Question 1

Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ______, ______, and ______ as they do.

Accepted Answer

Think; feel; act

Question 2

the Greek philosopher ______ developed early theories about ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle; learning; memory; motivation; emotion; perception; personality

Question 3

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ______.

Accepted Answer

Wundt

Question 4

The historical roots of psychology include the fields of ______ and ______.

Accepted Answer

Biology; philosophy

Question 5

Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov who pioneered the study of ______; the personality theorist ______; and Jean Piaget, who studied ______.

Accepted Answer

Learning; Sigmund Freud; children

Question 6

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ______. The first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology was ______.

Accepted Answer

Mary Calkins; Margaret Floy Washburn

Question 7

Wundt and James explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ______. This method proved ______.

Accepted Answer

Introspection; unreliable

Question 8

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ______ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ______ behavior.

Accepted Answer

Mental; observable

Question 9

As a response to Freudian psychology and to ______, which they considered too mechanistic; pioneers ______ and ______ forged ______ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the importance of current ______ influences on the ______ potential of ______ people.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism; Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic environmental; growth; healthy

Question 10

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ______ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ______ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ______ ______.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive; mind; cognitive neuroscience

Question 11

The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ and ______ processes.

Accepted Answer

Behavior; mental

Question 12

In this definition, \"behavior\" refers to any action that we can ______ and ______, and \"mental processes\" refers to the internal ______ ______ we ______ from behavior.

Accepted Answer

Observe; record; subjective experiences; infer

Question 13

As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Asking and answering questions

Question 14

The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ______ and ______.

Accepted Answer

Biology; experience

Question 15

The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is ______. The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is ______.

Accepted Answer

Plato; Aristotle

Question 16

Although the debate continues, we will see that ______ works on what ______ endows and that every ______ event is simultaneously a ______ event.

Accepted Answer

Nurture; nature; psychological; biological

Question 17

Each person is a complex ______ that is part of a larger ______ ______ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ______ of ______ - biological, ______, and ______-______ - which together form an integrated ______ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.

Accepted Answer

System; social system; levels; analysis; psychological; social-cultural; biopsychosocial

Question 18

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the ______ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Neuroscience

Question 19

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the ______ perspective, ,whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the ______ ______ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary; Behavior genetics

Question 20

Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ______ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic

Question 21

Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ______ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral

Question 22

The ______ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive

Question 23

Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the ______-______ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Social-cultural

Question 24

The different perspectives on the big issues ______ one another.

Accepted Answer

Complement

Question 25

Psychologists may be involved in conducting ______ ______, which builds psychology\'s knowledge base, or ______ ______.

Accepted Answer

Basic research; applied research

Question 26

Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ______ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called ______ psychologists.

Accepted Answer

Counseling; Clinical

Question 27

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called ______.

Accepted Answer

Psychiatrists

Question 28

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called the ______ ______. This phenomenon is ______ in ______.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias; common; both children and adults

Question 29

Our everyday thinking is also limited by ______ in what we think we know.

Accepted Answer

Overconfidence

Question 30

Most people are ______ in predicting their social behavior.

Accepted Answer

Equally wrong

Question 31

The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of ______, ______, and ______.

Accepted Answer

Curiosity; skepticism; humility

Question 32

Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called ______ ______.

Accepted Answer

Critical thinking

Question 33

Psychological science uses the ______ ______ to evaluate competing ideas. They make careful ______ and form ______, which are ______ based on new ______.

Accepted Answer

Scientific method; observations; theories; revised; observations

Question 34

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events is a ______. Testable predictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory are called ______. These predictions give direction to ______.

Accepted Answer

Theory; hypotheses; research

Question 35

To prevent theoretical biases from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely- using clear ______ ______ of all concepts- so that others can ______ the findings.

Accepted Answer

Operational definitions; replicate

Question 36

The test of a useful theory is the extent to which it effectively ______ a range of self-reports and observations and implies clear ______.

Accepted Answer

Organizes; predictions

Question 37

Psychologists conduct research using ______, ______, and ______ methods.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive; correlational; experimental

Question 38

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in order to reveal universal principles of behavior is the ______ ______.

Accepted Answer

...

Question 39

Although case studies can suggest ______ for future study, a potential problem with this method is that any given individual may be ______.

Accepted Answer

...

Question 40

The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ______. An important factor in the validity of survey research is the ______ of questions.

Accepted Answer

...

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