question

PCR

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Huntington's Disease

question

Chromosome karyotype

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Trisomy 21

question

decreased serum ceruloplasmin

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Wilson's Disease

question

Urine porphobilinogens and aminolevulinic acid

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Intermittent Porphyria

question

CSF 14-3-3

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Creutzfelt-Jakob

question

CSF xanthochromia

answer

Diagnostic indicator for subarachnoid hemorrhage

question

EMG 3 Hz

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

question

EMG loss of H reflex

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Guillain-Barre Syndrome

question

ESR

answer

Diagnostic indicator for Giant Cell Arteritis

question

impulsive behavior

answer

clinical presentation of Orbitofrontal Lateral lesion

question

personality changes

answer

Frontal lesion

question

apathy

answer

behavioral manifestation of medial frontal lesion

question

depression

answer

characteristic of left frontal lesion

question

mania

answer

right frontal lesion

question

cohort

answer

subjects followed over time

question

case-control

answer

retrospective regarding a specific disease

question

clinical trial

answer

randomized and determines treatment effect

question

cross-sectional

answer

what kind of study determines point prevalence?

question

crossover

answer

study in which groups switch

question

Winnicott

answer

transitional object

question

Winnicott

answer

Person who wrote about Object relations theory

question

Winnicott

answer

good enough mother

question

piaget

answer

Cognitive development theory: - sensorimotor - preoperational - concrete operations - formal operations

question

Freud

answer

psychoanalysis

question

Mahler

answer

Separation-individuation: - autism - symbiosis - differentiation - practicing - rapprochement - object constancy

question

Erikson

answer

8 state life cycle: - trust v. mistrust - autonomy v. shame and doubt - initiative v. guilt - industry v. inferiority - identity v. role confusion - intimacy vs. self absorption - generativity v. stagnation - integrity v. despair

question

skinner

answer

operant conditioning

question

skinner

answer

learning with rewards

question

Bandura

answer

social learning theory

question

Hull

answer

drive-reduction theory

question

Seligman

answer

learned helplessness

question

Kandel

answer

who wrote about habituations and sensitization

question

Pavlov

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

Kraeplin

answer

mental disorders have different outcomes

question

Kraeplin

answer

dementia praecox

question

Bleuler

answer

first used the term schizophrenia

question

Kohut

answer

wrote about narcissism and self psychology

question

Wernicke's disease

answer

- seen in alcoholics - triad of ophthalmoplegia, confusion, gait ataxia

question

Wernicke's disease brain abnormalites

answer

microhemorrhages in periventricular gray matter around the aqueduct and 3rd and 4th ventricles

question

Parkinson's disease brain abnormalities

answer

depigmentation of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra in the midbrain

question

Diffuse Lewy Bodies

answer

seen in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

question

multiple sclerosis brain abnormalities

answer

subcortical white matter lesions perpendicular to the ventricles (Dawson's fingers) are consistent with this demyelinating disease

question

Huntington's Disease inheritance

answer

-autosomal dominant -coded on the short arm of chromosome 4 -gene contains expanded trinucleotide repeat of CAG

question

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome features

answer

-paraneoplastic abnormality of presynaptic acetylcholine release -often seen in conjunction with small cell lung carcinoma -immune-mediated and directed against voltage-gated calcium channels

question

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome clinical hallmark

answer

generalized weakness with initial improvement in strength after minimal exercise

question

Guillain-Barre clinical hallmark

answer

loss of deep tendon reflexes in the extremeties

question

ALS brain abnormalities

answer

degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (anterior horn cells)

question

multiple sclerosis brain abnormalities

answer

callosal thinning and atrophy

question

Pick's dementia brain abnormalities

answer

frontotemporal atrophy

question

vitamin B12 deficiency brain abnormalities

answer

dorsal column pathology

question

vitamin B12 deficiency

answer

clinical findings of what disorder causes loss of vibration and joint position sensation?

question

Heider

answer

Attribution theory

question

ethosuximide

answer

treatment of choice for uncomplicated absence seizures

question

phenytoin

answer

treatment for generalized tonic-clonic seizures

question

modafinil mechanism of action

answer

acts on histamine neurons in the reticular activating system in the pons

question

autosomal dominant

answer

Tuberous Sclerosis inheritance

question

Tuberous Scherosis features

answer

-neurocutaneous disorder with ash leaf spots, adenoma sebaceum, and shagreen spots -retinal hamartomas -seizures, MR, Behavioral problems

question

Neurofibromatosis NH1 inheritance

answer

mutation of the 60 exon gene on chromosome 17q

question

Neurofibromatosis NH2 inheritance

answer

mutation of the NF2 gene on chromosome 22

question

Neurofibromatosus features

answer

-axillary freckling -Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas) -optic nerve gliomas schwannomas

question

Neurofibromatomus NH2 diagnostic hallmark

answer

bilateral vestibular (VIII nerve) schwannomas

question

Williams Disease etiology

answer

Autosomal Dominant with hemizygous deletion including elastin locus chromosome 7q11-23

question

Williams Disease features

answer

-MR -short -unusual facial features and hypermuscularity -thyroid, renal, and cardiovascular anomalies -anxiety, hyperactivity

question

cholinesterase inhibitors

answer

treatments for Alzheimer's disease

question

trail making tests

answer

tests executive functioning

question

Wisconsin card sorting test

answer

evaluates abstract reasoning, flexibility, and problem-solving

question

Halstead-Reitan battery

answer

test that helps to locate brain lesions

question

triptan mechanism of action

answer

agonists at 5HT 1B and 5HT 1D receptors on intracranial blood vessels and coronary arteries

question

lesion of splenium of corpus callosum

answer

clinical sign is alexia without agraphia

question

amok

answer

A Malaysian dissociative DO (different from fugue) usually in males. Trance like state with brutal assaults and sometimes murder people or animals. The person doesn't remember the episode. A running syndrome where they get a sense of energy and run for a long time.

question

koro

answer

Asian delusion that the penis will disappear into the abdomen and cause death

question

Piblokto

answer

Eskimo syndrome of anxiety, depression, confusion, stuporous sleep, and amnesia

question

Wihtigo

answer

Native American fear of being turned into a cannibal through possession of a supernatural monster

question

Mal de ojo

answer

a concept widely found in Mediterranean cultures and elsewhere in the world. A Spanish phrase that means "evil eye." It is usually found in children and includes fitful sleep, crying without apparent cause, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in a child or infant

question

Babinski sign

answer

diagnostic sign that indicates corticospinal tract lesion with upward motion of big toe

question

Hoffman's sign

answer

diagnostic sign that indicates corticospinal tract lesion with adduction of the thumb when middle finger of same side is stroked

question

palmomental reflex

answer

frontal release sign involving chin muscle contraction as the thenar eminence of the palm contralateral to the lesion is stroked

question

meyerson sign

answer

persistent glabellar reflex of blinking does not extinguish

question

brainstem death

answer

only occasion to have complete loss of gag reflex

question

Alzheimer's etiology

answer

defects in chromosome 21

question

Turner syndrome etiology

answer

missing sex chromosome - XO

question

Klinefelter's Syndrome etiology

answer

extra chromosome - XXY

question

Locus Ceruleus

answer

location of noradrenergic neurons

question

Raphe Nuclei in the pons

answer

location of seratonergic neurons

question

Ventral Tegmental Area, Substantia Nigra, and Nucleus accumbens

answer

location of dopaminergic neurons

question

Myasthenia Gravis etiology

answer

autoimmune neurological disorder involving production of autoantibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors on muscles

question

Myasthenia Gravis clinical features

answer

-diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia -fatigue and muscle weakness -DTR's preserved -10% have thymoma

question

endrophonium chloride (Tensilon - a cholinergic agent) test

answer

Myasthenia Gravis diagnosis

question

pyridostigmine

answer

Myasthenia Gravis treatment

question

EEG pattern of delirium

answer

generalized slow activity consisting of theta and delta waves with focal areas of hyperactivity

question

EEG pattern for absence seizures

answer

3/second spike and wave

question

EEG pattern for normal adult drowsiness

answer

posterior alpha rhythm

question

EEG pattern for seizure focus

answer

right temporal spikes

question

EEG with delta waves

answer

abnormal and indicative of a structural lesion

question

Gower's maneuver

answer

Classic sign of Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

question

Duchenne's MD inheritance

answer

Autosomal recessive lack of dystrophin

question

Duchenne's MD clinical features

answer

-proximal muscle weakness -diminished DTR's -increased CPK -MR -large calves

question

Trigeminal neuralgia

answer

AKA Tic Douloreux. Lightning-like pain. Electric shocks along a division of the trigeminal (usually maxillary and unilaterally) triggered by light touch (wind, bed sheets).

question

carbemazepine

answer

Trigeminal neuralgia treatment

question

Giant Cell Arteritis features

answer

-systemic vasculitis of medium-sized vessels -women more than men -over 50yo -new HA with fever, fatigue, myalgia, night sweats, weight loss, and jaw claudication -tender temporal artery -irreversible central retinal artery occlusion feared

question

increased ESR

answer

Giant Cell Arteritis diagnostic test

question

prednisone

answer

Giant Cell Arteritis treatment

question

cluster headache

answer

Middle aged male complaining of incredibly painful headaches located around the eyes. Occur over days or weeks then disappear and reappear. On average last 30 minutes with 10/10 pain. History of smoking, alcohol or possibly drug abuse. Walking can somewhat alleviate the pain. Often nocturnal

question

oxygen and subcutaneous sumatriptan

answer

cluster headache treatments

question

lithium and phentolamine

answer

safe to use with MAOI's

question

causes of acquired peripheral neuropathy

answer

-vincristine and INH therapies -excess B6 therapy -inhalant abuse (toluene or NO) -heavy metal poisoning -hydrocarbon exposure -B12 deficiency -niacin deficiency -mono -autoimmune diseases like lupus

question

methylphenidate and antipsychotics

answer

drugs that increase TCA levels

question

smoking

answer

decreases TCA levels

question

dermatomyositis features

answer

autoimmune disease that affects the skin and muscle with a purple rash on the face and eyelids, commonly associated with occult neoplasm (50%)

question

diagnosis of dermatomyositis

answer

Increase CPK levels, needle EMG with myopathy, muscle biopsy with perifascicular atrophy and "ghost fibers"

question

water intoxication features

answer

tremor, ataxia, restlessness, diarrhea, vomiting, polyuria, stupor

question

EEG findings with depression

answer

shortened latency of REM sleep, decreasd stage IV sleep, increased REM density

question

homozygosity for the inheritance of the E4 allele of apolipoprotein E

answer

the most significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Dementia is _______________

question

tau

answer

component of neurofibrillary tangles which are a pathologic hallmark of AD

question

neuropathologic abnormalities of schizophrenia

answer

-hippocampal neurons can be atrophic -Lamina III neurons in the hippocampus can be disorganized and scattered -enlargement of the cerebral ventricular system (lateral ventricles)

question

phenytoin side effects

answer

hirsutism, facial dysmorphism, gingival hypertrophy, cerebellar atrophy

question

Saturday night palsy

answer

Radial Nerve compression against the spiral groove of the humerous, weak wrist and finger extension.

question

Fragile X Syndrome etiology

answer

A genetic condition that involves damage to the X chromosome, especially in males

question

Fragile X features

answer

MR, long ears, narrow face, short stature, hyperextendable joints, arched palate, macro-orchidism, seizures, autistic features, ADHD, LD's

question

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome features

answer

short palpebral fissures, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip,

question

inhibits MAO-B

answer

Mechanism of action of selegeline

question

Ziprasidone

answer

the only atypical that inhibits serotonin 1A and norepinephrine reuptake (the others block serotonin 2A and dopamine D2)

question

Aripiprazole

answer

the only atypical that works as a partial dopamine agonist and antagonist

question

mood elevation

answer

this occurs with activation of the left prefrontal cortex

question

mood depression

answer

this occurs with activation of the right prefrontal cortex

question

Wilson's Disease

answer

Autosomal Recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Characterized by accumulation of toxic levels of copper in vital organs including liver brain (basal ganglia)and eye. Gene is located on chromosome 13 over 30 mutations have been identified. Defect is in Copper transporting ATPase in the liver. The protein is needed to attach copper to ceruloplasmin and also to excrete copper into the bile.

question

Wilson's Disease clinical features

answer

parkinsonism, flapping tremor, ataxia, dystonia, and bulbar signs (dysphagia and dysarthria), signs of liver failure

question

penicillamine

answer

treatment for Wilson's disease

question

CSF oligoclonal bands and myelin basic protein

answer

diagnostic test for MS

question

mesolimbic

answer

pathway from the VTA to the NA that is most involved in the sense of reward one gets from cocaine or amphetamines

question

locus ceruleus of the brainstem

answer

area of the brain that mediates the effects of opiates and opioids

question

Freud

answer

drive theory

question

Beck

answer

originator of CBT which corrects cognitive distortions

question

type I error

answer

Error of rejecting null hypothesis when in fact it is true (also called a "false positive"). You think you found a cause effect relationship but ONE IS NOT THERE

question

lumbar puncture

answer

important cryptococcal meningitis diagnostic test

question

Amphotericin B

answer

treatment for CNS fungal infections

question

renal disease

answer

serious side effect seen with Amphotericin B

question

8 days

answer

amount of time PCP can be detected in urine

question

4 weeks

answer

amount of time cannabis can be detected in urine

question

8 hours

answer

amount of time cocaine can be detected in urine

question

72 hours

answer

amount of time heroin can be detected in urine

question

Alzheimer's Dementia

answer

amyloid precursor protein is the protein that makes up the amyloid plaques found in the brain in this disease

question

anorexia nervosa diagnosis

answer

1) Body weight is less than 85% of that expected, 2) Intense fear of gaining weight, 3) Skewed perception of self-image or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight, 4) No period for three or more cycles

question

Creutzfeldt-Jakob

answer

Slow but progressive infectious disease of the nervous system, caused by a virus-like particle called a prion; causes an invariably fatal deterioration of the central nervous system.

question

CSF with 14-3-3 and tau proteins

answer

diagnostic test of choice to diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

question

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

answer

the lesion that produces the classic signs of internuclear ophthalmoplegia in MS is found where?

question

inhalants

answer

this type of drug can cause persistent dementia

question

Multiple Sclerosis

answer

A chronic, often relapsing/remitting imflammatory disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision (optic neuritis with Marcus Gunn pupil, and internuclear ophthalmoplegia), speech, and heat sensitivity

question

bilateral acoustic schwannomas

answer

necessary to diagnose NF2 (contrary to NF1)

question

altered consciousness

answer

hallmark of delirium (differentiates from dementia)

question

MDMA intoxication

answer

intense feeling of attachment and connection to others, high energy, altered time perception, peacefulness, euphoria, increased desire for sex, hieghtened sensory perceptions, dehydration. Chronic use can lead to anxiety, depression, psychosis, congitive and memory deficits, may lead to Parkinson's like disorder

question

lesion in spinothalamic tract

answer

will result in loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body below the level of the lesion

question

lesion in the dorsal columns

answer

conscious proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration sense are lost bilaterally below the T10 dermatome, all other sensations intact.

question

lesion in the sensory area of the cerebral cortex

answer

will lead to contralateral sensory deficits

question

cerebellar lesions

answer

- these are unilateral lesions of cerebellar hemisphere or PEDUNCLES- results in ipsilateral movement disorder (homolateral)

question

upper motor neuron defect

answer

spastic paralysis, no significant muscle atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations not present, hyperreflexia, Babinski reflex may be present

question

lower motor neuron defect

answer

Flaccidity, atrophy, fibrillation/fasciculations, hypotonic DTRs, babinski absent

question

ALS

answer

disease characterized by both UMN and LMN signs

question

tertiary syphilis

answer

example of dorsal column irritation

question

pernicious anemia

answer

example of dorsal column and UMN weakness

question

polio

answer

disease with LMN involvement

question

Guillain-Barre

answer

peripheral nerve involvement causing both sensory and LMN loss

question

syringomyelia

answer

degenerative disease of the central cord or brainstem (unknown origin) that affects the crossing pain-temperature fibers.

question

cranial nerve I

answer

Olfactory - smell

question

cranial nerve II

answer

CN responsible for vision - called the optic nerve

question

cranial nerves III, IV, VI

answer

Pupil constriction (III), moves eyes, accommmodates

question

cranial nerve V

answer

chews and feels front of head

question

cranial nerve VII

answer

moves the face, tastes, salivates, cries, closes the eye

question

cranial nerve VIII

answer

hears and regulates balance

question

cranial nerve IX

answer

tastes, salivates, swallows, monitors carotid body and sinus

question

cranial nerve X

answer

tastes, swallows, lifts palate, talks, commication to and from thoraco-abdominal viscera

question

cranial nerve XI

answer

turns head, lifts shoulders

question

cranial nerve XII

answer

moves tongue

question

facial nerve UMN lesion

answer

Contralateral lower face paralysis only

question

facial nerve LMN lesion

answer

ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face

question

Bell's palsy

answer

-Lower motor neuron lesion (peripheral), producing cranial nerve VII paralysis, which is almost always unilateral

question

Brodmann's lesion (area 8) in DLPFC

answer

eyes deviate toward the side of the lesion

question

MLF lesion (intranuclear ophthalmoplegia)

answer

commonly seen with MS; eyes will not be able to look medially

question

Horner's synddrome

answer

ptosis myosis anhydrosis commonly the result of a lung (pancoast tumor)

question

Wernicke's area lesion

answer

wordy nonsensical speech; sensory fluent aphasia

question

T4

answer

nipple dermatome

question

T10

answer

umbilicus dermatome

question

L1

answer

groin dermatome

question

Jung

answer

felt that development of the personality occurs through experiences that teach a person who they intrinsically are

question

Sullivan

answer

focused on social interactions at each stage of life

question

conduction aphasia lesion location

answer

2 locations of pathology= 1) involves that arcuate fasciculus in the dominant hemisphere, usually deep in the supramarginal gyrus. 2) The other major site is the left temporal lobe in the auditory processing association area.

question

conduction aphasia lesion characteristics

answer

left dominant hemisphere lesion with relatively normal spontaneous speech but inability to repeat, impaired naming; may be accompanied by right hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, and limb apraxia; can follow instructions both verbal and on paper but cannot write well

question

Broca's aphasia

answer

Damage to Brodmans 44,45 (left posterior inferior frontal gyrus); Nonfluent Aphasia, comprehension stays intact but patients speak very slowly in simple sentences with stuttering and staccato speech and inability to repeat; frequently accompanied by right hemiparesis and hemisensory loss

question

Wernicke's aphasia

answer

Damage to Brodmann's Area 2 (superior temporal gyrus), A condition by either partial or total loss of the ability to understand what is being said or read. The individual maintains the ability to speak but speech is word salad (made up words); often accompanied by right homonymous hemianopsia; NO motor or sensory symptoms

question

global aphasia

answer

Damage to both Broca and Wernicke areas leading to: Nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension; often in the area of the MCA

question

transcortical aphasia

answer

- Retain ability to repeat phrases; rare

question

tyrosine kinase receptor

answer

interacts with NGF and BDNF

question

seven-transmembrane-domain receptor

answer

requires G protein to open ion channel; has NH2 terminal outside the cell and COOH terminal inside

question

ligand-gated ion channel receptor

answer

opened or closed based on the binding of a specific ligand to the channel. Once opened, the channel allows the ion to cross the plasma membrane according to its concentration gradient. An examples is the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, which, when Ach binds, opens a cation channel in the muscle cell membrane.

question

central pontine myelinolysis

answer

Focal demyelination of the pons (anterior brain stem). Due to rapid intravenous correction of hyponatremia. Occurs in severely malnourished patients (alcoholics and patients with liver disease). classically presents as acute bilateral paralysis (locked in syndeome- only move eyes)

question

Wallenberg's syndrome

answer

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis "Medullary Syndrome", Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp

question

metachromatic leukodystrophy

answer

Leukodystrophy due to a deficiency of arylsulfatase (autosomal recessive); most common leukodystrophy

question

Tay-Sachs Disease

answer

1 in 3600 births for Ashkanazi Jews. Missing enzyme in lysosomes for lipid breakdown. Lipid buildup causes physical and mental breakdown at 6 months. Death within 4 years, -is an autosomal recessive deficiency or absence of hetosaminidase A, which is necessary to metabolize certain lipid

question

Krabbe's disease

answer

autosomal recessive, deficient: galactocerebrosidase, , A patient has peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, and optic atrophy. These characteristics are typical of which lysosomal storage disease

question

parachute response

answer

primitive reflex that is present longer than 6 months

question

pseydocyesis

answer

false pregnancy, in which the woman displays the signs of pregnancy but is not pregnant

question

cytomegalovirus

answer

the most common cause of retinopathy in AIDS patients

question

tricyclics

answer

side effects of what class of drugs: orthostatic hypotension, sedation (generally wears off), cardiac dysrhythmias, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, excessive sweating, tachycardia, blurred vision

question

L5

answer

motor nerve root responsible for foot flexion and big toe extension

question

S1

answer

Achilles reflex

question

amitryptyline

answer

-TCA with anti-histamine like action useful for treatment of antipruritis and gastric ulcer disease

question

Brown-Sequard syndrome

answer

Damage to half of spinal cord with: - Loss of pain and temperature sensation on contralateral side -loss of motor control and proprioception and discriminatory touch on ipsilateral side of body.

question

Anterior Cerebral Artery stroke

answer

vessel involed with: - contralateral motor loss with leg affected more than arm - eyes look to the lesion

question

internal capsule, basis pontis, corona radiata

answer

infarct in these areas would produce pure motor hemiparesis

question

thalamus

answer

infact in this area would produce pure sensory syptoms

question

subthalamic nucleus of Luys

answer

What brain area is affected in hemiballismus in acute stroke?

question

presynaptic dopamine depletion

answer

mechanism of action of reserpine

question

arachnoid granulations

answer

Site where the CSF enters venous circulation

question

Virchow-Robin spaces

answer

A perivascular subarachnoid space in the brain in which important immunological functions take place.

question

regression analysis

answer

Measures the impact of a set of variables on another variable.

question

sensitivity

answer

A measurement instrument's ability to accurately detect that which is being tested for

question

kappa

answer

variable used to indicate a constant value

question

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

answer

What condition is caused by a slowly progressing, persistent infection of the brain by measles virus

question

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

answer

An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by HGPRT deficiency that results in hyperuricemia and self mutilation.

question

Gaucher's disease

answer

A metabolic autosomal recessive disorder that causes liver and spleen enlargement, anemia, nose bleeds, low platelets (easy bruising, slow clotting), bone pain, and bone deterioration (Bone, Bleeding, Big organs)

question

trigeminal nucleus caudalis

answer

The pain processing center found in the medulla that is involved in migraine is called the _______.

question

carbidopa

answer

DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery

question

drugs used to treat Parkinson's

answer

-dopamine agonists (ropinirole, pramipexole, pergolide, bromocriptine -blocking DA degradation by MAO-B (selegeline) -blocking DA degradation by COMT (tolcapone, entacapone) -anticholinergic agents reduce tremor (hexyphenidyl, benztropine)

question

amoxapine

answer

tetracyclic antidepressant that has significant dopamine blocking activity

question

maprotiline

answer

tetracyclic antidepressant that is a very selective inhibitor of NE reuptake; increased seizure incidence

question

Sturge-Weber syndrome

answer

spontaneous neurocutaneous disorder with Port-wine stain, developmental delay, seizure, hemiplegia, glaucoma

question

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

answer

An autosomal dominant neurocutaneous condition characterized by central nervous system and retinal hemangioblastomas, visceral cysts, phenochromocytomas, and renal cell carcinoma. They are usually found on autopsy.

question

ataxia-telangiectasia

answer

Autosomal recessive neurodegenerative neurocutaneous disorder caused by defective ATM protein. Associated with increased risk of lymphoma, leukemia, and abnormal eye movements

question

Fabry's disease

answer

Refers to an X-linked recessive Lysosomal storage disease d/t alpha-galactosidase A deficiency. purple papules occur around the midsection. Renal failure is a common cause of death.

question

reflex sympathetic dystrophy

answer

Abnormal response of sympathetic nervous system following injury; Most often in hand or foot; Hypersensitivity, redness, burning/aching pain, swelling, atrophy

question

2C19 and 3A4

answer

p450 enzymes induced by carbemazepine

question

1A2

answer

p450 enzyme induced by smoking

question

risperdal

answer

antipsychotic NOT affected by cigarette smoking

question

Sheehan's Syndrome

answer

Infarct of the Anterior Pituitary after pregnancy/labor because of lack of blood supply to a enlarged tissue. Classic presenting symptom is poor lactation after pregnancy. Can also cause loss of pubic hair, fatigue, and anorexia.

question

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

answer

what disorder classically presents with the triad of cognitive impairment (thought problems), urinary incontinence, and abnormal gait? GUT

question

Diffuse Lewy Body disease

answer

second most common type of dementia with classic triad of Parkinsonism + early dementia + visual hallucinations. Extreme sensitivity to dopamine antagonists

question

Sydenham's chorea

answer

a form of involuntary twitching associated with rheumatic fever, usually occurring in childhood.

question

carotid artery TIA

answer

Ipsilateral vision loss (amaurosis fugax) and contralateral hand/arm weakness or sensory loss and face and leg symptoms.

question

vertebrobasilar stroke

answer

vertigo, ataxia, ipsilateral sensory loss to face, contralateral hemiparesis/sensory loss to body

question

desipramine

answer

TCA that would worsen essential tremors

question

urban, babies born in winter and early spring

answer

increased prevalence for schizophrenia

question

Fredrich's ataxia

answer

This autosomal recessive disorder on chromosome 9 with Tri-nucleotide repeat (GAA) is associated with ataxia, proprioceptive loss, absence of DTR's, and significant CNA involvement (dysarthria, Babinski, eye mmt anomalies) diagnosis in adolescence and death in 40's due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

question

Myotonic Dystrophy

answer

Autosomal dominant on chromosome 19 with repeat expansion. Onset around 20-30 years of age. Pregressive weakness and myotonia, cataracts, cognitive impairment, frontal baldness, triangular drooping facies. Severity correlates with length of the trinucleotide repeat region

question

19

answer

chromosome involved in migraines

question

T. solium

answer

infecting agent in cysticercosis; found in pork tapeworms

question

E. granulosus

answer

What causes the cyctic echinococcosis?

question

T. spiralis

answer

Nematode parasite, occurring in rats, pigs, bears and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. Cyst infective. Affects muscle tissue.

question

T. Gondii

answer

toxoplasmosis is caused by this organism; detected by ring-enhancing lesions on MRI/CT

question

alcoholic neuropathy

answer

the presentation for this is distal paresthesias and numbness progressing proximally, pain often present and increased intensity with progression, motor effects develop after sensory symptoms

question

Marchiafava-Bignami

answer

Rare demyelination seen frequently in alcoholics. Involves central fibers (medial zone) of corpus callosum. Most common findings are frontal lobe damage and dementia

question

Alcoholic nutritional cerebellar degeneration

answer

truncal ataxia seen when there is atrophy of the cerebellar vermis

question

Miller-Fisher syndrome

answer

Variant of Guillain-Barre with acute onset of triad of ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia and areflexia

question

Lorenz

answer

worked on phenomenon of imprinting

question

cortical dementia

answer

two types of this dementia are Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia; characterized by amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia

question

subcortical dementia

answer

Huntingtons and Parkinson's; shows changes in personality and attention span as well as a slowed thinking

question

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

answer

receptors associated with glutamate

question

nicotinic and muscarinic

answer

receptors associated with acetylcholine

question

alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta

answer

receptors associated with NE

question

mu and delta

answer

receptors associated with opioids

question

serotonin 1A agonist

answer

mechanism of action of Buspar

question

Dusky vs. US

answer

foundation for competency to stand trial

question

Tarasoff vs Regents of the University of California

answer

duty to warn (and protect)

question

desipramine, nortryptyline and protryptyline

answer

list the secondary amine TCA's

question

imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, trimipramine

answer

list the tertiary amine TCA's

question

2D6

answer

enzyme that metabolizes TCA's

question

third nerve palsy

answer

One dilated eye, non reactive, ptosis, eye turned down and out. often seen in diabetics

question

middle cerebral artery lesion

answer

What vessel lesion would involve the following areas: Motor Cortex (upper limb and face), Sensory Cortex (upper limb and face), Wernicke's area and Broca's areas

question

dementia pugilistica

answer

a severe form of chronic traumatic brain injury (dementia) often experienced by boxers; increased risk is seen among ApoE4 carriers (chromosome 19)

question

decreased number of beta-adrenergic and 5-HT receptors

answer

most likely mechanism of action of TCA's

question

abreaction

answer

psychoanalytic term for reliving an experience in order to purge its emotional distress

question

pinpoint pupils

answer

obvious sign of heroin intoxication

question

heroin withdrawal symptoms

answer

. runny nose, yawning, fever, muscle & joint pain, diarrhea (Remember flu-like symptoms)

question

desipramine and protriptyline

answer

least sedating TCA's

question

imipramine, amoxapine, nortripytyline, and maprotiline (NAMI)

answer

moderately sedating TCA's

question

amitriptyline, trimipramine, and doxepin (TAD)

answer

very sedating TCA's

question

lithium intoxication

answer

diahrrea, vomiting, drowsiness, weakness, thirst, hand tremors, ataxia

question

vascular dementia

answer

2nd most common cause of dementia. Sometimes able to get better. Different from Alzheimer's in that is more abrupt with a stepwise decline

question

clomipramine

answer

most serotonin-selective of the TCA's

question

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

answer

Spans the first two years of life. Infants and toddler's "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. They cannot yet carry out many activities with their heads. They understand symbols and develop object permanence.

question

Piaget's preoperational stage

answer

2-7yrs old; make believe play, animistic thinking, dual representation, sensory motor activity leads to internal images of experience, those then become words. There's a sense of punishment for bad deeds (immanent justice) and also for phenomenalistic causality. Egocentric thought.

question

Piaget's concrete operations stage

answer

Ages 7 to 11. Children's ability to classify things into different sets and consider their interrelationships and the points of views of others. Children can put things in order and group them. Increased spatial reasoning (directions, maps). Conservation, reversibility, and classification.

question

Piaget's formal operations stage

answer

Age: 11 years-adulthood, person can think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations and think about possibilties

question

T. pallidum

answer

What is the common pathogen for syphilis?

question

B. burgdorferi

answer

the etiological agent for lyme disease which presents early as meningitis then with chronicum migrans (macular rash), and is diagnosed with ELISA and then confirmed with Western blot.

question

metoclopramide (Reglan)

answer

anti-emetic that is a potent antagonist of D2 receptors

question

temporal lobe

answer

primary auditory cortex is located in this brain region

question

epidural hematoma

answer

caused by laceration of the medial meningeal artery; usually in temporal or parietal lobes

question

subdural hematoma

answer

caused by blunt trauma and tearing of the bridging veins; is the most common kind of intracranial hematoma

question

periodic high amplitude sharp wave complexes

answer

typical EEG finding with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

question

Mahler's stages

answer

Normal autism, symbiosis, differentiation, practicing, rapprochment, object constancy.

question

Mees' lines

answer

Transverse white striae on the fingernails can occur with either acute or chronic arsenic exposure

question

correlation coefficient

answer

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

question

control group

answer

Group exposed to all variables except independent, and is used for comparison.

question

Analysis of variance

answer

Test for the differences among the means of two or more independent samples

question

null hypothesis

answer

Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis

question

organophosphate poisoning

answer

often seen in gardeners exposed to pesticides; Inhibits the action of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in nerve cells leading to cholinergic toxicity

question

lead poisoning

answer

oral manifestations include ulcerative stomatitis and a bluish line along the marginal gingiva, metallic taste; behavioral manifestations include: anorexia, hyperirritability, altered sleep patterns, & decreased play

question

truncal ataxia

answer

Cerebellar vermis lesion causes what symptom

question

cerebellopontine angle lesion

answer

location into which acoustic neuromas may grow and compromise CNs 7/8, causing ipsilateral symptom

question

glycine

answer

neurotransmitter synthesized from serine, is a necessary adjunct to glutamate at the NMDA receptor, inhibits its own receptors that open chloride ion channels, receptors are found mostly in the spinal cord, mutations cause hyperekplexia (exaggerated startle)

question

contraindications for lumbar puncture

answer

recent hemorrhagic CVA, recent surgery, CPR > 10 minutes, AAA, uncontrolled HTN, some malignancies, non-compressible arterial punctures, recent head trauma, papilledema, thrombocytopenia

question

Fragile x Syndrome

answer

Autism, Retardation, MacroOrchidism, Protruding Ears, Narrow Jaw, involves X chromosome and is the most frequent cause of MR in the general population

question

persistent vegetative state

answer

someone who is in phase of being unconscious for more than 2 weeks. Eyes are open, no evidence of purposeful awareness, no communication; roving eye movements, spontaneous movements, eye tracking, and swallowing can be preserved

question

apoptosis

answer

Programmed cell death mediated by calcium influx

question

flumazenil

answer

Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)

question

West's Syndrome

answer

triad of: infantile spasms, arrest of psychomotor development, hypsarrythmia pattern on EEG

question

Papez circuit

answer

connects the hippocampus with the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex (includes mammillary bodies, fornix, and cingulate gyrus)

question

PKU

answer

A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene which leads to mental retardation if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype; clinical features include: microcephaly, "mousy" odor, infantile spasms, light hair and skin

question

c. jejuni

answer

What bacteria may contribute to Guillain-Barre syndrome?

question

meralgia paresthetica

answer

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropathy, impingement at the inguinal ligament, can be relieved by flexing the thigh

question

fibrillation potentials

answer

spontaneous EMG activity seen in a DE-nervated muscle

question

fasciculations

answer

may be caused by degenerative diseases of anterior horn cells, spinal nerve compression, peripheral nerve disease

question

caudate nucleus

answer

Principle component of the basal gangial system, mediating MOVEMENT, affective behavior, learning, reward, and other cognitive processes (COGNITION) - lots of D2 receptors

question

inclusion body myositis

answer

most frequent myopathy in patients > 50, DISTAL asymmetric weakness

question

Ganser's syndrome

answer

patient has unconscious symptoms of confusion and dementia (giving approximate answers and talking past the point); considered to be a type of dissociative disorder

question

entacapone and tolcapone

answer

COMT inhibitors used to treat Parkinson's

question

selegiline

answer

MAO-B inhibitor which potentiates the effects of dopamine

question

Todd's paralysis

answer

persistant paralysis/weakness that lasts up to 24 hours after a postictal period

question

oxazepam, lorazepam, temazepam (LOT)

answer

3 benzodiazepines with no active metabolites

question

tropical spastic paraparesis

answer

partial loss of voluntary motor function due to a spinal cord infection caused by HTLV-1

question

trinucleotide repeat diseases

answer

Huntington's (CAG), Myotonic dystrophy (CTG), Fragile X (CGG), Friederich's ataxia (GAA)

question

battle sign

answer

Brusing behind the ears that is a sign of skull injury.

question

sodium oxybate and lioresal

answer

only GABA-B receptor agonists

question

triphasic waves

answer

EEG in hepatic encephalopathy

question

riluzole

answer

glutamate antagonist that treats ALS

question

Anton's syndrome

answer

denial of blindness; occurs with damage to right occipital lobe or bilateral damage; people may make up stories about what they see

question

transverse myelitis

answer

bilateral spinal cord pathology; back pain followed by rapid onset leg weakness and urinary incontinence; usually follows vaccination or infection or MS demyelination

question

prosopagnosia

answer

inability to recognize faces

question

anosognosia

answer

Lack of awareness of own neurological defects

question

aprosodia

answer

-loss of emotional expression

question

PCP intoxication

answer

pt presents with hypertension, paranoia, nystagmus, catatonia, convulsions, hallucinations, mood lability, violence, mydriasis, ataxia, and tachycardia

question

syringomyelia

answer

Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations, usually with a cape-like distribution, would be associated with - Arnold-Chiari malformations.

question

opsoclonus-myoclonus

answer

paraneoplastic syndrome assoc with neuroblastoma-> ataxia, intermittent jerking movement, jerky conjugate eye movement; "dancing eyes, dancing feet" syndrome

question

belladonna alkaloid intoxication

answer

urinary retention

question

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome

answer

Ear pain, external auditory canal vesicles, ipsilateral facial paralysis, deafness, herpes zoster

question

glioblastoma multiforme

answer

Most common adult primary brain tumor- malignant, seen in cerebral hemispheres - looks like a butterfly on MRI; pseudopalisading

question

caudate, thalamus, OFC

answer

areas affected by OCD

question

AIDS lymphoma

answer

Agressive, b cell origin, the most common AIDS cancer

question

toxoplasmosis

answer

the most frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, with CD4 <200, presents with headache and focal neurological deficits, MRI reveals ring-enhancing lesions

question

vacuolar myelopathy

answer

the most common cause of spinal cord pathology in AIDS patients, usuall seen in late states

question

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

answer

What condition is caused by John Cunningham virus (JC virus - a form of HPV) infection of oligodendrocytes that is reactivated by immunosuppression and causes demyelination in subcortical white matter of the parietal and/or occipital lobes

question

carotid artery occlusion

answer

clinical syndrome that presents with the triad of HA, ipsi horner's syndrome and c/l hemiparesis (HHH)

question

tetanus

answer

anterior horn cells

question

botulism

answer

blocks acetylcholine release; clinical symptoms include dysphagia, dysarthria, ptosis, diplopia, and urinary retention; treat with trivalent equine antitoxin

question

West Nile

answer

diagnosed by IgM antibodies in the CSF

question

rabies

answer

hydrophobia common

question

epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC)

answer

An oncologic emergency that is caused by a tumor pressing on the spinal cord, can cause various problems, including permanent paralysis if not treated properly. Caused by cancers of the lung, breast & prostate, which carry the greatest risk of metastasizing to the spinal cord.

question

lateral and posterior columns of the spinal cord, macrocytic anemia

answer

neurologic symptoms of B12 deficiency

question

internal capsule, basis pontis, corona radiata

answer

areas involved with a pure motor stroke

question

PCP

answer

- acts on glutamate NMDA receptors and activates VTA DA - hallucination, euphoria, bizarre behavior - rhabdomyolysis, stupor, coma

question

cocaine

answer

-blocks reuptake of serotonin, NE, DA -increases glutamate in the nucleus accumbens - lowers seizure threshold - most common cause of drug-induced stroke

question

Balint's Syndrome

answer

A condition resulting from damage to a person's parietal lobe. One characteristic of this syndrome is an inability to focus attention on individual objects.

question

inhalants

answer

distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy can result in chronic use of this drug

question

Meige's syndrome

answer

blepharospasm + oromandibular dysonia

question

M'Naughten rule

answer

if you meet this test, then you can be declared not guilty by reason of insanity

question

Ford vs. Wainwright

answer

Constitution forbids insane people to be penalized by the death penalty

question

scanning speech

answer

cerebellar dysfunction; words are pronounced slowly without melody, tone or rhythm, and ataxia is present

question

aphemia

answer

loss of speech; motor aphasia; individual knows what they want to say but cannot coordinate muscles that control speech

question

NMDA receptor

answer

A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation; allows sodium, potassium, and calciium to pass through and can be blocked by PCP

question

comatose patients

answer

CT required before LP

question

amygdyla

answer

Memory tied to emotion

question

lasegue's sign

answer

-tests for sciatica or disc bulge/herniation

question

gegenhalten

answer

Sudden increase in tone making motion more difficult is called? "Clasped knife" rigidity

question

tiagabine

answer

Action: inhibits the reuptake of GABA

question

gabapentin

answer

Action: binds Ca2+ channels, Increases GABA synthesis

question

pregabalin

answer

binds alpha-2-delta subunit of the voltage gated calcium channel, increase GABA synthesis

question

Lioresal

answer

GABA -B agonist approved for stroke and MS

question

Memantine

answer

NMDA antagonist approved for severe Alzheimer's disease

question

galantamine, donepizil, rivastigmine (GuaRD)

answer

acetylcholinesterase inhbitors used to treat early Alzheimer's disease

question

GABA-A

answer

Chloride ion channel that has more affinity for GABA-B in the presence of Benzos

question

vagal nerve stimulation

answer

Surgical Management used in control of Simple or Complex Partial Seizures

question

AVM

answer

abnormal connection between mass of arteries and veins that can easily rupture and cause internal bleeding; detected by bruit with auscultation; seizures are presenting sign

question

colloid cyst

answer

benign tumor of remnants of rathke's pouch. bend over to tie shoes and pass out. 3rd ventricular tumor.

question

buprenorphine

answer

Agonist/Angatagonist opioid, agaonist for mu; used in the treatment of heroin addiction

question

naltrexone

answer

Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs

question

naloxone

answer

A drug that blocks opiate receptors. Treats heroin OD.

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

most often seen with alcohol abuse, so keep Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in mind

question

subacute combined degeneration

answer

B12 anemia - CNS changes, altered gait, proprioception

question

Isoniazid

answer

Anti-tuberculin agent, can cause B6 (pyridoxine)deficiency with distal paresthesias

question

alzheimer's disease

answer

result of cholinergic neuronal demise predominantly in the nycleus basalis of Meynert

question

Mirtazapine

answer

presynaptic A2-blocker (↑ release of NE) and Serotonin receptor blocker.

question

temazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam (LOT)

answer

best benzos for people with liver disease

question

aspergillus

answer

fungus that colonizes paranasal sinuses and cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis; originates in lungs of immucompromised patients; can cause vertebrobasilar strokes and cerebral vasculitis

question

histoplasma

answer

-Bird or bat dropping - Hepatosplenomegaly, - Acute-self limited pneumonia, asymptomatic to severe, self resolving and can survive in granulomas

question

Candida albicans

answer

most common fungus in humans, in pts with AIDs, it can manifest in the form of intracranial abscesses, vasculitis, and mycotic intraceerebral aneurysms that can rupture

question

GABA-A

answer

chloride channel receptor

question

Wernicke's encephalopathy

answer

A brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency and characterized by visual disturbances, ataxia, somnolence, stupor, and , without thiamine replacement, death.

question

niacin deficiency

answer

Pellagra: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia. Associated with chromatolysis

question

GGT

answer

best test for picking up alcohol abuse, elevated in 80% of alcohol-related disorders, Found in liver with increased levels due to HEAVY DRINKING, obesity, fatty acids, or meds

question

pimozide

answer

What is the DOC for treating Tourette syndrome?

question

drugs that increase carbamazepine

answer

Digoxin, dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, erythromycin

question

thioridazine side effects

answer

RETROGRADE ejaculation*, RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Neuromalignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia (extrapyramidal side effect), hyperprolactinemia leading to galactorrhea. Antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth, constipation) and anti-alpha adrenergic effects (hypotension) and anti histamine effects (sedation).

question

ecstacy neurotransmitters

answer

DA and 5HT

question

Kleine-Levin Syndrome

answer

a neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive amounts of sleeping and eating

Psychiatry MOC – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards