Psychology 101 – CH 6 Quiz – Flashcards
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Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life? a. thirty-year-old Charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis b. thirty-year-old Steve, who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving in Desert Storm c. ten-year-old Willard, who was referred by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity d. fifty-year-old Agnes, who fell, hit her head, and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused her sexually when she was eight years old
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thirty-year-old Charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis
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Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of a. semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge b. conditioned responses and associations c. alphabetical lists of semantic concepts, time-based lists of life events, body part-specific motor skills d. none of these
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semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out
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A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation? a. The patient will not be able to process colors. b. The patient will have problems experiencing hunger. c. The patient will not be able to remember new information. d. The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.
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The patient will not be able to remember new information
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If _________ is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, _________ is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored. a. anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia c. adolescent amnesia, conductive amnesia d. procedural amnesia, implicit amnesia
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retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia
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In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a _________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a. deeper; shallower b. shallower; deeper c. higher; lower d. lower; higher
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deeper; shallower
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Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to shortterm memory through the processes of selective attention? a. Thorndike b. Atkinson c. Sperling d. Broadbent
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Broadbent
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Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like a. iconic memory b. echoic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory
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iconic memory
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Iconic memory is to echoic memory as a. implicit is to explicit b. auditory is to visual c. visual is to auditory d. quick is to slow
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visual is to auditory
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One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that a. you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating b. eidetic images fade in .25 seconds as Sperling has shown c. you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it d. it only helps you remember things from other cultures
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you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it
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Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo's stroke? a. his amygdala b. his hypothalamus c. his hippocampus d. his cerebellum
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his hippocampus
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What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? a. 11 b. 9 c. 7 d. 5
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7
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Declarative memories are to _________ memories as procedural memories are to _________ memories. a. implicit; explicit b. explicit; implicit c. general knowledge; personal facts d. personal facts; general knowledge
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explicit; implicit
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Chunking is a means of a. immediately forgetting irrelevant details b. combining information into meaningful units c. arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important d. storing long-term memories
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combining information into meaningful units
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Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to a. interference from other information b. decay or disuse c. encoding failure d. none of these
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interference from other information
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Alzheimer's disease accounts for between _________ and _________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States. a. 50-70 b. 60-80 c. 70-80 d. 80-85
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60-80
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Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues? a. They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. b. They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory. c. They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory. d. They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.
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They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
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Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from a. encoding problems b. storage inversion c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. evaluation overload
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the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in a. sensory memory only b. short-term memory only c. long-term memory only d. sensory memory and short-term memory
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sensory memory and short-term memory
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Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. All memories are stored in one place in the brain. b. Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain. c. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. d. Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.
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Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories
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False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that a. extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said b. witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened c. false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate d. None of these are true.
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false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate
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Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a. primary memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. short-term memory
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sensory memory
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Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is a. interference b. memory trace decay c. encoding failure d. repression
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encoding failure
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Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? a. a table b. a modem c. a rainbow d. a photograph
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a photograph
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A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that? a. He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember. b. He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn. c. He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages. d. In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember.
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He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn
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In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report a. one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared b. only one or two of the letters in the cued line c. the first letter of each line only d. the middle letter of each line
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one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
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How do retrieval cues help you to remember? a. They provide inferences. b. They help chunk information. c. They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory. d. They provide numbers for ideas.
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They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory
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Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)? a. STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information. b. STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information. c. SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information. d. STM holds a small amount of uniform information.
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SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
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When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as a. encoding failure b. extinction of acoustic storage c. auditory decay d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her a. iconic sensory memory b. echoic sensory memory c. short-term memory d. tactile sensory memory
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echoic sensory memory
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When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of a. state-dependent memory b. retrieval cues c. cross links in deep structure d. mnemonic devices
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retrieval cues
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Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a. Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5 years old. b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. c. When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides. d. Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.
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Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old
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The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use. a. encoding b. storing c. retrieving d. evaluating
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encoding
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Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica's problem is most likely due to a. decoding failure b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. Toronto syndrome
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retroactive interference
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Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the a. cerebellum b. prefrontal lobes of the cortex c. hippocampus d. amygdala
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prefrontal lobes of the cortex
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Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people? a. a photograph of a dead soldier b. a photograph of a bird c. a photograph of the earth from space d. a random photograph
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a photograph of a dead soldier
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Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate? a. Talya will be using her episodic memory only. b. Talya will be using her semantic memory only. c. Talya's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory. d. Talya's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory.
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Talya's ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory
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Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory. a. episodic b. autobiographical c. flashbulb d. repressed
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flashbulb
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Short-term memories appear to be localized in the a. occipital lobe b. cingulate gyrus c. amygdala d. prefrontal lobes
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prefrontal lobes
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In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could a. no longer form new explicit memories b. read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he was reading it over and over c. still form procedural memories d. All of these choices are correct.
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All of these choices are correct
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_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Learning d. Memory
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Memory
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In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer a. pay attention to specific stimuli b. retrieve memories c. form new memories d. make sense of memories
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form new memories
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Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the a. encoding specificity effect b. primacy effect c. recency effect d. TOT effect
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recency effect
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Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten a. more rapidly as time goes by b. gradually at first, then with increasing speed c. quickly at first, then tapers off gradually d. most quickly one day after learning
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quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
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Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of _________ memory known as a(n) _________ memory. a. semantic; autobiographical b. episodic; autobiographical c. semantic; personal d. episodic; personal
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episodic; autobiographical
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When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the a. phi phenomenon b. recency effect c. chunking effect d. primacy effect
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primacy effect
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Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of a. Broadbent's forgetting theory b. the homecoming queen party phenomenon c. selective attention d. intimacy
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selective attention
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Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? a. They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli. b. Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall. c. The stress of participating in this research became excessive. d. The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.
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The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory
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A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer's family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write? a. proactive amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive amnesia
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anterograde amnesia
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A.R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which was one was reported in your textbook? a. repressed memory syndrome b. tip-of-the-tongue aphasia c. separating trivial from important memories d. cognitive penetrance
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separating trivial from important memories
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Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again—but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of _________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. echoic d. implicit
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short-term
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Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from ________ to ___________. a. seconds; hours. b. seconds; our lifetime. c. minutes; decades. d. hours; our lifetime
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seconds; our lifetime
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Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of a. encoding. b. storage. c. retrieval. d. retention.
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retrieval
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Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously? a. levels-of-processing model b. parallel distributed processing model c. information-processing model d. three-stage model
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parallel distributed processing model
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Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory? a. levels-of-processing model b. parallel distributed processing model c. information-processing model d. three-stage model
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levels-of-processing model
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_________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said. a. Iconic b. Echoic c. Short-term d. Long-term
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Echoic
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Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ______________. a. recency effect b. primacy effect c. selective attention d. repetition
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selective attention
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Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory? a. a computer hard drive b. a computer monitor c. a computer mouse d. a computer keyboard
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a computer hard drive
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Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal? a. repetitive b. imagery c. elaborative d. maintenance
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elaborative
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Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a __________ memory. a. declarative (explicit) b. semantic c. episodic d. nondeclarative (implicit)
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nondeclarative (implicit)
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6. When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. working
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semantic
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What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom? a. serial position effect b. encoding specificity c. tip of the tongue phenomenon d. automatic encoding
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encoding specificity
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Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of the a. encoding specificity effec. b. serial position effect. c. tip-of-the-tongue effect. d. flashbulb memory
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serial position effect
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Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ____________ while essay questions rely on ____________. a. rehearsal; recall b. relearning; rehearsing c. recall; recognition d. recognition; recall
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recognition; recall
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Studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory a. is like a camera that can take pictures for people to recall and review as needed. b. is surprisingly inaccurate up to age 12, at which time people begin to show vast improvements. c. is highly influenced by culture and that today's technology is having a negative effect on memory. d. is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it.
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is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it
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Felisha can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories? a. The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments. b. The memories should last up to 15-20 years. c. The memories are unusually accurate. d. The memories are stored as procedural memories.
answer
The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments
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Studies show that as time passes, memories a. tend to become more and more inaccurate. b. increase in accuracy since the body is now calm and relaxed. c. will remain like an "instant replay" no matter what occurs. d. stay the same and show no change in accuracy.
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tend to become more and more inaccurate
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In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond? a. Most corrected Loftus and recalled seeing a stop sign. b. Many began seeing both a stop sign and a yield sign. c. Many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information. d. Subjects were confused, but only briefly, at which point their accuracy of recalling the event returned.
answer
Many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information
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Aaron has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinces himself that he must have been abducted by aliens while walking home. Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his memories of that evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn? a. Aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief. b. Aaron will be less confident of his memories from the evening. c. Hypnosis makes it harder to for Aaron to recall memories of the evening in general. d. Aaron will not be able to recall the evening but will have memories of being in the womb.
answer
Aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief
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A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is a. as plausible as possible. b. introduced as soon after the event as possible. c. introduced by a source perceived as trustworthy. d. introduced no sooner than 24 hours after the event but no later than 15 days.
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as plausible as possible
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Raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned? a. within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class b. within the first day after leaving the class c. nearly a week after the class d. nearly a month after the class
answer
within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class
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Collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the __________ explanation of forgetting. a. interference b. memory trace c. encoding failure d. repression
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encoding failure
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Shantel spent a year living abroad in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, two years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to a. encoding failure. b. retroactive interference. c. proactive interference. d. decay theory.
answer
proactive interference
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Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his ________________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures. a. hippocampi b. amygdalae c. frontal lobes d. thalami
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hippocampi
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Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients? a. dopamine b. endorphins c. GABA d. acetylcholine
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acetylcholine
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The steps to memory can best be described as follows: a. finding it, using it, storing it, using it again. b. putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out. c. sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting it. d. a series of passive data files.
answer
putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out
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According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory? a. Everything that can be seen at one time. b. Everything that can be heard in one minute. c. Everything that can be sensed in one second. d. Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime.
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Everything that can be seen at one time
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Which type of memory best explains the "What?" phenomenon? a. iconic sensory memory b. echoic sensory memory c. short-term memory d. tactile sensory memory
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echoic sensory memory
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For information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be ______________ and then encoded primarily into _______________ form. a. unconsciously chosen; auditory b. selectively attended to; visual c. biologically chosen; visual d. selectively attended to; auditory
answer
selectively attended to; auditory
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You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory? a. approximately ¼ of a second b. usually no more than 4 seconds c. typically between 12 and 30 seconds d. Short-term memories typically last a lifetime.
answer
typically between 12 and 30 seconds
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Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately___________ bits of information. a. two b. three c. seven d. ten
answer
seven
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Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do? a. Mary should repeat the name continuously so as to commit it to long-term memory. b. Mary should chunk it by remembering the first three letters as a set and then remembering the remaining letters as a set. c. Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas. d. Mary should create a song to help her remember his name
answer
Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas
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__________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _________ memory is about what people know and can report. a. nondeclarative; declarative b. declarative; nondeclarative c. semantic; procedural d. episodic; semantic
answer
nondeclarative; declarative
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The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ______ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information. a. fewer b. more c. bigger the d. more complex the
answer
more
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Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory? a. Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten. b. Phineas should ask someone else, "What did I come in here for?" c. Phineas should remain in the conference room and simply relax so that his memory should return. d. Phineas should consider seeing a doctor, since such memory loss can be a sign of mental illness
answer
Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten
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Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition? a. short answer b. essay c. fill in the blanks d. true-false
answer
true-false
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When creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions? a. parallel distributing processing model of memory b. chunking c. elaborative rehearsal theory d. serial position phenomenon
answer
serial position phenomenon
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Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it's all about "first impressions." In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory? a. the primacy effect b. the tip of the tongue phenomenon c. the recency effect d. the power of false positives
answer
the primacy effect
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Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call a. automatic encoding. b. a false positive. c. a flashbulb memory. d. a recency effect
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a false positive
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The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines a. encoding specificity. b. automatic encoding. c. flashbulb memories. d. eidetic imagery.
answer
automatic encoding
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The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of a. eyewitness testimony. b. encoding specificity hypothesis. c. false-memory syndrome. d. flashbulb memory.
answer
flashbulb memory
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In Hermann Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen? a. Forgetting started immediately. b. one hour c. five hours d. nine hours
answer
one hour
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You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln's head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information? a. encoding failure b. decay theory c. interference theory d. distributed practice effect
answer
encoding failure
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Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call a. psychogenic amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. retroactive amnesia. d. anterograde amnesia.
answer
anterograde amnesia
question
Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down your most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you tell him? a. Memories from this time are exceptionally vivid because of the exciting nature of childhood. b. Students will not be able to recall such memories if they had yet to develop the ability to talk by age one. c. Students' memories are detailed but often inaccurate. d. Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age
answer
Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age
