question

Encoding

answer

Putting information into memory and involves forming a memory code.

question

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is

answer

encoding storage retrieval

question

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

answer

semantic encoding

question

When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter, read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.

answer

. imagery

question

While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself, MOST likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next ____ or she will forget the number.

answer

20 sec

question

Short-term memory

answer

is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

question

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

answer

George Miller

question

Attention

answer

Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli and filtering out extraneous info.

question

Describe the "Levels of processing" model and who proposed it.

answer

Craik & Lockhart. Structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding involve progressively deeper levels of processing

question

Elaboration

answer

Involves linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding

question

Visual Imagery

answer

Imagining a visual image can enrich the encoding of learning materials.

question

Specify the effects of elaboration and visual imagery on encoding efficacy.

answer

Duel- coding theory.

question

Duel-Coding Theory

answer

Memory is enhanced by forming both a semantic & visual code at encoding

question

Explain the information processing theory of Atkinson and Shiffrin

answer

memory is made up of 3 info stores. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

question

sensory memory

answer

Temporary memory. Hold information for 1/4 sec.

question

short term memory

answer

Storage max of 20 sec. Holds up to 7 pieces of info. Decay of info if detracted. AKA working memory

question

long-term memory

answer

unlimited storage capacity over lengthy periods of time

question

Compare and contrast sensory, short term and long term memory

answer

sensory is the first stage in which info is held and is only held for a short period of time before being pushed into short term memory. Short term memory is held for up to 20 sec and is limited in the amount of info can be held. Long term memory has unlimited storage and capacity.

question

Identify George Miller, "Magical number seven, plus or minus two" and chunking

answer

George miller states that short term memory can only hold up to 7 pieces of information. Chunking is where you take a big piece of info and chunk them into smaller groups so are easier to remember

question

Identify Alan Gaddeley and his concept of working memory

answer

working memory is a dedicated system that maintains and stores information in the short term, and that this system underlies human thought process.

question

flash-bulb memory

answer

unusually vivid and detailed memories of significant events. These memories are not accurate

question

Retrieval Cues

answer

Stimuli that can help gain access to memories

question

Schema

answer

Organized clustering of memory info about an object or event.

question

Misinformation effect

answer

When recall of an event is altered by addition of misleading post-event information.

question

Source Monitoring

answer

Refers to the process of making inferences regarding the origins of memories.

question

Source- Monitoring Error

answer

Occurs when an incorrect inference is made regarding the origin of a meaning.

question

Elizabeth Loftus

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Marcia Johnson

answer

Source monitoring is a crucial facet of memory retrieval that contributes to many of the mistakes that ppl make in reconstructing their experiences. source monitoring error

question

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event that is abstracted from previous experience with the object or event is a

answer

Schemas

question

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates

answer

the role of schemas in long-term memory

question

Research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an accident or crime scene

answer

can be influenced by the types of questions they are asked.

question

When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information, it is referred to as the

answer

. misinformation effect

question

what are the 3 measures of forgetting?

answer

Recall, Recognition, and Relearning

question

Recall

answer

Reproduce info without retrieval cues

question

Recognition

answer

Select previously learned material from an array of options

question

Relearning

answer

Memorize information a second time. The most sensitive measure of memory.

question

List the mechanisms of forgetting.

answer

1. Ineffective coding 2. Decay Theory 3. Interference Theory 4.Retrieval Failure 5. Motivated Forgetting

question

Ineffective coding

answer

Pseduo-Forgetting. Lack of attention. Info never retained.

question

Decay Theory

answer

Forgetting happens because memory traces fade with time.

question

Interference Theory

answer

Forgetting occurs because of competition from other material.

question

Retrieval Failure

answer

Forgetting is a breakdown in the memory retrieval process.

question

Motivated Forgetting

answer

Repression of unpleasant things.

question

H. Ebbinghaus

answer

First scientist to do study on forgetting. Studied 1 subject-- himself. Invented non sense syllables and the forgetting curve in his study is very steep due to using nonsense syllables.

question

Nonsense Syllables

answer

Consonant-Vowel-Consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words.

question

encoding specificity principle

answer

The effectiveness of a retrieval cue is related to how similar it is to the memory code used during encoding.

question

Repression

answer

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

question

What are the 2 types of Interference?

answer

1. Retroactive 2. Proactive

question

Retroactive Interference

answer

Occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

question

Proactive Interference

answer

Occurs when previously learned info interfers with the retention of new info.

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

came up with the theory of repression

question

The repressed memory controversy

answer

There have been many high-profile cases of adults who recover lost memories of childhood sexual abuse. These cases have created much controversy.

question

What are the 2 types of Amnesia

answer

1. Retrograde 2. Anterograde

question

Retrograde Amnesia

answer

A person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury.

question

Anterograde Amnesia

answer

A person loses memories for events that occurred after the injury

question

memory consolidation

answer

Hypothesized process whereby short-term memories are converted into long-term memory.

question

Case of H.M

answer

Patient with intractable eplipsy had his hippocampus removed, and was studied by Brenda Milner.

question

Findings of H.M

answer

After operation patient lost ability to form new long-term memories. Still had memories for events prior to operation, and intelligence remained intact.

question

Neuroplasticity

answer

Changes in the brain which are the result of experience.

question

Richard F. Thompson

answer

localized neural circuits involved in classical conditioning of the rabbit's eye blink.

question

Eric Kandel

answer

alterations in synaptic transmission, aplysia conditioning.

question

What are the types of memory

answer

1.Declaritive VS. 2. Procedural memory system. 3. Semantic VS. 4. Episodic memory 5. Prospecitve VS. 6. Retrospective memory

question

Declaritve Memory

answer

Memory system for factual information

question

Procedural Memory

answer

(non declartive) memory system- memory for skills, actions, conditioned responses, and emotional memories. (does not require conscious awareness.)

question

Semantic Memory

answer

System that contains gen. knowledge that is not linked to the time when the info was learned.

question

Episodic Memory

answer

the system that contains the chronological or time-stamped recollections of personal experience

question

Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?

answer

nonsense syllabuls

question

The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus

answer

Used very meaningless material

question

Following a serious car accident in which both Rick and Ron suffer head injuries, they both have amnesia. Rick cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Ron cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Rick suffers from ____ amnesia and Ron from ____ amnesia.

answer

retrograde; anterograde

question

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting

answer

retention

question

Forgetting can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

repression failures

question

Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is

answer

Similar to material to be remembered.

question

You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of

answer

motivated forgetting

question

The text described the case of H. M. who following brain surgery developed a severe case of anterograde amnesia. Which of the following statements does not accurately describe H. M.'s memory?

answer

he could not remember events that occurred between one year prior to and one year after his surgery

question

Cognitive Psychology

answer

Is psychology returning to its foundational roots and the study of the thinking process

question

Problem Solving

answer

Refers to achieving a goal by discovering the actions that must be accomplished for successful completion of that goal.

question

What are the 3 types of problems by Jim Greeno

answer

1. Problems of inducing structure 2. Problems of arrangement 3. problems of transformation

question

Problems of Inducing structure

answer

the solution is found by discovering the relations among the parts of the problem

question

Problems of arrangement

answer

The parts must be arranged in a specific way for successful completion.

question

Problems of transformation

answer

The problem solver must perform a sequence of transformations to solve the problem.

question

What are the barriers to effective problem solving?

answer

1. Irrelevant info 2. Functional fixedness 3. Mental set 4. Unnecessary constraints

question

Irrelevant Information

answer

Mistankenly assumes that all information provided to a problem is necessary for the solution.

question

Functional Fixedness

answer

Caused by seeing an item only with its most common use.

question

Mental Set

answer

Results in continuing to use strategies that have been successful in the past problems

question

Unnecessary Contraints

answer

Caused by imposing unnecessary rules that implede solution of the problem.

question

Who is less vulnerable to functional fixedness than than older children or adults?

answer

Young children

question

Which of the following is not one of the three basic classes of problems?

answer

Problems of probability

question

People often assume that it is necessary to use all the numerical information provided in a problem in order to solve the problem. In reality, numerical information sometimes makes it more difficult to solve a problem because the information

answer

May be irrelevant

question

The series of water-jug problems described in the text illustrates which barrier to effective problem solving?

answer

mental set

question

trial and error

answer

Sequentially trying solutions until finding a successful solution

question

Heuristics

answer

Using guiding principles or "rule of thumb" in solving problems or making decisions.

question

Incubation Effect

answer

Seeing solutions to a previously unsolved problem after taking a break from consciously working on the problem.

question

What are the parts of Heuristics?

answer

1.forming sub-goals 2. Searching for analogies 3. chaing the problem representation

question

Decision Making

answer

Involves evaluating and choosing between various alternatives

question

Simons Theory of bounded rationality

answer

states that humans use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few of the available options, which can result in "irrational" decisions that are sub-optimal.

question

risky decisions

answer

Involve selecting and making choices under conditions of uncertainty.

question

Availability heuristic

answer

Estimating the probability of an even based on the ease with which it comes to mind.

question

representativeness Heuristic

answer

Estimating the probability of an event based on its similarity to that which is typical.

question

What are the flaws in reasoning

answer

1. ignoring base rates 2. the conjunction fallacy 3. the gamblers fallacy 4. overestimating the improbable 5. Loss aversion

question

Ignoring base rate

answer

In estimating the probability of occurrence, humans often ignore the base rates and make judgment based on the representative heuristic.

question

The conjunction fallacy

answer

thinking that two uncertain events happening together is more likely than either event happening alone.

question

the gamblers fallacy

answer

the belief that the probability of an event increases when it has not occurred recently.

question

Loss Aversion

answer

In weighing a gamble with equal sizes for loss and gain, the loss option will be given more importance in the decision making

question

Recognition Heuristic

answer

If one option is recognized and the other is not, the recognized option is given higher value

question

A shortcut, "rule of thumb," or guiding principle used in solving problems or making decisions is

answer

a heuristic

question

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

answer

availability heuristic

question

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

answer

estimating the probability of an event based on its similarity to that which is typical

question

The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to

answer

believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

question

Joe is betting Jim on whether a tossed coin will land on heads or tails. Joe has bet heads the last four times and has lost each time. If on the next toss he bets heads again and says, "It's got to be heads, heads is overdue" his reasoning illustrates

answer

gamblers fallacy

question

most modern iq scores are based on a mean of ?

answer

100

question

Normal distribution

answer

Symmetrical bell-shaped curve frequency of a characteristic in the population.

question

Standard deviation

answer

variability in normal distribution

question

Deviation IQ score

answer

IQ is distance from the mean (100) distance measured by standard deviation

question

Percentile Score

answer

Percentage of scores which lie below the indicated score.

question

how are IQ test reliability measured?

answer

by assessing the correlation between successive measurements of IQ

question

what does validity of an IQ test ask?

answer

whether the IQ test measures what it was designed to measure.

question

Heritability estimates:

answer

the heritability ratio is an estimation of the trait variability that is attributable to genetics.

question

What effects intelligence?

answer

Genetics and environment

question

genetics

answer

set a range on inherited intelligence.

question

Environment

answer

determines where the individual scores within the genetically determined range.

question

reaction range

answer

the upper and lower limits of an individual's IQ. The reaction range for most people is estimated at 20- 25 points.

question

why do cultural difference in IQ exist?

answer

1. heritablity 2. Socioeconomic Disadvantage

question

Robert Sternberg proposed three types of intelligence.

answer

1. analytical intelligence 2. creative intelligence 3. practical intelligence

question

The first useful or practical intelligence test was developed by

answer

alfred bennet

question

The original French intelligence test was revised and renamed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale by

answer

lewis terman

question

Which theorist set out to improve on the measurement of intelligence in adults with an intelligence test with two major innovations; the first was that the score was less dependent on a subject's verbal ability and the second was the use of a deviation intelligence quotient?

answer

David Weishler

question

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale calculates separate scores for

answer

analytical IQ and practical IQ

question

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics, including intelligence, are distributed is the

answer

normal distribution

question

Modern IQ tests have a mean of ____ and a standard deviation of ____

answer

100 and 10

question

The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that between identical twins reared together suggests that

answer

environmental factors can have an influence on intellectual development

question

Define the difference between a drive theory and an incentive theory of motivation

answer

The incentive can pull the individual toward acquiring the incentive. The drive state pushes the individual toward reducing the drive. Drive theory is biological Incentive theory is want.

question

When you are engaging in goal-directed behavior, you may be best described as experiencing

answer

motivation

question

Homeostasis is a state of

answer

physiological stability

question

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension defines

answer

drive

question

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

answer

eating an apple when hungry

question

While ____ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors, ____ theories emphasize external factors

answer

drive; incentive

question

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of

answer

biological;social

question

Which of the following is not a social motive?

answer

sex motive

question

A bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

answer

an incentive

question

If, after brain damage suffered in a car accident, a person gained 50 pounds in two months you would most likely suspect damage to the

answer

ventromedial hypothalamus

question

When Harvey was a child the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. In this example, Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could best be explained using principles of

answer

classical conditioning

question

Patrick ate a large breakfast. When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. In this instance, Patrick's behavior can best be explained using

answer

. incentive theories of motivation.

question

Dr. Linzle the neuroscientist has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated, the rat starts to eat again, even if it has just finished a large meal. The electrode is most likely activating the

answer

lateral hypothalamus

question

identify the impact of evolution on theories of motivation

answer

in terms of their adaptive value.

question

discuss the biological and env. factors which regulate the motives of eating and hunger

answer

Bio-Ventromedial nucleus-lateral-arcuate nucleaus-paraventricular nucleus. Env:palatability-quantity-variety-presence of others

question

Regarding the motive sex describe the role of master&johnson and the human sexual response

answer

Came up with the 4 stages of physiological response: 1. excitement 2. plateu 3. orgasm 4. resolution EXPLORE

question

identify the motive of achievement and how it is measured relative to the motive of affiliation.

answer

Achievement motive is the need to master difficulty and to achieve excellence. Affiliation motive is the need to be social. these are measure by the thematic apperception test TAT

question

Masters and Johnson conducted groundbreaking research concerning

answer

the physiology of the human sexual response

question

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response?

answer

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

question

Which of the following statements concerning the orgasm phase of the human sexual response is NOT correct?

answer

women are less likely than men to be multiorgasmic

question

The reduction in sexual tension during the resolution phase of the human sexual response is generally relatively slow or more gradual

answer

for males

question

According to this theory, the sex that makes the larger investment in offspring (bearing, nursing, etc.) will be more selective of partners than the sex that makes the smaller investment.

answer

parental investment theory

question

Parental investment theory suggests all of the following except

answer

human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible

question

Evolutionary theory suggests that women place more emphasis than men on the ____ of a potential mate.

answer

social status

question

Parental investment theory predicts that, in comparison to women, men show ____ interest in sexual activity and ____ willingness to engage in uncommitted sex.

answer

more;more

question

A person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, the other, or either sex describes the person's

answer

sexual orientation

question

If Ken is a gay man, of the following individuals who would be MOST likely to also be gay?

answer

Ken's identical twin brother Nick

question

The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence defines the

answer

achievement motive

question

A person's need for achievement is usually assessed using the

answer

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

question

Royce is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In his story, Royce focuses on the character's need to win a contest as she prepares a speech that will be presented. He indicates that the character has spent a great deal of time worrying whether the speech may not be good enough to impress the judges and win the contest. Royce's response to this TAT card suggests that he most likely has

answer

. a high need for achievement

question

People high in the need for achievement prefer ______ tasks since these tasks provide an appropriate combination of probability of success and incentive value for success

answer

moderately difficult

question

explain the components of emotion

answer

1. cognitive 2. physiological 3. behavioral

question

LeDoux proposed that sensory information travels from the thalamus along two routes, a quick route to the ______ and a slower route to areas of the _____.

answer

. amygdala; cortex

question

The three components that any complete treatment of emotion should include are

answer

cognitive, behavioral, physiological

question

The subjective conscious experience of an emotion describes the

answer

cognitive

question

The observation that one individual may experience an airplane flight as an anxietyarousing situation while another individual may experience an airplance as a routine event reflects that emotion involves

answer

an objective conscious experience or cognitive component.

question

Laura is about to take her certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist. As she enters the testing room she feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the

answer

physiological component in Laura's emotional experience

question

Which of the following is not one of the six fundamental emotions people are generally successful in identifying in photographs?

answer

disappointment

question

Dr. Ekman, who has conducted a number of studies of facial expressions associated with emotions, found

answer

six fundamental emotions that most everyone agrees on

question

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal.

answer

follows; coincides with

question

Walking through the forest you see a bear. All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear, and you run. This description best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.

answer

Commonsense

question

Walking in the forest, you see a bear. Your heart starts pounding, you run, and then you feel fear. This description best illustrates the _______ theory of emotion.

answer

James-Lange

question

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of

answer

our interpretation of the situation

question

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's twofactor theory?

answer

"My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire

question

Which of the following theories asserts that thinking or cognition evolved later than and plays a relatively small role in emotion?

answer

evolutionary theory

question

The _______ in Japanese society encourage masking emotions such as anger and sadness by exhibiting polite smiling or a neutral expression.

answer

display rules

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