Psychology 201- Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ______, ______, and ______ as they do.
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Think; feel; act
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the Greek philosopher ______ developed early theories about ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
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Aristotle; learning; memory; motivation; emotion; perception; personality
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The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ______.
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Wundt
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The historical roots of psychology include the fields of ______ and ______.
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Biology; philosophy
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Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov who pioneered the study of ______; the personality theorist ______; and Jean Piaget, who studied ______.
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Learning; Sigmund Freud; children
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The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ______. The first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology was ______.
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Mary Calkins; Margaret Floy Washburn
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Wundt and James explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ______. This method proved ______.
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Introspection; unreliable
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In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of ______ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of ______ behavior.
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Mental; observable
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As a response to Freudian psychology and to ______, which they considered too mechanistic; pioneers ______ and ______ forged ______ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the importance of current ______ influences on the ______ potential of ______ people.
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Behaviorism; Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic environmental; growth; healthy
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During the 1960s, psychology underwent a ______ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ______ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ______ ______.
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Cognitive; mind; cognitive neuroscience
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The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ and ______ processes.
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Behavior; mental
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In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can ______ and ______, and "mental processes" refers to the internal ______ ______ we ______ from behavior.
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Observe; record; subjective experiences; infer
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As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ____________________.
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Asking and answering questions
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The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of ______ and ______.
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Biology; experience
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The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is ______. The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is ______.
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Plato; Aristotle
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Although the debate continues, we will see that ______ works on what ______ endows and that every ______ event is simultaneously a ______ event.
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Nurture; nature; psychological; biological
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Each person is a complex ______ that is part of a larger ______ ______ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ______ of ______ - biological, ______, and ______-______ - which together form an integrated ______ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.
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System; social system; levels; analysis; psychological; social-cultural; biopsychosocial
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Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the ______ perspective.
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Neuroscience
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Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the ______ perspective, ,whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the ______ ______ perspective.
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Evolutionary; Behavior genetics
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Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ______ perspective.
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Psychodynamic
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Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ______ perspective.
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Behavioral
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The ______ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Cognitive
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Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the ______-______ perspective.
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Social-cultural
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The different perspectives on the big issues ______ one another.
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Complement
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Psychologists may be involved in conducting ______ ______, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or ______ ______.
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Basic research; applied research
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Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ______ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called ______ psychologists.
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Counseling; Clinical
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Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called ______.
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Psychiatrists
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The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called the ______ ______. This phenomenon is ______ in ______.
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Hindsight bias; common; both children and adults
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Our everyday thinking is also limited by ______ in what we think we know.
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Overconfidence
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Most people are ______ in predicting their social behavior.
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Equally wrong
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The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of ______, ______, and ______.
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Curiosity; skepticism; humility
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Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called ______ ______.
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Critical thinking
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Psychological science uses the ______ ______ to evaluate competing ideas. They make careful ______ and form ______, which are ______ based on new ______.
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Scientific method; observations; theories; revised; observations
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events is a ______. Testable predictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory are called ______. These predictions give direction to ______.
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Theory; hypotheses; research
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To prevent theoretical biases from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely- using clear ______ ______ of all concepts- so that others can ______ the findings.
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Operational definitions; replicate
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The test of a useful theory is the extent to which it effectively ______ a range of self-reports and observations and implies clear ______.
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Organizes; predictions
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Psychologists conduct research using ______, ______, and ______ methods.
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Descriptive; correlational; experimental
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The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in order to reveal universal principles of behavior is the ______ ______.
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...
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Although case studies can suggest ______ for future study, a potential problem with this method is that any given individual may be ______.
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The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ______. An important factor in the validity of survey research is the ______ of questions.
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