question

We spend most of our lives in ____, which is organized, meaningful, and clear. a. waking consciousness b. an altered state of consciousness

answer

a. waking consciousness

question

Each of us will spend approximately _____ years of life asleep. a. 5 b. 15 c. 20 d. 25

answer

d. 25

question

Which of the following statements about humans during sleep is FALSE? a. we are totally unresponsive b. we can perform very simple tasks. c. we cannot learn complex skills

answer

a. we are totally unresponsive

question

Sleep a. is an innate biological rhythm b. is necessary for life c. may give way temporarily in times of great danger d. is characterized by all of these

answer

d. is characterized by all of these

question

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature, is known as a a. biological rhythm b. conensation c. REM rebound d. ASC

answer

a. biological rhythm

question

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called a. a sleep spindle b. a microsleep c. somnambulism d. a sensory deprivation

answer

a. a sleep spindle

question

Most symptopms of sleep deprivation a. are reversed by a single night's rest b. require a long period of best rest for recovery c. are irreversible d. can be prevented by consuming caffeine

answer

a. are reversed by a single night's rest

question

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include a. sudden, irresitable, daytime sleep attacks. b. hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation c. episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking d. all of these

answer

b. hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation

question

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as a. meridian rhythms b. sleep patterns c. REM cycles

answer

b. sleep patterns

question

Midafternoon sleepiness a. is a natural part of the sleep cycle b. should not occur after infancy c. indicated that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night

answer

a. is a natural part of the sleep cycle

question

Sleep activity is usually measure using a a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scanner d. fetoscope

answer

a. EEG

question

Which waves are characteristic of Stage 1 or light sleep? a. beta waves b. large regular waves with some sleep spindles c. small irregular waves with some alpha waves

answer

c. small irregular waves with some alpha waves

question

As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called a. an autonomic cramp b. a hypnic jerk c. restless leg syndrome d. hypnogogic image syndrome

answer

b. a hypnic jerk

question

Which stage of sleep typically has sleep spindles? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth

answer

b. second

question

Stage 3 NREM and Stage 4 NREM a. occur mostly during the last half of the night b. are called paradoxical sleep c. consist mostly of beta waves and a few sleep spindles d. show delta waves

answer

d. show delta waves

question

A loud noise awakens you; you emerge from sleep confused and do not remember the noise. You were in which stage of sleep? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4

answer

d. stage 4

question

After spending some time in stage 4, the sleeper a. returns to stage 3, then stage 2, then stage 1 b. returns directly to stage 2 c. returns directly to stage 1 d. awakens directly from stage 4

answer

a. returns to stage 3, then stage 2, then stage 1

question

REM is the acronym that stands for a. retinal equilibrium motion b. random eye movement c. rapid eye movement d. retinal eye motion

answer

c. rapid eye movement

question

NREM sleep consists of a. stages 1 & 2 b. stages 3 & 4 c. stage 1, 2, and 3 sleep only d. stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 sleep

answer

d. stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 sleep

question

The disorder that is characterized by a failure of normal muscle paralysis, leading to violent actions during REM sleep, is called a. periodic limb movement syndrome b. restless legs syndrome c. REM behavior disorder d. sleep terror disorder

answer

c. REM behavior disorder

question

Jet lag and changes in shift work would most likely precipitate which sleep disturbances? a. narcolepsy b. sleep apnea c. sleep drunkenness d. sleep-wake schedule disorder

answer

d. sleep-wake schedule disorder

question

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by a. difficulty in going and staying sleep b. sudden, irresistible attacks of sleepiness c. night terrors and sleep talking

answer

a. difficulty in going and staying sleep

question

Nonprescription sleeping pills a. have little or no sleep-inducing effects b. are highly effective and a wiser choice than barbiturates c. are somewhat effective, but not as helpful as barbiturates

answer

a. have little or no sleep-inducing effects

question

Lindsay is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would be recommended for her to eat or drink if she wanted to increase her intake of tryptophan? a. a baked potato b. a hamburger c. orange juice d. a glass of red wine

answer

a. a baked potato

question

Narcolepsy refers to a. sudden irresistible sleep attacks b. excessive daytime sleepiness c. vivid, recurrent nightmares

answer

a. sudden irresistible sleep attacks

question

Sleep apnea refers to a. vivid recurrent nightmares b. breathing problems during sleep c. excessive daytime sleepiness

answer

b. breathing problems during sleep

question

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of a. reinforcement b. introspection c. learning

answer

c. learning

question

a _____ is any event that increases the probability that a response will occur again. a. antecedent b. consequences c. feedback d. reinforcement

answer

d. reinforcement

question

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of a. extinction b. reinforcement c. spontaneous recovery d. antecedents

answer

b. reinforcement

question

Events that precede a response are called _______, while events that follow a response are called ________. a. antecedents; consequences b. consequences; antecedents c. rewards; punishers d. primary events; secondary events

answer

a. antecedents; consequences

question

A ____ is an automatic, non-learned response. a. antecedent b. reflex c. consequences d. reinforcer

answer

b. reflex

question

Blinking your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a a. antecedent b. reflex c. precursor d. secondary reinforcer

answer

b. reflex

question

Classical conditioning is based on ______, while operant conditioning is based on _____. a. the consequences of making a response; what happens before we respond b. what happens before we respond; the consequences of making a response c. the reinforcements the organism receives; punishments to organism receives

answer

b. what happens before we respond; the consequences of making a response

question

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to _____ to a new stimulus. a. salivate b. blink c. bark d. regurgitate

answer

a. salivate

question

Another name for classical conditioning is a. operant conditioning b. Pavlovian conditioning c. respondent conditioning d. both Pavlovian and respondent conditioning

answer

d. both Pavlovian and respondent conditioning

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

answer

b. unconditioned stimulus

question

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the a.food b. bell c. salivation to the food d. salivation to the bell

answer

c. salivation to the food

question

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. classic response

answer

c. unconditioned response

question

After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learn to respond to the CS alone. This learned behavior is then termed the a. neutral stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

answer

c. conditioned response

question

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement is known as a. stimulus generalization b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus discrimination

answer

b. extinction

question

In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. He also became fearful of whit furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. shaping

answer

b. stimulus generalization

question

A _____ is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists. a. compulstion b. unconditioned reaction c. phobia d. neurosis

answer

c. phobia

question

a therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called a. positive transference b. response reconditioning c. desensitization d. insight therapy

answer

c. desensitization

question

How does a child raised in the city learn to fear snakes and respond emotionally to mere pictures of them? a. the child was told repeatedly that "snakes are dangerous" b. the child observed other reacting forcefully to the word snake or to snake images on television c. the child, like all humans, has an innate fear of snakes and other reptiles

answer

b. the child observed other reacting forcefully to the word snake or to snake images on television c. the child, like all h

question

In _______, we associate responses with their consequences. a. respondent conditioning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. Pavlovian conditioning

answer

c. operant conditioning

question

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning a. occur after the response b. occur before the response c. occur simultaneously with the response d. are unrelated to the response except during extinction

answer

a. occur after the response

question

Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate a. stimulus control b. operant conditioning c. generalization d. disrimination

answer

b. operant conditioning

question

Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. conditioned emotional responses

answer

b. operant conditioning

question

Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are a. being practical b. being kind c. encouraging more tantrums d. discouraging more destructive behaviors

answer

c. encouraging more tantrums

question

Reinforcement is most effective a. if it is displayed b. when it is immediate c. when is it delivered randomly d. when it follows a long chain of responses

answer

b. when it is immediate

question

Through _______, learned responses that are not reinforced gradually fade away. a. intermittent fading b. counter-conditoning c. operant extinction

answer

c. operant extinction

question

Ms. Campbell gives her students a star for every completed homework assignment. The star serves as a a. positing reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. primary reinforcer d. response cost

answer

a. positing reinforcer

question

Memory is often characterized as being similar to a computer because a. long-term memories are exact copies, like files on a hard drive b. memories are encoded, stores, and later retrieved c. the space available for the storage of memory is finite d. computers and the human mind process information in a serial fashion.

answer

b. memories are encoded, stores, and later retrieved

question

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied. The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is a. encoding b. feedback c. storage rehearsal d. retrieval

answer

d. retrieval

question

The three stages of memory IN ORDER are a. eidetic memory, sensory memory, long-term memory b. sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory c. short term memory, working memory, longterm memory

answer

b. sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

question

The image that persists for about one-half second after being seen is a a. engram b. echo c. icon d. illusion

answer

c. icon

question

Things that are heard are held as a brief ______ in the sensory register. a. echo b. icon c. image d. engram

answer

a. echo

question

Short-term memories are MOST often stored a. phonetically b. visually c. iconically d. episodically

answer

d. episodically

question

Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory? a. STM has an unlimited storage capacity b. STM deals with information for longer periods of time, usually for a least 30 minutes. c. STM is seriously affected by any interruption or interference

answer

c. STM is seriously affected by any interruption or interference

question

Whenever you are doing mental arithmetic, planning a meal, or reading a book, you are using a. procedural memory b. working memory c. eidetic memory d. implicit memory

answer

b. working memory

question

Information in long-term memory is generally stored on the basis of a. visual images b. meaning and importance c. how the words sound d. patterns of visual and auditory images

answer

b. meaning and importance

question

Long-term memory a. has an unlimited storage capacity b. is often referred to as working memory c. usually retains to as working memory d. in consider eidetic for most people

answer

a. has an unlimited storage capacity

question

You are being assessed by a psychologist. On one of the tests, you are asked to correctly repeat a list of numbers that the psychologist calls out to you. You are being administered the _______ test. a. eidetic memory b. phonetic memory c. implicit memory d. digit-span

answer

d. digit-span

question

George Millers "magic number" ______ (plus or minus two) represents the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle. a. three b. six c. seven d. nine

answer

c. seven

question

Organizing information into larger units as a way of improving the efficiency of short-term memory is called a. chunking (recording) b. metamorphosis c. verbal labeling d. symbolization (imaging)

answer

a. chunking (recording)

question

Pseudo memories are a. those memories recalled after amnesia b. false memories resulting from constructive processing c. delusions associated with mental illness

answer

b. false memories resulting from constructive processing

question

Episodic memories a. are not as easily forgotten as semantic memories b. include a time and a place within the memory c. are characterized by both

answer

b. include a time and a place within the memory

question

You and you husband go to the movies. About 20 minutes into the movie, he asks you who that actress is that just came on the screen and if she is on some television show you watch. You know her name but you just cannot recall it. This illustrates a. the savings score b. suppression state c. encoding failure d. the tip-of-the-tongue state

answer

d. the tip-of-the-tongue state

question

When learning an ordered list of words, the _____ items are neither held in short-term memory nor moved to long-term memory, so they are often lost. a. first b. middle c. last d. first and last

answer

b. middle

question

If you witnessed a crime and were asked to pick out the criminal from a lineup, you would be doing what kind of memory task? a. eidetic imagery b. relearning c. recall d. recognition

answer

d. recognition

question

True or False? Everyone experiences some altered states on consciousness.

answer

True

question

True or False? Each of us will spend approximately 25 years of life asleep.

answer

True

question

If you go without sleep for 32 hours, you need to then sleep for 32 hours straight to recover completely.

answer

False

question

True or False? Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 are called sleep spindles.

answer

True

question

True or False? Eating starchy foods tends to decrease one's levels of tryptophan, thus, increases one's tendency toward insomnia.

answer

False

question

True or False? From 1886 until 1906, Coca-Cola contained cocaine, which was later replaced with caffeine.

answer

True

question

True or False? Nicotine is classified as a depressant.

answer

False

question

True or False? In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog's tongue was the conditioned stimulus.

answer

False

question

True or False? A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called desensitization.

answer

True

question

True or False? Frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.

answer

False

question

True or False? The digit-span test is a common measure of attention and short-term memory.

answer

True

question

True or False? The saying "seven plus or minus two" refers to the space capacity of short-term memory.

answer

True

question

True or False? In relearning the amount remembered is measure by the savings score.

answer

True

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