question

In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler, 5-year-old girls acted out a disagreement between two female dolls. The researchers discovered that girls who _____ were more apt to be disruptive at age 9 than other girls

answer

quickly engaged in apologetic behavior

question

Which scenario demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development?

answer

Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks

question

Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:

answer

permissive

question

between the ages of 2 and 6; Learning when and how to express emotions. Emotional Regulation.

answer

Preeminent Psychosocial Accomplishment

question

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age: v

answer

initiative vs guilt

question

Compared to parents in the United States, ______ as many Canadian parents use slapping, pinching, or smacking as a form of punishment.

answer

one half

question

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

answer

competition

question

Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States?

answer

fear

question

Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children:

answer

use a play face

question

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing:

answer

were unlikely to draw independently at a later time

question

According to Freud, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by:

answer

identifying with their father

question

What is the MOST probable reason child abuse is underreported?

answer

professionals something something

question

By age ______, children can consistently apply gender labels. By age ____, children are convinced that certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

answer

2:4

question

Aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called:

answer

instrumental aggression

question

When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled:

answer

authoritarian

question

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

answer

William's positive self-concept

question

Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _______ than playing outdoors.

answer

Using electronic media

question

How do abused children come to view other people?

answer

They think that everyone wants to take advantage of them

question

_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.

answer

Internalizing problems

question

Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?

answer

evolutionary theory

question

Young children usually play best with:

answer

Their peers

question

Young children tend to learn the most from teachers who use which style?

answer

authoritative

question

Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the ______ parenting style.

answer

permissive

question

Rough and tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ later on.

answer

antisocial behavior, including murder

question

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:

answer

an externalizing problem

question

hitman for the mob breaks someone's arm to increase obedience

answer

Example of proactive aggression

question

punch your spouse in the face because he cheated on you

answer

Reactive Aggression example

question

spreading a rumor that your ex has an STD

answer

Example of indirect aggression

question

The clinical term of illness or disorder of the mind referred to as:

answer

Psychopathology

question

The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is:

answer

D. Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control.

question

The idea that child maltreatment is rare and perpetuated by disturbed strangers:

answer

has been disproved by research

question

Which is NOT a form of play engaged in by young children in all cultures?

answer

flying kites

question

Carla is usually good because she is afraid that she will be punished if she isn't. Carla is at which level of Kohlberg's view of moral development?

answer

preconventional

question

Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Leon says no because it is against the law. Leon is in Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning level, in the stage called _____.

answer

conventional; law and order

question

The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg's stage of preconventional morality is:

answer

the preoperational stage.

question

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:

answer

functions of a family.

question

When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will:

answer

align themselves with their peers.

question

About _____ of school-age children live in a two-parent family.

answer

two-thirds

question

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

answer

Freud

question

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) ______ view of herself.

answer

Industrious

question

Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably:

answer

keep quiet about it.

question

Preconventional morality involves:

answer

seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

question

What period is the prime time for moral development?

answer

middle childhood

question

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

answer

industry versus inferiority

question

The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define:

answer

Child Culture

question

Astrid, age 6, helps her aunt make tortillas in the early morning and then she goes to school until noon. In the afternoon, she and her best friend watch their baby brothers while their mothers sell goods at the market. In the evening, her whole family talks and eats together. She knows her parents are proud of her and she feels proud too. According to the text, Astrid's labor is:

answer

Reflecting her culture

question

Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a:

answer

Stepparent Family

question

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are:

answer

industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture.

question

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes?

answer

differential sensitivity theory

question

Joel, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused by her boyfriend. Joel's problems may be overcome by:

answer

being actively involved in his church.

question

Most bullies pick on:

answer

members of their own sex.

question

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background form their:

answer

self-concept

question

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:

answer

functions of a family.

question

When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will:

answer

align themselves with their eers.

question

Ajay, age 8, sleeps in the back of the shop where he works. His gets a bowl of rice with vegetables to eat. He carries heavy loads. In Ajay's village, his siblings sometimes have nothing to eat. None of them goes to school. His employer's son sometimes brings a book in the evening to teach Ajay to read. In making a judgment about Ajay's situation, one must consider:

answer

the universal needs of childhood.

question

The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it:

answer

may change over time

question

While 41 percent of all U.S. births were to single mothers in 2010, the number of children who grow up in a household with a single mother who never marries is:

answer

lower, at about 13 percent

question

The statement that best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level is:

answer

"I am careful not to get caught."

question

One study found that 98 percent of surveyed children believed that sports teams should exclude:

answer

no child based on race or gender

question

Postconventional morality involves:

answer

the careful consideration of all options.

question

Adrionna has begun to participate in arguments on issues of right and wrong. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by:

answer

her peers, parents, and culture.

question

Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self-consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will:

answer

decrease her self-esteem.

question

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that:

answer

genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents.

question

In the United States, which ethnic group is MOST likely to accept and support single parents?

answer

African Americans

question

Since schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers:

answer

their self-esteem may suffer as they compare themselves with others.

question

School-age children would most admire:

answer

Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane

question

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.

answer

Industry

question

According to Kohlberg _____ is what advances a person's morality.

answer

cognitive development.

question

Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry?

answer

It provides a crucial defense against emotional problems.

question

Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development.

answer

Jean Piaget

question

__________ prefer their mother's language more than any other language.

answer

Newborns

question

______________ sleep which is characterized by slow, deep breathing; a calm, regular heartbeat; and reduced blood pressure increases significantly at about three or four months of age.

answer

Slow-wave

question

Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development ________________ intelligence.

answer

sensorimotor

question

This makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.

answer

cortex

question

Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?

answer

15 to 17

question

The average newborn ________ his weight by 1 year.

answer

triples

question

A hypothesis that has been repeatedly disproved is that the MMR vaccine causes ___________.

answer

autism

question

The neonate's __________ is clearest when objects are four to 30 inches away. Neonate- a newborn child

answer

vision

question

Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."

answer

8 and 10

question

According to _________, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a scientist who experiments to see what will happen.

answer

Piaget

question

For which illness is an immunization NOT available?

answer

malaria

question

The last part of the brain to mature is the _______________.

answer

prefrontal cortex.

question

Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that breast-fed babies have ________ allergies and stomachaches.

answer

fewer

question

The function of _______________ is to carry information from one neuron to another.

answer

neurotransmitters

question

The process that first detects an external stimulus is ____________.

answer

sensation

question

The sense that is the least developed at birth is an infant's __________.

answer

vision

question

The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with something else is ______________.

answer

stage three.

question

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.

answer

28

question

You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of ______. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of ______. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate ______.

answer

sensation/perception/cognition

question

Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.

answer

3 months

question

By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. ____________ would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to the amount his parents talk to him.

answer

Skinner

question

Newborns prefer their ____________ language more than any other language.

answer

mother's

question

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n):

answer

neuron

question

As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.

answer

nouns

question

Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as ______________.

answer

motherese

question

In the United States, _____ percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and _____ percent are breast-fed at six months.

answer

75 44

question

Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that 50 percent of children his age weigh ______ than he does.

answer

less

question

Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee? She should not be worried since some babies do not ______.

answer

crawl

question

From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase __________.

answer

fivefold

question

The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is: A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words. B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words. C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes. D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words.

answer

B

question

Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.

answer

sensation

question

The process through which unused and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die is called:

answer

pruning

question

When they practice walking, babies average between _____ steps per hour.

answer

500 and 1500

question

Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from:

answer

marasmus

question

Clean water, immunizations, and nutritious food have all had a dramatic impact on:

answer

infant and child mortality

question

Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent's brain development will most likely proceed __________ due to the self-righting tendency.

answer

normally

question

Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.

answer

2 and 4

question

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects?

answer

stage four

question

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called:

answer

transient exuberance.

question

A newborn's brain weight is _____ percent of an adult's brain weight.

answer

20

question

Mothers who work full time outside the home play with their children ______ as mothers who stay at home play with their children.

answer

almost as much

question

In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:

answer

learning trust or mistrust.

question

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first gain _________________ of other people.

answer

awareness

question

Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?

answer

Watson

question

The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is:

answer

trust versus mistrust

question

An infant's anger is usually triggered by ________________.

answer

frustration

question

Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?

answer

disorganized

question

If a child successfully resolves Erikson's __________ stage, he or she can be expected to explore his or her world.

answer

first

question

Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

answer

social awareness

question

The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of:

answer

6 months

question

The Strange Situation measures how a child ____________ to separations and reunions with a caregiver.

answer

responds

question

Research has found that a person's _____________________ is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy.

answer

temperament

question

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant's:

answer

sadness

question

This specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation:

answer

anterior cingulate gyrus

question

A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver is a scenario which portrays ______________ attachment.

answer

secure

question

Parents of a typical ____ year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say: "She isn't eating enough."

answer

5

question

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to ___________________.

answer

myelination

question

Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing _________________.

answer

scaffolding

question

___________________________ in a child's speech patterns indicates that the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations.

answer

Overregularization

question

When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:

answer

fast-mapping

question

A preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of:

answer

focus on appearance

question

Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) ______________ program.

answer

Montessori

question

When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. By her third birthday, although she is making good process, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a:

answer

critical period

question

In ________________ nations, calcium, iron, and zinc are MOST apt to be lacking in a child's diet.

answer

developed

question

According to ______________, guided participation requires that a child interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.

answer

Vygotsky

question

Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from a certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon called __________________.

answer

just right

question

Using scissors to cut paper. an example of a ________ motor skill.

answer

fine

question

What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay?

answer

1/3

question

A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6.

answer

decreases

question

Sylvia wants to keep her son from getting cavities, so she lets him drink diet soda instead of regular soda. Her dentist tells her that her strategy won't work because diet soda has as much _______ as regular soda.

answer

acid

question

Instead of accident prevention, health workers prefer the term ____________.

answer

injury control

question

Buttoning a coat is an activity that requires ________ motor skills.

answer

fine

question

_______________________ involves linking a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category.

answer

Logical extension

question

Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond _____________.

answer

centration

question

Writing your name is a ______ motor skill, whereas kicking a ball is a ______ motor skill.

answer

fine/gross

question

When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in:

answer

static reasoning

question

A study of 5-year-old children in Milwaukee showed that those who attended a Montessori preschool were more advanced in _____ skills than those who did not attend.

answer

Math

question

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to demonstrate ___________________.

answer

centration

question

Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to the growth of her _______________________.

answer

corpus callosum

question

Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon. This is an example of ______________________.

answer

scaffolding

question

Ryan suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected. His injury was to the __________ side of his brain.

answer

left

question

The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is to make children ready to _________.

answer

learn

question

Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with Juan's father?

answer

Vygotsky

question

The amygdala is a brain structure that registers:

answer

emotions

question

When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie's:

answer

static reasoning

question

An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were MOST apparent for children with the _________ family income.

answer

lowest

question

The _____________________ early-childhood program focuses on children's creativity and artistic talent.

answer

Reggio Emilia

question

By the age of __, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 500 words; by the age of __, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 10,000 words.

answer

2/6

question

According to Vygotsky, a child's first mentor is a ____________.

answer

parent

question

At what age do MOST children without older siblings develop theory of mind?

answer

4 years

question

Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used:

answer

logical extension

question

Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think __________.

answer

logically

question

The science of human development seeks to understand how and why people _________ over time.

answer

change

question

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of nature and nurture working _____________.

answer

together

question

Language learning is considered a __________ period.

answer

sensitive

question

With age, people experience losses in some domains and gains in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development.

answer

multidirectional

question

Church is an example of an _______________?

answer

exosystem

question

The ___________ theory places the greatest emphasis on the interaction between genes and the environment.

answer

epigenetic

question

Psychoanalytic theory originated with ________.

answer

Freud

question

In Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage, children try to _______ new skills.

answer

master

question

Each of Erikson's developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or developmental __________.

answer

crisis

question

Behaviorism is also called ________________.

answer

learning theory

question

Pavlov's experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called ______________ ________________.

answer

classical conditioning.

question

In social learning theory, ____________ is a process by which people observe the actions of others and then copy them.

answer

modeling

question

According to behaviorists, almost all daily behavior, from combing your hair to joking with friends, is a result of past ____________ conditioning

answer

operant

question

Piaget was primarily interested in how children ________.

answer

think

question

An ___________ is a research method that is used in order to establish what causes a behavior.

answer

experiment

question

Posing a question is the ______ step of the scientific method.

answer

first

question

In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to ______________ influences.

answer

environmental

question

The idea that change does not always occur in a straight line defines the _____ characteristic of development.

answer

multidirectional

question

Throughout his life, Bronfenbrenner emphasized studying humans in __________ settings.

answer

natural

question

The ______________ includes family and peers.

answer

microsystem

question

What does "socioeconomic status" refer to?

answer

social class

question

The ______________ theory arises from biology, genetics, and neuroscience.

answer

Epigenetic

question

Development is the result of interaction between biological and environmental forces. This statement most closely describes the _______________ theory.

answer

epigenetic

question

According to Freud, each stage of development in the first six years of life is characterized by ______________ pleasure.

answer

sexual

question

Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development. This is a major ____________ between Erikson and Freud is that

answer

difference

question

At what age does Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion occur?

answer

adolescence

question

Behaviorists are also referred to as ___________ theorists.

answer

learning

question

The type of learning in which either a reinforcement or punishment follows a particular behavior is called _________ conditioning.

answer

operant

question

Social learning theory was first described by _________.

answer

Bandura

question

____________ _____________ is Piaget's stage in which one expect would expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues.

answer

Formal Operational

question

Five-year-old Jada is learning to speak Dutch. In this example, what would be the primary domain of development?

answer

cognitive

question

In an ____________, tests of significance are used to indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance.

answer

experiment

question

For several months after birth, newborns gain approximately _____ ounce per day.

answer

one

question

By 24 months, most children are about ____ percent of their adult height.

answer

50

question

At birth, the brain has ____________________ of neurons.

answer

billions

question

The axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons at intersections called _____.

answer

synapses

question

Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites shrink and die. This process occurs during ___________.

answer

pruning

question

___________ ________ __________ is seen in one in five children hospitalized for maltreatment.

answer

Shaken baby syndrome

question

Sleep characterized by flickering eyes and rapid brain waves is called ________ sleep.

answer

REM

question

Typically, infants' eyes can _______ on a single thing between two and four months.

answer

focus

question

Crawling is an example of a _______ motor skill.

answer

gross

question

Holding a bottle is an example of a _______ motor skill.

answer

fine

question

According to your text, which of the following diseases does NOT have an immunization available?

answer

malaria

question

Lack of immunization is blamed for a spike in _____ in California in 2010.

answer

whooping cough

question

The thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother's breasts at birth is called ___________.

answer

colostrum

question

Breast-feeding ________ the risk of cancer, asthma, and diabetes.

answer

reduces

question

Piaget's cognitive development period that lasts from birth to two years is called ____________ ________________.

answer

sensorimotor intelligence

question

What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother's breast to sucking a pacifier?

answer

adaptation

question

Stage _______ of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by new adaptation and anticipation.

answer

four

question

One-year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating ________ ___________.

answer

deferred imitation

question

Reflexive, cooing, babbling, and simple words is the typical order of ________ language development.

answer

spoken

question

Behaviorists believe that a mother who gives _________ will stimulate her child's communication skills.

answer

reinforcement

question

The average length of a newborn at birth is approximately ___ inches.

answer

20

question

Typical two-year-olds are already ___ percent their adult height.

answer

50

question

Most neurons are created ________ birth.

answer

before

question

Which term is used to describe the process in which unused neurons die?

answer

pruning

question

Which of the following may result in brain damage, coma, or death?

answer

shaken baby syndrome

question

The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit is known as __________________.

answer

self-righting

question

Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep ___________.

answer

decreases

question

When a sensory system detects a stimulus, _____ occurs.

answer

sensation

question

Which term describes what occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation?

answer

perception

question

Which of the following senses is the least developed at birth?

answer

sight

question

Large body movements, such as walking and jumping, are ______ motor skills.

answer

gross

question

The ______ vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.

answer

MMR

question

Breast-fed babies are often _____ sick than formula-fed babies.

answer

less

question

__________ for breast-fed babies include fewer cavities, better childhood vision, and protection against many childhood diseases.

answer

Benefits

question

The thought process in infants that relies on senses and motor skills is known as ___________ _________________.

answer

sensorimotor intelligence

question

Isaiah is seven months old. His sister takes a toy and hides it behind her back. Isaiah cries and does not look for the toy. It is likely that he has not yet acquired _______________ _____________.

answer

object permanence

question

____________ circular reactions are characterized by active exploration and experimentation.

answer

Tertiary

question

The information-processing theory compares human thinking to _____________ functioning.

answer

computer

question

Child-directed speech is preferred by newborns over other sounds, is high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive speech used by adults. It is also called _______________.

answer

motherese

question

According to Chomsky's theory of language development, __________ ability predicts communication.

answer

innate

question

The first emotional ________________ to emerge at birth are crying and contentment.

answer

expressions

question

An infant normally begins to express anger at ___ months.

answer

6

question

______________ anxiety is normal at age one but not after age three. It happens when a child shows distress when his or her caregiver leaves. It intensifies by age two and then usually subsides by age three.

answer

Separation

question

When an infant realizes that he or she is a distinct individual whose actions are separate from others, she is exhibiting _______ ______________.

answer

self awareness

question

Pretending and using the words "I," "me," "mine," and "myself" are evidence that the child has developed ____ ______________.

answer

self recognition

question

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called _____________.

answer

synchrony

question

When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from synchrony to ____________.

answer

attachment

question

When one-year-old Albert exhibits ___________ seeking behavior, he crawls after his father when his father leaves the room.

answer

proximity

question

Although cultural differences exist, most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers. This discovery is attributed to _________ ___________.

answer

Mary Ainsworth

question

_____________ resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern describes a child who both welcomes and resists contact with his caregiver after being apart for some time.

answer

insecure

question

____________ attachment is more difficult when the parents were abused as children, when families are socially isolated, and when infants are unusually difficult.

answer

Secure

question

According to the text, father encourage infants to explore, whereas mothers tend to be more ___________.

answer

cautious

question

The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the need for responsive maternal care and connects biosocial with psychosocial ________________.

answer

development

question

According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the ________.

answer

anus

question

What does Erikson call the first crisis of life?

answer

trust vs mistrust

question

________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child.

answer

Proximal

question

_______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually rather than with close physical contact.

answer

distal

question

The idea of a working model is from ____________ ___________.

answer

cognitive theory

question

A ______ is an organized conception of something.

answer

schema

question

The care of children by people other than the biological parents is called ___________.

answer

allocare

question

According to the text, nonrelative child care in a home is referred to as __________ ____ _______.

answer

family day care

question

An infant smiles at someone who is holding her. We can assume that the infant is probably about _____ weeks old.

answer

6

question

When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting __________ wariness.

answer

stranger

question

An infant's distress when his or her caregiver leaves is known as ____________ anxiety.

answer

separation

question

The realization that one's body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people is known as _____ _______________.

answer

self awareness

question

Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting ____________ seeking behavior.

answer

proximity

question

The experimental practice in which adults stare at their baby and remain expressionless is called the ______ ________ technique.

answer

still face

question

When an infant is comfortable and confident in the presence of his or her caregivers, the infant is said to have a _________ attachment.

answer

secure

question

insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks ___________ when reunited with his or her caregiver

answer

contact

question

Exploration of ______ is one of the key aspects of the Strange Situation.

answer

toys

question

One of the most influential factors that determine a child's type of attachment is the ___________________ of the parents.

answer

responsiveness

question

Synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are all apparent with ________ in all cultures.

answer

fathers

question

Erikson's second crisis of life that begins when self-awareness emerges is known as _____.

answer

autonomy vs shame and doubt

question

The theory that emphasizes the need for responsive maternal care and connects biosocial with psychosocial development is _________________.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

__________ would trace a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy.

answer

Freud

question

What is Erikson's first crisis of life?

answer

trust vs mistrust

question

_____________ believe that emotions and personality are molded as parents reinforce or punish a child.

answer

Behaviorists

question

Research indicates that toddlers with ________ mothers were more compliant but less self aware.

answer

proximal

question

A set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life is known as the _______ __________ __________.

answer

internal working model

question

High-quality day care during infancy has a ______ turnover rate.

answer

low

question

A time-use study found that mothers who worked full time outside the home spent ________ as much time playing with their babies as mothers with no outside jobs.

answer

almost

question

By age six, the average child in a ____________ nation weighs between 40 and 50 pounds.

answer

developed

question

The _________ _______ phenomenon refers to young children's insistence on routine.

answer

just right

question

Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________.

answer

motor skills

question

Removing an abused child from the home is an example of ___________ prevention of child maltreatment.

answer

tertiary

question

Experts prefer the term "injury control" over the term "accident prevention, because the use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are _________.

answer

inevitable

question

Which area is said to be the "executive" area of the brain?

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

The _________ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

answer

corpus callosum

question

The tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time is known as _____________.

answer

perseveration

question

The ________ ________ is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions.

answer

limbic system

question

The ________________ is a central processor of memory, particularly for remembering locations.

answer

hippocampus

question

Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?

answer

egocentrism

question

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not obvious?

answer

focus on appearance

question

After noticing that her younger brother was having difficulty with a jigsaw puzzle, Rose helped him by praising his successes and recognizing his progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of ____________ participation.

answer

guided

question

Vygotsky believed that everyone learns within their _________________, which is an intellectual area where new skills can be mastered.

answer

zone of proximal development

question

__________ refers to the idea that children naturally construct theories to explain what they see and hear.

answer

theory-theory

question

Theory of mind typically appears rather __________.

answer

suddenly

question

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called ________ __________.

answer

fast mapping

question

The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is ______________.

answer

overregularization

question

Child-centered programs recognize that children learn through play with other children. This is most consistent with the views of ____________.

answer

Vygotsky

question

According to the text, these programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals which complicates the evaluation of ______ ________ programs?

answer

head start

question

By age ___, the average child in a developed nation is at least three and one-half feet tall.

answer

6

question

When a young child insists that he brushes his teeth before he reads a story - not after - he or she is exhibiting the _______ ________ phenomenon.

answer

just right

question

Exposure to high levels of lead does not cause a decrease in ________ skills.

answer

motor

question

The __________ _________ is involved in planning and goal-directed behavior.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is ________________.

answer

lateralization

question

The _______ is the brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

answer

amygdala

question

A three-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating _________________.

answer

egocentrism

question

_________ ___________ is a characteristic of preoperational thought which involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging.

answer

static reasoning

question

Vygotsky emphasized the ability to learn as a measure of _____________.

answer

intelligence

question

________________ refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and aimed at helping him or her master a new skill.

answer

scaffolding

question

The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned is known as ________________.

answer

overimitation

question

The understanding that others can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes _______________________.

answer

theory of mind

question

As a hobby, Jessica and her husband work on car engines. Jessica doesn't always know what a particular car part is, but she typically understands its function and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of ________________.

answer

fast mapping

question

Overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of __________.

answer

grammar

question

Research on early-childhood education programs finds that _________ matters most.

answer

quality

question

___________ schools emphasize individual pride and accomplishment.

answer

Montessori

question

Which of the following preschools, named after the town in Italy where it began, encourages students to master skills such as writing and using tools?

answer

Reggio Emilia

question

_________ directed programs stress readiness for school, emphasizing letters and numbers that all children should understand.

answer

teacher

question

Head Start, the federally-funded early-childhood education program for four-year-olds, began in ________.

answer

1965

question

The young children who are least likely to attend preschool in the United States are typically ____________.

answer

hispanic

question

Children who have mastered ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions.

answer

emotional regulation

question

Initiative versus guilt is Erikson's _____ developmental stage.

answer

third

question

Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called __________ ____________.

answer

protective optimism

question

The impulse that propels someone to act is called _____________.

answer

motivation

question

A musician who plays for the delight of making music has an _________ motivation.

answer

intrinsic

question

Four-year-old Brooks is afraid of certain things, such as the sound of a train whistle and going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of immature development of his ___________ ____________.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as ____________________.

answer

psychopathology

question

When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is _________________ problems.

answer

externalizing

question

An example of an externalizing problem is attacking other people, while an example of an ______________ problem is being withdrawn.

answer

internalizing

question

_________ provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding.

answer

Peers

question

When children play with similar toys, but not together is an example of ___________ play.

answer

parallel

question

Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is _____________.

answer

Baumrind

question

What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment?

answer

authoritarian

question

On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend three to five hours a day exposed to __________ _______.

answer

electronic media

question

___________ refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person.

answer

empathy

question

Six-year-old Johnny suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying _____________ behavior.

answer

antisocial

question

_____________ aggression is type of aggression which is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships.

answer

relational

question

The ultimate goal of ____________ is to teach the child the standards of behavior within his or her culture.

answer

discipline

question

Longitudinal research has found that children who are __________ punished are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults.

answer

physically

question

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time is called a _______ ____.

answer

time out

question

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as emotional ________________.

answer

regulation

question

Erikson's _______ developmental stage, in which self-esteem emerges, is called initiative versus guilt.

answer

third

question

__________ friends are increasingly common between ages three and seven.

answer

Imaginary

question

Drive that comes from inside a person is called ____________ motivation.

answer

intrinsic

question

The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate ________ is the prefrontal cortex.

answer

emotion

question

In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who knew they would receive an award for drawing were _______ likely to draw.

answer

less

question

Girls whose behavior problems got worse over the first years of primary school were more likely to engage in _____________ behavior than boys were.

answer

reparative

question

According to the text, neurological and ___________ effects may make boys more vulnerable to externalizing problems and girls more vulnerable to internalizing problems.

answer

hormonal

question

People of about the same age and social status are known as _______.

answer

peers

question

________ play is the first to appear in Parten's progression of social play.

answer

Solitary

question

The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in expressions of _________ of child rearing.

answer

warmth

question

Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as ___________.

answer

permissive

question

Biological differences between males and females are referred to as _____ differences.

answer

sex

question

__________ explained that with maturity and adult guidance, children develop guilt and self-control.

answer

Erikson

question

A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to encourage ___________.

answer

empathy

question

Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are ____________.

answer

prosocial

question

_____________ is a kind of aggression that is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks.

answer

Bullying

question

Hurtful behavior, common among two-year-olds, that is intended to get something that another person has is called ______________ aggression.

answer

intrumental

question

____________ punishment increases the possibility of aggression and temporarily increases obedience.

answer

Physical

question

Industry versus inferiority is Erikson's _________ stage of psychosocial development.

answer

fourth

question

According to Erikson, if eight-year-old Kristina does NOT solve the fourth stage of her psychosocial conflict, she will come to view herself as _________.

answer

inferior

question

Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of __________.

answer

latency

question

The tendency to assess one's own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is social _____________.

answer

comparison

question

The capacity to develop well by adapting positively to significant adversity is called ______________.

answer

resilience

question

The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as family ___________.

answer

function

question

The legal and genetic connections among people living in the same household are known as family _________.

answer

structure

question

A child that grows up in a military family is usually lacking in ________.

answer

stability

question

The most common type of family structure for U.S. children between ages six and 11 is __________.

answer

nuclear

question

An ___________ family is a family that may include cousins, uncles, and grandparents.

answer

extended

question

According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family ___________ in every nation are low income and high conflict.

answer

function

question

A characteristic of the _______ of children may include spouting curses, accents, and slang.

answer

culture

question

Psychosocially, one of the most important tasks of a middle-school child is to learn how to get along with _______.

answer

peers

question

Research on social acceptance among children indicates that some children are well liked - others aren't - and those in both groups ________ over time.

answer

change

question

The ability to understand human interactions is called social _________.

answer

cognition

question

Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is an _________ ____________ child.

answer

aggressive rejected

question

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of ____________.

answer

bullying

question

Research has shown that children develop their own standards of right and wrong, and are ________ by peers, parents, and culture.

answer

guided

question

The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is ___________.

answer

Kohlberg

question

Civic sense and virtue begins in __________ childhood.

answer

middle

question

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, children attempt to master many ________.

answer

skills

question

Marisol can't wait to begin her first karate class. This represents the typical child in Erikson's ________ stage.

answer

fourth

question

Freud believed that children's emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet during the _______ stage.

answer

latency

question

School-aged children tend to be aware of their classmates' opinions, judgments, and accomplishments. This development enables school-aged children to engage in _______ comparison.

answer

social

question

Resilience is _________.

answer

dynamic

question

According to your text, the most important overall family ________ is to provide love and encouragement.

answer

function

question

Children in U.S. military families move often and have _______ school achievement.

answer

lower

question

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than age 18 is referred to as a ________ family.

answer

nuclear

question

According to your text, approximately _____ percent of six to 11-year-olds currently live in a single-parent family.

answer

30

question

The family __________ model examines crucial questions about the effect of risk factors such as poverty, divorce, or job loss on the family.

answer

stress

question

Ten-year-old Julian's parents frequently yell and argue. He will more likely feel lonely if he _________ himself for his parents' fights.

answer

blames

question

The difference in the psychosocial development of young children compared to middle-school children is that young children's _____________ makes them less affected by other children's acceptance or rejection of them.

answer

egocentrism

question

One interesting aspect of the culture of children is that gender stereotypes and gender segregation are _________ maintained.

answer

strongly

question

Social _________ refers to the ability to understand social interactions.

answer

cognition

question

According to research, the most _________ young children are kind and cooperative.

answer

popular

question

A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as __________ __________.

answer

withdrawn rejected

question

Characteristics of _________ are repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm a weaker person.

answer

bullying

question

__________ described three levels of moral reasoning with two stages at each level.

answer

Kohlberg

question

Preconventional moral reasoning is one of Kohlberg's levels of _______ thought.

answer

moral

question

_____________ would expect a child whose thought processes are egocentric to display moral reasoning with a punishment and obedience orientation.

answer

Kohlberg

question

For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is __________.

answer

spermarche

question

In the twenty-first century, early ___________ correlates positively with aggression and antisocial behavior in boys.

answer

puberty

question

José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. The development of his _______ system and the influence of male hormones will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential.

answer

limbic

question

Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from ________ ________.

answer

bulimia nervosa

question

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do." or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _______________ thinking.

answer

hypothetical

question

Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced __________ puberty.

answer

precocious

question

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating her belief in an ______________ audience.

answer

imaginary

question

One reason adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is ________ about their body image.

answer

anxiety

question

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence ___________ __________ thought.

answer

formal operational

question

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines ________________ thought.

answer

hypothetical

question

Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are __________ influenced by their middle school experiences.

answer

strongly

question

Since adolescents' prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend NOT to exercise __________ in most situations.

answer

caution

question

Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special it is difficult for them to envision another person's _______________.

answer

perspective

question

The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes creates a ________________ mismatch.

answer

developmental

question

What-if propositions require ____________ thought.

answer

hypothetical

question

Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by the _______ of the heart and lungs.

answer

growth

question

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as __________ thought.

answer

intuitive

question

Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them. This is a challenge associated with vocational education at the ____________ level in the United States.

answer

secondary

question

There is no correlation between body fat and the early onset of ___________.

answer

puberty

question

Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor's pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. His ___________ __________ is underdeveloped. This helps explain Xavier's poor decision making.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

During _____________ development, the adolescent is trying to figure out "Who am I?"

answer

psychosocial

question

During the __________ stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who isn't sure which role to adopt is said to be experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion.

answer

fifth

question

It is typical for an adolescent experiencing identity __________ to sleep too much, care little about school, and be indifferent to parental criticism.

answer

diffusion

question

In achieving full __________, an adolescent should understand his or her goals and values regarding religion, sex, politics, ethnicity & vocation.

answer

identity

question

Today, _______________ identity is postponed because many vocations require specialized skills that take years to attain.

answer

vocational

question

An example of _______ role is when there is a pattern of behavior that society considers appropriate for only men or only women.

answer

gender

question

Petty, peevish arguing that is usually ongoing is known as ____________.

answer

bickering

question

Adolescents are said to have _____________ with family when there is open communication, support, emotional connectedness, and parental control.

answer

closeness

question

_____________ specifically in adolescent peer relationships, refers to the way that peers encourage each other to do things that most wouldn't do on their own.

answer

Facilitation

question

In the past 50 years, teen births have _____ in every nation.

answer

decreased

question

According to Dunphy, the ________ event in the sequence of male-female small mixed-sex groups.

answer

third

question

___ percent of heterosexual adults report having had same-sex encounters during their adolescence.

answer

10

question

The best sex-education ____________ are those that start before high school, require parent-child communication, focus on behavior, and last for years.

answer

programs

question

The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom if necessary, is called __________.

answer

familism

question

Serious depression among adolescents is ________ common in females than in males.

answer

more

question

Suicidal _________ is common among adolescents, but completed suicides are not.

answer

ideation

question

Most longitudinal studies on adolescent destructiveness conclude that increased anger at puberty is _________ and is usually expressed in acceptable ways.

answer

normal

question

The best __________ of drug abuse in adulthood is drug use before age 18.

answer

predictor

question

____________ is a psychoactive drug used during adolescence inhibits growth and may result in the adolescent becoming a shorter and heavier adult.

answer

tobacco

question

Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are ______ likely to drop out of school, become teenage parents, be unemployed.

answer

more

question

What is Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development?

answer

identity vs role confusion

question

Understanding oneself based on past experiences and future plans is called identity achievement, and lack of commitment to any goals or values is called _______ ____________.

answer

role confusion

question

Erikson's term for premature identity formation is ______________.

answer

foreclosure

question

Within which type of identity does society expect some debate and questioning during late adolescence?

answer

religious identity

question

________ ___________ refers to a person's self-definition as male or female, and sexual orientation refers to a person's erotic desires.

answer

Gender Identity

question

Parent and adolescent __________ occur when a child's drive for independence clashes with the parents' supervision and control.

answer

conflicts

question

Parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom is called _________ _______________.

answer

parental monitoring

question

Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who is going to the movies with you, and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of _________ ___________.

answer

parental monitoring

question

Peer pressure or encouragement to ___________ to a friend's behavior or fashion style can be positive.

answer

conform

question

High school romances are short-lived, rarely lasting more than a _______.

answer

year

question

From 1991 to 2001, the rate of sexual activity among U.S. high school students __________.

answer

decreased

question

In many nations of Africa and the Middle East, same-sex behaviors are considered _________ and pathological.

answer

criminal

question

Which immigrant youth seem to suffer from lower self-esteem than the other groups?

answer

Asian

question

Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during ______________ is experienced by both sexes.

answer

adolescence

question

Two causes of ____________ in adolescence are genetics and having a mother who is often belligerent and disapproving.

answer

depression

question

Thinking about suicide is called _________.

answer

suicidal ideation

question

A failed suicide is called __________.

answer

parasuicide

question

Early ____________ impairments increase the risk of a child becoming a life-course persistent offender, and a teen experiencing a negative psychosocial development is at greater risk of becoming an adolescence limited offender.

answer

neurological

question

The only drug(s) used by more eighth-graders than twelfth-graders is __________________.

answer

inhalants

question

The most frequently abused drug among North American teenagers is __________.

answer

Alcohol

question

Longitudinal research on ______________ use suggests that drug use causes more problems than it solves.

answer

marijuana

question

Biologically, the years from 18 to 25 are the ________ time for physical work and successful reproduction.

answer

ideal

question

According to the text, the term used to describe a person between the ages of 18 and 25 is ___________ _____________.

answer

emerging adult

question

Approximately what percentage of young adults in the United States rate their health as good, very good, or excellent?

answer

96

question

Most women under age ___ who gave birth in 2011 were not married.

answer

30

question

Young adults rarely die from ________ _______.

answer

heart disease

question

In the United States, ___ percent of people in their mid-20s feel that premarital sex "is not wrong at all"

answer

53

question

Half of all new cases of STIs occur in people younger than ____.

answer

26

question

Which of the following nations are making progress in its effort to halt AIDS?

answer

brazil

question

The possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's prejudice is known as __________ _______.

answer

Stereotype threat

question

______________ is the idea that establishing higher learning institutions and encouraging college enrollment could benefit everyone.

answer

Massification

question

In every ___________ nation, more than half of college students are female.

answer

developed

question

During which stage did Erikson believe that adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment?

answer

intimacy vs isolation

question

Worldwide, ____________ adults think about their identities in terms of political loyalties, religious commitments, gender roles, and ethnic and vocational identities.

answer

emerging

question

During late adolescence and early adulthood, people are _____ to be proud of their ethnic background.

answer

likely

question

Research reveals that ____________ is genetically influenced, environmentally influenced, not fixed; plasticity is evident.

answer

personality

question

In general, emerging adults experience ____________ self-esteem.

answer

increasing

question

Severe anxiety and depression are not unusual during adolescence and emerging adulthood, especially for young ________.

answer

women

question

Distorted thinking, lack of energy, and flat affect can all be signs of ____________.

answer

schizophrenia

question

After age _____, few people are newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.

answer

30

question

In which of the following countries is cohabitation considered unusual?

answer

Ireland

question

The period of _________ ________ occurs between 18 and 25 years old.

answer

emerging adulthood

question

According to the text, by age ____, the immune system can fight off just about everything from the sniffles to cancer.

answer

20

question

Historically, most couples had their first child as teenagers, whereas now most women are having their first child at age _____.

answer

25

question

Most people over age 65 think that __________ sex is wrong.

answer

premarital

question

What percentage of emerging adults has at least one sexually transmitted infection?

answer

50

question

The leading cause of death for young men in South Africa is ________.

answer

AIDS

question

Driving fast without a seat belt, abusing drugs, carrying a loaded gun are _____________ risks which are common in emerging adulthood.

answer

destructive

question

Forms of recreation that risk causing injury or death, and are attractive and thrilling as a result, are referred to as _________ sports.

answer

extreme

question

The possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's prejudices is __________ _________.

answer

stereotype threat

question

U.S. Census data confirm that a college degree adds about $20,000 per year to a worker's _______.

answer

salary

question

College trends indicate that ______ girls than boys attend college.

answer

more

question

Erikson's fifth stage of development, identity versus role confusion, starts in adolescence and is completed later during _____________.

answer

adulthood

question

A longitudinal study found that students at four-year colleges were ______ likely to be involved in extra-curricular activities than were students at two-year colleges.

answer

more

question

____________ patterns of adults are affected by cultural norms, social context, and genetic continuity.

answer

Personality

question

________ young adults rated themselves as quite conscientious.

answer

Aggressive

question

Social phobia is most likely to be diagnosed in women around age ____.

answer

20

question

Which disorder is characterized by having irrational thoughts, delusions, and hallucinations?

answer

schizophrenia

question

A commonality among _________ relationships is that they progress from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment.

answer

intimate

question

The idea that each of us enlarges our understanding, our experiences, and our resources through our intimate relationships is known as _____ ___________.

answer

self expansion

question

Changes in __________ sex characteristics include growth of the uterus or the testes.

answer

primary

question

The absence of menstruation, close to normal weight, and distorted body image are symptoms associated with ____________ _____________.

answer

anorexia nervosa

question

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____________ ________.

answer

personal fable

question

The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the ___________________.

answer

hypothalamus

question

When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that by age ___, children used trial-and-error strategies.

answer

10

question

Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by the ________ of the heart and lungs.

answer

growth

question

During puberty, the growth spurt __________ typically occurs in this order: weight, height, muscle.

answer

sequence

question

Which gland(s) receive(s) signals directly from the hypothalamus?

answer

pituitary

question

The first outward sign of puberty in a typical girl is the onset of ___________ growth.

answer

nipple

question

Allen, who is in the ________ grade is MOST likely to fall asleep during class.

answer

tenth

question

Researchers predict that if PISA scores in the United States rose by 25 points, the result could mean an increase of _____ trillion in the nation's Gross Domestic Product over an 80-year time span.

answer

40

question

Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience ____________ and name-calling from her classmates.

answer

teasing

question

As the age of puberty has ____________, secondary education now starts with grade five.

answer

decreased

question

No matter where they live, individuals who complete secondary education are ___________.

answer

healthier

question

A nation's ___________ growth advances when its population completes secondary education.

answer

economic

question

The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the ____________ rhythm.

answer

circadian

question

What-if propositions require _____________ thought.

answer

hypothetical

question

The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the _________________.

answer

hypothalamus

question

Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their ___________ school experiences.

answer

middle

question

_________ reasoning is also referred to as top-down reasoning.

answer

Deductive

question

During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part(s) of the body to grow?

answer

torso

question

According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the ___________ math test scores are China and Singapore.

answer

highest

question

The period when children's bodies become adultlike is called ______________.

answer

puberty

question

Bulimia nervosa is ___________ present in 1 to 3 percent of young women in the United States.

answer

clinically

question

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating the _____________ fable.

answer

invincibility

question

One of the first signs of the growth _______ is growth of fingers and toes.

answer

spurt

question

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating an ____________ audience.

answer

imaginary

question

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

answer

analytical

question

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as ___________ thought.

answer

intuitive

question

______________ reasoning refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions.

answer

inductive

question

Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to consider _____ possibilities.

answer

more

question

Research indicates that female children who experienced a great deal of _____ while very young also experienced early puberty.

answer

stress

question

Rebecca, who is of African descent adolescent is statistically most apt to experience __________ first.

answer

menarche

question

The nations with the best PISA results do NOT focus on memorization of math __________.

answer

formulas

question

For both girls and boys, __________ typically begins as young as 8 years of age or as late as 14 years of age.

answer

puberty

question

The recommended daily dose of _______ is 1300 milligrams; most teens consume less than 500 milligrams per day.

answer

calcium

question

Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably put weights on both sides ___________ considering distance from the center of the scale.

answer

without

question

At what age does the brain become fully mature?

answer

25

question

The power of the ____________ fable may be observed in young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat.

answer

invincibility

question

Miko is a 16-year-old girl who lives in Japan with her family. If she is typical, she will MOST likely seek her parents' advice on ____________.

answer

Romance

question

Those who have sexual ___________ before the age of 16 are twice as likely to catch a STI than those who begin sexual activity after age 19.

answer

intercourse

question

The two most common ______ used by adolescents are tobacco and alcohol.

answer

drugs

question

Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving the fight is known as ____________.

answer

rumination

question

According to Erikson, the identity status characterized by not questioning and making no commitment is ______________.

answer

diffusion

question

An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who ______ committing crimes by age 21.

answer

stops

question

One study found that less than 1 percent of parents of 6th graders thought their children had tried ________, yet 22 percent of the children said they had.

answer

alcohol

question

In general, as children become adolescents, their self-esteem __________.

answer

declines

question

Higher cigarette prices, warnings printed on tobacco products, and better law enforcement of tobacco sales has contributed to a _________ in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States.

answer

decline

question

Nate's parents are restrictive and controlling. Compared with Nate's peers whose parents engage in less psychological control, Nate is more likely to be ______________.

answer

depressed

question

A __________ in juvenile criminal behavior can be attributed to fewer school dropouts, smaller families, and less lead poisoning.

answer

decrease

question

Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided __________ training to Robert.

answer

deviancy

question

Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by ______________ the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

answer

damaging

question

Mr. and Mrs. Cortina have discovered that their son has been skipping classes and cutting school with a group of boys. Their son chose this group because he shares their _________.

answer

interests

question

The cognitive and psychosocial effects of sex abuse can be _________ than the biological harm it causes.

answer

worse

question

In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in ______ adolescence.

answer

early

question

Life-course-persistent offenders may show signs of ______________ impairment.

answer

neurological

question

Peer _________ usually leads to socially desirable behaviors.

answer

pressure

question

Restrictive and controlling parenting practices are associated with adolescent ____________.

answer

depression

question

Approximately 1 in 10 adolescent boy is affected by __________ depression.

answer

clinical

question

Research indicates that adolescents who work ____ hours a week or more tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school.

answer

20

question

In communities and families that forbid adolescent sex, teenagers are _____ likely to receive medical care when they contract an STI.

answer

not

question

An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is working in the family business because it is ____________.

answer

expected

question

Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are _______ self-confident.

answer

less

question

The legal smoking age has _____ contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States.

answer

NOT

question

Following Erikson's lead, ________ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with this life stage.

answer

Magolda

question

Identity diffusion is typically characterized by ________.

answer

apathy

question

Children of young parents have _______ medical, educational, and social problems than children of older parents.

answer

more

question

One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who come from low-SES ______________.

answer

backgrounds

question

Most drug abuse begins as _______ use.

answer

social

question

Which developed nation has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy?

answer

US

question

_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they've grown up.

answer

Few

question

Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing to embrace some parental and societal values while ______________ others.

answer

abandoning

question

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for an _____________ of oneself.

answer

understanding

question

Chris typically can be found with the same group of close friends on the gym steps at lunchtime. He and his friends do not ask others to sit with them. Psychologists call Chris's group a ________.

answer

clique

question

Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique's ____________ identity.

answer

gender

question

Teenagers have a _______ rate of gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia when compared to sexually active people of other age groups.

answer

higher

question

One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because most European schools begin offering _____ education in elementary school.

answer

sex

question

Arranged _________ occurs in 1/3 of families around the world.

answer

marriage

question

Emerging adults are in a high-risk category for _______ injury and violent death.

answer

serious

question

Research indicates that if a person wants to increase his or her critical thinking ability in college, that person should take a _________ class that requires lots of reading and writing.

answer

sociology

question

In late adolescence and emerging adulthood, people are able to use both emotion and logic when grappling with personal and social problems; such thinking demonstrates _____ thought.

answer

postformal

question

A _______ is a person who spreads a disease.

answer

vector

question

Delilah is currently a 22-year-old college student. Like most of her peers she believes that premarital sex is __________.

answer

acceptable

question

When parents disagree with an emerging adult's choice of partner, the young adult in _____ will be MOST apt to stop dating that person.

answer

China

question

According to the 2011 research conducted by Pryor et al, the number one reason more than 9 out of 10 U.S. students cite for selecting a major is based on getting a _________ job.

answer

better

question

The increased diversity of the college atmosphere encourages ____________ development.

answer

cognitive

question

College success can improve one's _____________.

answer

personality

question

Largely due to the sexual activities of young adults, _____ has become a worldwide epidemic in the past 20 years.

answer

HIV

question

What is rated as most important for successful marriage by Western emerging adults?

answer

faithfulness

question

In spite of the new challenges and stressors that emerging adults face, their self-esteem is _________ than earlier and continues to rise throughout emerging adulthood.

answer

higher

question

About _____ percent of all new cases of STIs worldwide occur in people under the age of 26.

answer

50

question

Research suggest caution with regard to cohabitation because Cohabitators who marry have a high rate of _________.

answer

divorce

question

According to Perry's research, the ________ phase of college students' thinking is believing in the existence of absolute right and wrong.

answer

first

question

For most Western emerging adults, what is considered the primary prerequisite for marriage?

answer

love

question

During emerging adulthood, fertility is _________.

answer

optimal

question

All members of a family have _____ lives, as the experiences and needs of individuals at one stage of life are affected by all those at other stages.

answer

linked

question

Talal is 23 and works in an entry-level sales position at a local company. If he is typical, in the next few years, he will __________ jobs more than once.

answer

change

question

The term massification means that college could benefit ____________.

answer

everyone

question

The number of single-sex campuses is ___________ in the U.S. higher education system.

answer

decreasing

question

Statistically, Stanley, who is a 20-year-old college junior, would be the most likely to engage in _________ drinking.

answer

extreme

question

A person between the ages of 18 and 25 is entering a stage developmentalists call ____________ adulthood.

answer

emerging

question

The onset of _____ peaks around age 21, with men more likely to develop the disorder than women.

answer

schizophrenia

question

According to one study (Asendorf et al., 2008), which personality traits were still evident in individual emerging adults after first being observed in them at the age of 4?

answer

aggressiveness

question

Recent research suggests that commitment to one career may _______ vocational success compared to vocational flexibility.

answer

restrict

question

Risk taking during early adulthood may benefit or harm ________.

answer

society

question

Emerging adulthood has traditionally been the optimal time for hard physical work, athletic achievement, and ___________.

answer

childbearing

question

Compared to 1970, today's college population in developed countries worldwide is ________ diverse.

answer

more

question

In 2008, members of which group were LEAST apt to marry someone of another ethnicity?

answer

whites

question

On average, well-being increases in emerging adulthood, as does the incidence of psychological _____________.

answer

disorders

question

Genevieve is about to complete her bachelor's degree. If she is typical, once she is established in her career she will earn approximately $20,000 more per year than a peer ___________ a college degree.

answer

without

question

Using a drug in a quantity or a manner that harms physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well-being is called drug _______.

answer

abuse

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