Psychology Ch. 3 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Dr. Reid believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the time they become mobile. Dr. Reid is most likely a
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Evolutionary psychologist
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A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar
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Religious behaviors
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The sequence of the 4 nucleotide letters
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Is virtually the same in all humans
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If a fraternal twin becomes schizophrenic, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. This suggests that
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Schizophrenia is influenced by genes
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Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study
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Identical twins raised in different environments
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Through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to
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Reproduction and survival (a and b)
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Which of the following, is not true regarding gender and sexuality?
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Gender differences in sexuality are noticeably absent among gay men and lesbian women
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Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that woman have
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Lower reproductive potential than do men.
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According to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn a sexually to women who seem __, while woman are attached to men who seem __.
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Youthful and fertile; mature and affluent
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__ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, __ twin develop from separate fertilized eggs.
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Identical and fraternal
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When evolutionary psychologists use the word "fitness" they are specially referring to
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Our ability to survive and reproduce
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Temperament refers to a person's characteristic
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Emotional reactivity and intensity
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In a hypothetical world where all schools are of uniform quality, all families equally loving and all neighborhoods equally healthy , the heritability of person-to a person differences would be:
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Large
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The sudfield that studies the specific genes that influence behavior is:
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Molecular genetics
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Which of the following, most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?
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It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.
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Gender refers to
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The biological and social definition of male and female.
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The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception
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The sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
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Which theory states that gender becomes a lens through which children view their experiences?
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Gender schema theory
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The hormone testosterone
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Stimulates growth of the male sex organs.
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Research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged, they
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gain weight more rapidly, develop neurologically, and have more agreeable temperaments
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Each cell of the human body has a total of
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46 chromosomes
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Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing
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Proteins
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The human genome is best defined as
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The complete instructions for making an organism
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Most human traits are
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Influenced by many genes acting together
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Mutations are random errors in __ replication that lead to a change in the sequence of __.
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Gene; nucleotides
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Casual hit-and-run sex is most frequent among:
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Males with traditional masculine attitudes
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Evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexuelity have been criticized because:
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They offer "after-the-effect" explanations, standards of attractiveness vary with time and place, and they underestimate cultural influences on sexuality.
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Several studies of long-separated identical twins have found that these twins :
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Have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities
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Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children:
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Bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
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Of the following, parents are most likely to influence their children's
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Faith
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Chromosomes are composed of small segments of __ called __.
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DNA; genes
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When the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another (such as heredity), we say there is a(n) __ between the 2 factors
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Interaction
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Compared to children raised in Western societies those raised in communal societies ,such as Japan or China:
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Grow up with a stronger integration of the sense of family into their self-concepts, exhibit greater shyness toward strangers, exhibit greater concern for loyalty and social harmony
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The "selection effect"in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to:
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Seek out friends with similar interests and attitudes
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Which of the following is not true regarding cultural diversity?
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Culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined
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Woman and men are most likely to be attracted to strongly gender-typed mates in cultures characterized by:
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Gender inequality
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An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying :
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Why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children
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Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender-typed:
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Nevertheless organize themselves into "girl worlds" and "boy worlds"
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Genetically female children often play in "masculine line" ways if they were exposed to excess __ during preternal development
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Testerone
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Providing a child with a stimulating educational environment during early childhood is likely to:
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Prevent neutral connections from degenerating.
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If chromosomes are the "books" of heredity, the "words" are the __ and the "letters" are the __.
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Genes; nucleotides
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To say that the hereditary of a trait is approximately 50% means that
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Of the variation in the trait within a group of people, 50% can be attributed to genes
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After comparing divorce rates among identical and fraternal twins, Dr. Alex has concluded that genes do play a role. Dr. Alex is most likely an
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Behavior geneticist
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Despite growing up in the same house environment, Karen and her brother John have personalities as different from each other as 2 people selected randomly from the population. Why is this so?
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The interaction of their individual genres and nonshared experiences accounts for the common finding that children in the same family are usually very different
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I am a rat whose cortex is lighter and thinner than my litter mates. What happened to me?
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You were raised in a deprived environment.
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Chad, who grew up in the U.S, is more likely to encourage __ in his future children than Asian-born Hidiyaki, who is more likely to encourage __ in his future children
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Independence; emotional closeness
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One of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environment factors affect behavior is to compared children who have
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The same genes but different environments
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My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we?
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Same- sex identical twins.
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A psychologist working from the evolutionary perspective is likely to suggest that people are biologically predisposed to
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Protect their offspring, fear heights, and be attracted to fertile-appearing members of the opposite sex.
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The heritability of a trait will be largest among genetically __ individuals who grew up in __ environments.
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Dissimilar; similar.
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I am part of an "alphabet" that consists of only four letters, the sequence of which is nearly identical in akk humans. What am I?
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A nucleotide
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Of the relatively few genetic differences among humans__ are differences among races.
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Less than 10%
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Responding to the argument that gender differences are often by-product of a culture' s social and family structures, an evolutionary psychologist is most likely to point to
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Our greatest human capacity for learning.
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A person whose twin has Alzheimer's disease has __ risk of sharing the disease if they are identical twins than if they are fraternal twins.
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Much greater.
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Which of the following is an example of an interaction?
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Swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competition, while those with other personality traits swim faster during solo time trials.
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Which of the following most accurately summarizes the findings of the 40- year fox breeding study described in the text?
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By selecting and mating the tamest males and females, the researchers have produced affectionate, unaggressive offspring.
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Compared to men, women are more likely to:
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Be less accepting of casual sex
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When his son cries because another child has taken his by saying ,"Big boys don't cry." Evidently, Brandon is an advocate of __ in accounting for the development of gender -linked behaviors
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Social learning theory
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The fact that after age 2, language forces children to begin organizing their words on the basis of gender is most consistent with which theory of how gender-linked behaviors develop?
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Gender schema theory
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Three year old Jack is inhibited and shy. As an adult, Jack is likely to be:
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Cautious and unassertive.
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Identical twin
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Develop from a single egg that splits in 2
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Fraternal twins
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Develop from a separate eggs. Like bro and sis who share fetal environment
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The nature-nurture issue: sex reassignment
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John was a boy but they cut off his penis. everyone change him to a girl (Joan). People can try to reassign genders but it's in our genes.
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Do Parents Matter? Peer Influence
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Doing a twin studies that were separated at birth. Have the same personality, so it not environment. Peer influence on personality while parents influence moral beliefs
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Bringing up monkey
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Shy inactive infant changed to having a mother who was active. The purpose nature is genes and nurture is the environment.
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Return to the Wild
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Monkeys were raised in a zoo so they do not have the skills to survive.
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Bringing up monkey
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Shy inactive infant changed to having a mother who was active. The purpose nature is genes and nurture is the environment.
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Return to the Wild
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Monkeys were raised in a zoo so they do not have the skills to survive.
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Bringing up monkey
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Shy inactive infant changed to having a mother who was active. The purpose nature is genes and nurture is the environment.
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Return to the Wild
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Monkeys were raised in a zoo so they do not have the skills to survive.
