Psychology 101 Final-Columbia College-Jefferson City
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Who founded Functionalism?
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William James
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What is Functionalism?
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An early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness.
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What is Phrenology?
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A discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull.
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What is Psychoanalysis?
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A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
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Who developed Psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud
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What is Cognitive Perspective?
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A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.
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What is Basic Psychology?
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The study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application.
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What is Applied Psychology?
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The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
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Culture and Research (How does language translate)?
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A words definition in Chinese isn't necessarily the same definition in English.
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What are Genes?
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The functional units of hereditary; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins.
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What are Chromosomes?
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Within every cell, rod shaped structures that carry the genes.
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How many Chromosomes are there total and from each parent?
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46 total, 23 from each parent.
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Nature and Nurture
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Both interact to produce our psychological and physical traits.
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What is a Neuron?
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Basic building block of the Nervous System.
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What is a Synapse?
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The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites oin the membrane of the receiving cell.
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What are Norms?
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In test construction, established standards of performance. - Rules that regulates social life, including explicit (conscious) laws and implicit (not conscious) cultural standards.
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What is the Attribution Theory?
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Theory that people are motivated to explain their own and others' behavior by attributing causes of behavior to a situation or a disposition. (Situational - by environment) (Dispositional - something in person).
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
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Tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation (environmental).
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What is Self Serving Bias?
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The bias to choose the most flattering and forgiving attributions of our own lapses.
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What is Cognitive Dissonance?
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A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior.
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Individuals in Groups
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The need to belong may be the most powerful of all human motivations.
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What is Cognitive Schema?
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An integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
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What are Display Rules?
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Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotion.
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What is Emotion Work?
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Expression of an emotion, often because of a role requirement, that a person does not really feel.
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What is Socialization?
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The process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture.
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What is Separation Anxiety?
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Distress that most children develop at approx. 6 - 8 months of age, when their primary caregiver temporarily leaves them with strangers.
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What is Telegraphic Speech?
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A child's first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.
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What is Conservation?
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The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster of the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.
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What is Power Assertion?
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Method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct a child's misbehavior.
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What is Induction?
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Method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehavior.
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What is Gender Identity?
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The fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender.
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What is Gender Typing?
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The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.
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What is Gender Schema?
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A cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female.
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What is Fluid Intelligence?
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The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information.
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What is Crystallized Intelligence?
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Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime.
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What is a Personality?
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A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual.
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What are Traits?
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Characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.
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What are Defense Mechanisms?
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Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.
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What is Repression?
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In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconsciousness.
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What is Reciprocal Determinism?
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In social-cognitive learning theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
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What is a Culture?
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A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community.
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What is an Individualist Culture?
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Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations to others.
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What is a Collective Culture?
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Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes.
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Who is the leader of Humanist Movement of the Self-Actualized Person?
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Abraham Maslo
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Who is the leader of Humanist Movement of the Unconditional Positive Regard?
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Carl Rogers
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Who is the leader of Humanist Movement of Existentialism?
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Rollo May
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What is a Mental Disorder?
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Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person's own ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others.
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What are Projective Tests?
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Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the bases of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
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What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings or worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension.
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What is a Panic Disorder?
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People often think they are having a heart attack.
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What is Agoraphobia?
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Fear of fear.
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What is Major Depression?
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A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).
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What is Antisocial Personality Disorder (ADP)?
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A personality disorder characterized by lifelong patterns of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as law-breaking, violence, and other impulsive, reckless acts.
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What is the Biological Model of Addiction?
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Once an addict, always an addict, the Solution is medical treatment and membership in groups that reinforce one's permanent identity as a recovering addict.
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What is Schizophrenia?
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A psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments. Positive symptoms - Acting "crazy" like you would expect.
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What are Personality Disorders (Narcissistic Personality Disorder)?
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Personality disorder in which a person is excessively occupied with personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity, mentally unable to see the destructive damage they are causing to themselves and others.
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What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?
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Offers common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
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What is Developmental Psychology?
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How and why humans develop over the course of their life.
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What are Evolution and Sexual Strategies?
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Men typically choose mates who appear healthy and fertile, while women typically choose mates to ensure the survival of their offspring.
