
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cognitive psychology looked at thinking and perception
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Jean Piaget
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related thinking and perception to early development
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Lucia
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explored brain-cognition interactions
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Psychology
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science of behavior and mental processes
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behaviorism
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view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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humanistic psychology
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emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
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Cognitive and Neurocognitive Psychology
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study of thinking and brain-thinking relations
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behavior
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anything a human or nonhuman animal does
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mental processes
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internal states inferred from behavior
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Start of scientific psychology
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Leipzig, Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the 1st psychology lab studying reaction times
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how did the behaviorist second force revolution affect the field of psychology?
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it turned it toward science based on observable behavioral data instead of mental processes
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How did the cognitive and humanistic third force counter-revolutions affect the field of psychology?
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led the field back to its early interest in mental processes and made them acceptable topics for scientific study. Humanism focused on normal people instead of mentally ill patients
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Neuroscience focus
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how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensors experiences
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evolutionary focus
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how the natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next has promoted the survival of genes
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behavior genetics focus
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how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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psychodynamic focus
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how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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behavioral focus
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how we learn observable responses
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cognitive focus
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how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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social-cultural focus
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how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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the _____ perspective in psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture
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social-cultural
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the _____ perspective emphasizes how we learn observable responses
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behavioral
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the 4 big ideas in psychology
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critical thinking, the biopsychosocial approach, the 2 track mind, and exploring human strength as well as mental illness and disability
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critical thinking is
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smart thinking
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science supports thinking that
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examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and tests conclusions
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behavior is a
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biopsychosocial event
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human behavior can be viewed from 3 levels
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1. biological 2. psychological 3. social-cultural
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each levels viewpoint provides a valuable insight into a
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behavior or mental process
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critical thinking
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions
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biopsychosocial approach
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approach that integrates different but complimentary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints
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culture
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enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down
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Nature (biology) vs
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nurture (psycho and social-cultural)
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nature vs nurture
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focuses on the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of behaviors (interaction)
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2 track mind
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much of thinking, feeling, sensing, and acting operates outside awareness
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the brain works on 2 tracks through dual processing
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conscious mind and unconscious mind
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psychology explores human strengths as well as challenges
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humanist and cognitive movements shifted the focus to health, strength , coping, and ability
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modern positive psychology was started by
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M.E.P. Seligman
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positive psychology uses scientific methods to explore
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positive emotions, positive character traits, positive institutions
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postitive psychology
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the scientific study of human functioning has goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help people thrive
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dual processing
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principle that, at the same time, our mind processes info on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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positive psychology
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scientific study of human functioning, with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive
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the scientific attitude
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curious, skeptical, humble
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intuitive thinking has 3 common flaws:
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hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving patterns in random events
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hindsight bias
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tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it (I knew it all along phenomenon)
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overconfidence
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people tend to think they know more than they do
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perceiving order in random events
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people perceive patterns to make sense of their world
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the amazing Randi
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skepticism - debunked psychics who could read Auras
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curiosity, skepticism, humble
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"for a lot of bad ideas, science is society;s garbage disposal"
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the scientific method
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description, correlation, experimentation
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theories lead to
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hypotheses (which lead to research and observation)
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case studies
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examines one individual in depth, provides fruitful ideas, cannot be used to generalize
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naturalistic observations
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records behavior in natural environment, describes but does not explain behavior, can be revealing
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surveys and interviews
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examines many cases in less depth (wording effect, random sampling),utilizes random sampling of population for best results
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positive correlation
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between 0 and +1
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positive correlation indicates
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a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together
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negative correlation
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between 0 and -1
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negative correlation indicates
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an inverse relationship: as one thing increases, the other decreases
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correlation coefficient
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provides a statistical measure of how closely two things vary together and how well one predicts the other
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independent variable
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factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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confounding variable
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factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
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dependent variable
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factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
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experimental research method
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explores cause-effect. the independent variable is manipulated
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SQ3R
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SURVEY, QUESTION, READ, RETRIEVE, REVIEW
