Psychology 312~Test 2 – Flashcards
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age grading
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The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.
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mainstreaming
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The integration of adolescents who have education handicaps into regular classrooms.
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tracking
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The practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level.
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reference grouping
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Groups against which an individual compares him- or herself.
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crowds
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Large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity.
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cliques
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Small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.
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middle adolescence
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The period spanning roughly ages 14-17, corresponding to the high school years.
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late adolescence
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The period spanning roughly ages 18-21, corresponding approximately to the college years.
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early adolescence
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The period spanning roughly ages 10-13, corresponding roughly to the junior high or middle school years.
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baby boom
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The period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.
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authoritarian parenting
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These parents tend to punish without explanation, do not explain their rules and standards, just want you to obey, does not encourage verbal give and take, encourages conformity. This style works better with boys and their children usually are less curious, only think something is wrong if they get caught, have lower self esteem, socially withdrawn, and less developed moral conscience.
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authoritative parenting
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These parents tend to clearly explain rules and standards to their children, they have a firm enforcement, encourage independence and individuality, want their child to be creative, and live by a set of principles that their children learn from. Their children think learning is fun, love challenges, become leaders, are responsible and friendly, set goals, are not easily influenced by others, and believe punishment is fair and warranted.
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permissive indulgent parenting
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These parents believe that no behavior is bad or wrong, they have no clear rules, avoid conflict, their child is seen as self regulating in order to become independent. Their children become brats, immature and impulsive, they avoid challenges, low motivation, cannot set goals, low self esteem, feel in charge of the parent, and cannot cooperate with others.
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uninvolved parenting
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These parents are not interested in parenting, no rules, do not set goals for their children, and minimize the time and effort they spend on their child. Their children end up a mess, they are uninterested in school, moody, rely on escaping using drugs or alcohol, cannot set goals, no self esteem, and they feel like no one cares about them.
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According to Baumrind, the characteristics which best describe parental styles are what?
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There are two determinants: 1. Parental control, which is the degree to which a parent insists on mature behavior from the child. 2. Parental support and warmth, which is the degree to which the parent listens to, affirms and encourages the child.
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What determines how well children adjust to divorce?
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Gender, age, and which parent they live with.
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What are adolescents most likely to spend their money on?
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Luxury items, drugs, and alcohol.
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When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?
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At school in the early morning.
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What is the single most important determinant of academic achievement?
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Parental involvement.
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What is the relationship between academic achievement and school size?
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Academic achievement is not affected by class size within the normal range of class sized of 20-40. Teachers have little control over classes larger than that.
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What do adolescents consider that younger children do not realize is important in friendship?
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Older children begin to understand trust and loyalty in friendship along with the development of cliques.
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Which type of parenting is the most prevalent among ethnic minorities and why?
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Authoritarian because parents of minority backgrounds need their children to obey with no questions asked in case of life or death situations.
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What are the effects of having an extended family presence?
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Extended family helps in raising and watching the child. They also save the parents money because the parents don't have to pay a day care or babysitter.
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What percentage of American children will experience parental divorce?
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40%
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What characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contribute to the rise in adolescent employment?
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They require no skill and little time/effort.
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What is the chief determinant of popularity in high school?
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The nominations you get from other students. Also, being active, having communication skills, being social, a leader, and friendly.
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What factors are most likely to determine academic excellence in private and public schools?
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In private schools, parental monitoring helps with academic excellence because private schools require parents to be active members in the school. In public schools, they have the ability to expel and have behavioral control.
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Children who are socioemetrically rejected do poorly in school. What happens as they become adolescents?
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They become aggressive, inappropriate, solitary, have poor communication skills, and defensive.
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Broad societal changes have contributed to changes in the structure of secondary schools. What are these changes?
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After the war, there was an increase in children being born so they had to change the structure of schools to 6-3-3 (1st-6th in one school, 7th-9th in one, and then 10th-12th in another). This was so there weren't too many children in one school.
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How does the school environment change as children move from elementary school to middle school?
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They start at the bottom and then make it to the top, then start at the bottom again and so on.
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How does friendship change with age?
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1. Infants/toddlers do not have friends. They just use other infants as interesting stimuli and interactions. 2. Preschoolers have shared activities and play. When they ask you to play with them, that is their way of asking you to be their friend. 3. Early adolescence develop loyalty in friendships and cliques. 4. Middle adolescence shift to mixed gender groups and begin dating. 5. Late adolescence shift to more adult like friendships.
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How confident are elementary teachers in their teaching abilities as compared to teachers in middle and junior high school?
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Elementary teachers may be more confident than middle and high school teacher but they do not differ much. The only thing that would effect that is the negative effect middle and high school students have on their teachers whether it's being disrespectful or uncooperative.
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What are the four essential social skills discussed in class?
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Communication, cooperation, validation, and participation.
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What activities do teenagers spend the most hours?
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Watching TV and being with friends.
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Which parenting style is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?
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Authoritative.
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Where are most adolescents getting jobs?
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Food and retail.
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What factors are implicated most in adolescent mood?
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Activity and company.
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What is the ideal size of a school for adolescents?
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500-1,000 students.
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Which students become involved in extra-curricular activities?
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Kids in small towns or middle class families.
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What are the advantages of school-based extra-curricular activities?
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Better grades, become more social, and develop close adult relationships with mentors.
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At what age do mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent?
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Middle adolescence, age 14-17.
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In America, what percentage of individuals between ages of 14 and 17 are in school?
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95%
